SALALE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

AN INVESTIGATION OF DIVERSITY AND THREAT OF THE

MEDICINAL PLANTS IN KUYU DISTRICT GARBA GURACHA
PEASANTS ASSOCIATION

A SENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

BIOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY

BY: Olana Regesa

ID.NO: WU0224/13

Advisor: Mohammed Ahmed (MSC)

December, 2024
FITCHE, ETHIOPIA
 Table of contents
Page

Table of contents.................................................................................................................i

SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................iii
1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................１
1.1 Background of the study......................................................................................................１
1.2 Statement of problems........................................................................................................２
1.3.1. General objective......................................................................................................... ２
1.3.2. Specific objective.........................................................................................................２
1.4 Research question................................................................................................................２
1.5. Significance of the study.....................................................................................................３
1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study......................................................................................３
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................................................４
2.1. Medicinal plant diversity and threats.................................................................................４
2.2 Traditional medicinal plants in Ethiopia...............................................................................５
2.3. Indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants
………………………………………………………..5
2.4. The role of medicinal plants in the treatment of human and livestock ailments................６
2.5. Threatening factors of medicinal plants.............................................................................７
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................................................９
3.1. Description of study area....................................................................................................９
3.2. Study design....................................................................................................................... ９
3.3. Sample size determination and sampling technique..........................................................９
3.3.1. Sample size determination...........................................................................................９
3.3.2. Sampling techniques..................................................................................................１０
3.4. Quality control..................................................................................................................１０
3.5. Data collection methods and procedure..........................................................................１０
3.6 Data analysis and processing.............................................................................................１０
4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET COST......................................................................１１
4. 1. Time Schedule................................................................................................................. １１
4.2. Budget cost.......................................................................................................................１１

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 REFERRENCE...............................................................................................................１２

SUMMARY

Study of diversity and threats of medicinal plants were conducted in North Shewa Zone, Kuyu
District Gerba Gurecha peasants association, Ethiopia.Therefore, the finding of this study will
have significances for the local people to be aware of the different plant species that have
medicinal values for human and livestock ailments, transfer of indigenous medicinal knowledge,
the parts of plants used, method of preparation, mode of administration, threaten factors and
ways of conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. It can be a basis for other
further studies concerned on medicinal plants in the study area. Threats to medicinal plant is the
status or the position of a species which determines whether it will survive or be extinct
in the future. In the study area, different threat factors were mentioned by the informants.
To get necessary data, primary data will be used for the investigation of diversity and threats of
the medicinal plants. To collect primary data, interview and questionnaires schedule will be
used.The study was carried out in district to investigate, document species richness, abundance
and characteristics of commonly used as medicines, utilization of medicinal plants and influence
of various factors on medicinal plants in study area.

Key Words: Abundance, Ailments, Diversity, Species richness, Threats

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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Medicinal plants have been used for primary means of treating diseases and infections in the
world (WHO, 2002). They have been used for rich sources of effective and safe medicine for
many years (Rusell et al; 2006). Medicinal plants are estimated from 35,000-50,000 species in
the world and the number of species that have entered the world market of medicinal plants is
400-600 species (Farnsworth and Soerjarto, 1991).

In Africa traditional herbal medicine derived from plant forms are an integral part of life in many
indigenous communities as a readily available alternative to allopathic medicines (wagate et
al.,2010). More than 70% of the people in Africa refer to traditional herbal healers concerning
health issues (Tijjanic et al., 2009). According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2002),
above 80% of Africa countries depends on traditional medicines and indigenous knowledge to
overcome their health care problems. More than 800 plant species in Ethiopia are used for their
medicinal purpose and new other medicinal plants species will be added when other
investigation document from different cultures (TesemaTanto et al., 2002). According to
Endeshaw Bekele (2007) different plant types found in the different parts of Ethiopia
accommodate different types of medicinal plants. He states that, 80% of the total population of
Ethiopia treats different types of human and livestock ailments using the traditional medicines.
Thus, plant diversity is important for a number of remedies preparations for health care system.
The investigation of Fikadu Fullas(2007) also showed that medicinal plants are important in the
treatment of different ailments in Ethiopia. People in Ethiopia depend on medicinal plants for
their primary health care system (Ermias Lulekal et al., 2013). Ethiopia is rich with a variety of
potentially useful medicinal plants compared from other parts of the world (GidayYirga, 2010).
Nowadays, anthropogenic factors such as deforestation, overexploitation, overgrazing,
agricultural land expansion and firewood collection threats medicinal plants in Ethiopia and the
knowledge associated with medicinal plants (Dawit Abebe, 2001; Kalayu Mesfin et al., 2013).
The knowledge on medicinal plants of Ethiopia is now being lost since it has majorly been held
in the elderly peoples and transferred from generation to generation orally (Mirutse Gidey and
Tilahun Teklehaymanot, 2013). This study aims to document the wealth of medicinal plant

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species used to treat human and livestock ailments and compiles the threatening factors related to
the utilization and conservation of medicinal plants in Gerba Gurecha Kuyu District peasants
association. The study also documents status and distribution of medicinal plants in the district.
Furthermore, the study assesses marketable medicinal plants and knowledge associated with
medicinal plants.

1.2 Statement of problems

In the district the use of locally available medicinal plants is believed to be an important for
treating human and livestock ailment. But there is no documented source about the
traditional medicinal plants usage and conservation practices. The knowledge on medicinal
plants would transfer from generation to generation through oral system. Therefore,
documenting and recording data about medicinal plants in the study area is needed. The
finding of this study will help the local people to be aware of medicinal plant uses, threats
and sustainable utilization and conservation. It also fills the gap in the documentation and
records on medicinal plants because of oral based transfer of indigenous knowledge about
medicinal plants.

21.3. Objective of the study

1.3.1. General objective
The overall objective of this study is to investigate diversity and threats of the medicinal plant
in Kuyu district Gerba Gurecha peasants association.

1.3.2. Specific objective

 To identify and document plant species that have medicinal purpose
 To differentiate the taxonomic diversity( growth forms) of medicinal plants
 To identify the types of medicinal plants used to treat human and livestock ailments
To evaluate the impact of human activities on access to traditional medicinal plants
 To assess the causes of threats and conservation methods of medicinal plants
 To evaluate the impact of human activities on access to traditional medicinal plants
 To identify sources knowledge on medicinal plants and ways of transferring2

1.4 Research question

This study was concerned on investigating the diversity and threats of medicinal plants in the
study area. Hence the results of this study will provide answers for the following research
questions:-

1. Is there species richness commonly used as traditional medicines in District?

2. Are there traditional medicinal plant species used by indigenous people to treat different
ailments?
3. How traditional knowledge on medicinal plants is gained and transferred?

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 4. How do human activities influence access to traditional medicinal plants?
5. Are there threatening factors and conservation methods for medicinal plants?3

1.5. Significance of the study

In the study area there were no documented sources about the diversity and uses of medicinal
plants previously. This study was focused on investigating of diversity and threats of the
medicinal plant species. Therefore, the finding of this study will have significances for the local
people to be aware of the different plant species that have medicinal values for human and
livestock ailments, transfer of indigenous medicinal knowledge, the parts of plants used, method
of preparation, mode of administration, threaten factors and ways of conservation and sustainable
utilization of medicinal plants. It can be a basis for other further studies concerned on medicinal
plants in the study area.

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study was conducted in Kuyu district Garba Guracha peasants association The study was
carried out in district to investigate, document species richness, abundance and characteristics of
commonly used as medicines, utilization of medicinal plants and influence of various factors on
medicinal plants in study area. The scope of the study was delimited by unwillingness of sellers,
healers and topography of the study area. These challenges were solved by clearly discuss the
objectives of the study and by asking transport access from District administrator office.3

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Medicinal plant diversity and threats

The world we live in today biologically, economically, and culturally, is a living legacy of earlier
plant and associated knowledge discoveries, and transfers (Voeks; 2011). A total of 35,000-
50,000 medicinal plants are estimated in world and the numbers of medicinal plant have entered
the world market of medicinal plants is about 400-600 species (Farnsworth and Soejarto,
1991).Traditional plant remedies are still the most important sources of therapeutics for nearly
80% of the people in the developing world (WHO, 2008). The majority of population (80%) in
Africa health care depends on primarily on the use of traditional medicinal plants (WHO,
2002).According to Fassil Kibebew (2001), about 75-90 % of the rural population in the world

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(excluding western countries) relies on traditional medicines as their only healthcare system. The
majority of the population in developing countries (for instance, 80% of the population in
Africa), primarily rely on traditional medicinal plants for their healthcare (WHO, 2002). In
northern Ethiopia, the major portion (87%) of the parts used in traditional medicine come from
plant sources, while animal parts and minerals contribute only a small supply (Dawit Abebe and
Ahadu Ayehu, 1993).
Threats to medicinal plant is the status or the position of a species which determines whether
it will survive or be extinct in the future. In the study area, different threat factors were
mentioned by the informants. The major factors arise mostly from anthropogenic causes
via agricultural expansion which accounts for about 66.66%, deforestation 50%, firewood
and charcoal production 50% and over utilization 33.33%. Most multipurpose medicinal
plants have higher risk of threat. This study somehow differ from the work described in
(Lulekal et al., 2008) in which deforestation accounts for the highest rank of the threat
factor followed by agricultural expansion and fire wood requirement. The medicinal plants
that were recorded in the study area to be threatened includes: Echinops kebericho,
Croton macrostachys, Cordia Africana and Dodonaea angustifolia L.f. Medicinal plants such
as H. abyssinica and Withania somnifera were recorded to be extinct from the sub city

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2.2 Traditional medicinal plants in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, the long history of using traditional medicinal plants for combating various
ailments can be confirmed by referring to the recent collection of medico-religious
manuscripts of the Axumite kingdom (Fassil Kibebew, 2001). This manuscript addresses
about 1,500 diseases, mentioned to be treated using 8,000 plants, 90 animals and 150
minerals.

According to Mohammed Adefa and Berhanu Abraha (2011) Ethiopia is a country

characterized by a wide range of climatic and ecological conditions possessing enormous
diversity of flora and fauna, including wide range of potentially useful medicinal plants. The
country possesses particularly wide range of potentially useful medicinal plants, more
extensive indeed than available in many other parts of the world. Dawit Abebe (1986)
estimated that 95% of traditional medical preparations in Ethiopia are of plant origin.

In Ethiopia, it is well known that traditional medicines are widely used especially in the low
income rural parts of the country (Getachew Addis et al., 2002). It is reported that nearly
80% of the population in the country use plant-based traditional medicines as their
healthcare system (Tilahun Teklehaymanot and Mirutse Gidey, 2007). Ethiopian traditional
medical system is characterized by variation and is shaped by the ecological diversities of
the country, sociocultural background of the different ethnic groups as well as historical
developments which are related to migration, introduction of foreign culture and religion
(Getachew Addis et al., 2002). Traditional uses of medicinal plants and associated
knowledge in some particular cultural groups are addressed in recent publications by
Ermias Lulekal et al. (2008a), Teferi Flatie et al. (2009), Mirutse Giday et al. (2010), Nasir
Tajure Wabe et al. (2011), Girmay Zenebe (2012) and Ketema Tolossa et al. (2013). But
according to Alem Habtu(2003) when compared to the occurrence of 84 different ethnic
groups in Ethiopia, most of medicinal plants largely ethno medicinally unexplored.

2.3. Indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants

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Around the world traditional people possess unique knowledge of plant resources on which they
depend on for their utility and also tremendous botanical expertise (Martin, 1995). People use
their indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants for the treatment of different ailments.
Indigenous knowledge refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs
incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques
and exercises, applied singly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illness or maintain
6well-being (Wole, 2010). The accumulation of indigenous knowledge that helped people to
adapt to and survive in the environments in which they live comes from the immediate and
intimate dependency of local people on natural resources. According to Thomas (1995)
indigenous knowledge is unique to a given culture and the base for agriculture, healthcare, food
preparation, education, environmental conservation and a host of other activities. This systematic
body of indigenous knowledge is built up by a group of people through generation of living in
close contact with nature. Indigenous knowledge of traditional medicinal plants and their uses
has been passed from one generation orally in most developing countries. ). According to Martin
(1995), indigenous knowledge is a result of many generations’, long years’ experiences,
careful observations and trial and error experiments. Therefore, indigenous people of different
localities have developed their own specific knowledge on plant resource use, management and
conservation over time (Cotton, 1996). But now days, most of the younger generation have low
involvement in traditional knowledge of medicinal plants (Endashaw Bekele and Shigeta, 2008).
This may be due to that indigenous knowledge involves time-tested practices that are developed
in the processes of interaction of humans with their environment (Balick and Cox, 1996).

2.4. The role of medicinal plants in the treatment of human and livestock ailments
Traditional medicine is deeply rooted in history and culture. It is part of the traditions of a
country, employing healing practices handed down from generation to generation. About 80% of
the world's population uses plants to solve basic medical problems (Farnsworth and Soerjato,
1991). According to world health organization, more than 80 of Africans rely on traditional
medicines and indigenous knowledge to meet their health care needs (WHO, 2001).In Ethiopia
about 80% the human population and 90% of livestock disease treatment depends on the use of
medicinal plants (Dawit Abebe, 2001). Other investigations in Ethiopia indicated that 80% of the
people use medicinal plants for the treatment of ailments (Asfaw Debela et al., 1999).
In Ethiopia the accessibility of modern health care services are insufficient. However, many
young people today have little interest in traditional knowledge of medicinal plants (Endashaw
Bekele and Shigeta, 2008). Indigenous knowledge includes time-tested practices that developed
in the processes of interaction of humans with their environment (Balick and Cox, 1996). As a

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result of this and rapid population growth and culture of the people, the majority of the people
According to Mirutse Giday (2003), Ethiopia is rich in livestock population but because of poor
health condition they have low productivity. He identified 27 livestock ailments that can be
treated by 13 medicinal plant species. The types of diseases affecting livestock’s health in
Ethiopia were reported to be wound, cough, diarrhea and rabies. The rural communities in
Ethiopia used medicinal plants for the treatment of their livestock ailments (Berhane kidane et
al., 2014). The number of medicinal plants used to treat ailments varies from plant to plant
species in Ethiopia.
A high diversity of medicinal plants at Mana Angetu district, Bale zone, was documented
(Ermias Lulekal et al., 2008). He identified a total of 230 medicinal plants were for treating
human and livestock ailments. In Konta special district a total of 120 medicinal plant species are
recorded for the treatment of different ailments of human and livestock (Tesfaye Hailemariam et
al., 2009). Other studies among Oromo ethnic group in south western Ethiopia identified75
species of medicinal plants species which are used for treatment of 51 human ailments (Haile
Yinger et al., 2008). In Bench, a total of 35 medicinal plants are documented by (Mirutse Giday
et al., 2009). 27 species of medicinal plants are recorded by Giday Yirga2010) in Endarta district
where 24 of the medicinal plants are used for treating 24 human ailments.

2.5. Threatening factors of medicinal plants

The current loss of medicinal plants in Ethiopia is due to natural and anthropogenic factors links
with the loss of valuable indigenous knowledge associated with the plants (Ermias Lulekal et al;
2008). Hence, there exists an accelerated devastation of plant resources with loss of indigenous
knowledge. In Ethiopia, traditional medicine as elsewhere in other developing countries is faced
with a problem of sustainability and continuity mainly due to loss of taxa of medicinal plants,
loss of habitats of medicinal and other category of plants, and cultures (Zemede Asfaw, 2001).
Different factors of threats of medicinal plants leads to loss of medicinal plant diversity.
According to Hamilton, the most proximate threats of medicinal plants are habitat loss, land
degradation and over harvesting (Hamilton, 1997). Most of medicinal plant species for treatment
of diseases collected from the natural habitats and hence many plant species have become extinct
and others become endangered. Rapid population growth creates pressure on medicinal plants to
fulfill demands from medicinal plants (Hamilton, 2003). Lack of systematic conservation,
research, proper utilization and documentation are mentioned reasons for loss of plants and
7associated knowledge (Kalayu Mesfin, 2013). As investigations in Ethiopia have shown plant
resources which include medicinal plants are lost due to anthropogenic and natural factors. The

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anthropogenic factors are agricultural land expansion, firewood collection, charcoal production,
and overgrazing and construction material. Other studies also reported that anthropogenic and
natural factors as the major threats for environmental degradation and for loss of medicinal
plants (Ermias Leulkal et al; 2008, Fisseha Mesfin et al; 2009). Most of the knowledge on
medicinal plants use is stored by older people and they transfer their knowledge orally (Kalayu
Mesfin et al., 2013).

An increase in population number increases poverty and demand for agricultural farm land and
forest products. These are maintained as major threats for the sustainable utilization of many
land plant species (Ensermu Kelbessa et al; 1992. According to Zemede Asfaw (2001), different
factors exposing medicinal plants under a problem of sustainability and continuity. He states that
many plant species are used plants for food, medicine, clothing, shelter, fuel, timber, income
generation and fulfillment of cultural and spiritual needs. Both traditional knowledge and plant
diversity are being lost at an alarming rate by apparently inevitable forces such as economic
globalization, climate change, habitat destruction and 'human progress' (Hamilton, 2003).

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 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Description of study area

The study will conducted in North Shewa Zone, Kuyu Wereda Gerba Gurecha. Kuyu district
Gerba Gurecha town is found in North Shewa Zone and it is geographically located around
44km from Fitche town of north shoa zone and 156km from Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Gerba
Gurecha town is the administrative center of Kuyu woreda. The total population number that
lives in Kuyu wereda was around 121,052, of whom 60,244 were men and 60,808 were women;
19,872 or 16.42% of the population were urban dwellers. Astronomically, it is located between
9o35΄ and 9o59΄ N latitude, and between 38o 03΄ and 38o 31΄E longitude. In relative terms woreda
is located North of Ada’a barga and Meta robi, East of Gindeberet, South of Warajarso, south
west of Hidabu Abote and West of Dagam. Most people are living by exploiting plant diversity
for agricultural activities. Majority of the populations are living in rural area engaged mainly in
subsistence agriculture and livestock production (District rural development office, 2017). The
main crop plants cultivated in the study area are Wheat, Barley, Teff and Pea. The climate
condition was covered with wet estimated mean annual temperature of maximum 28 ᵒc and
minimum 11.4 ᵒc. And the mean maximum and minimum relative humidity were 91.4% and
39.92% respectively.9

3.2. Study design

To conduct the study the researcher would use case study design that performing the design
investigation of narrow situation rather than broad statically survey. The investigating the
diversity and threats of medicinal plants in Kuyu district Garba Gurecha peasants association
case studies collected data from field notes, interview and from personal observation. Data will
be collect from October to December (2017).

3.3. Sample size determination and sampling technique

3.3.1. Sample size determination
The sample size will be determine by using statically formula.

n= ( Za/̸2)²P(1-P)̸̸d² (Danie,1996)

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a = Significance level (0.05)

P=Population proportion (0.5).

(Za⁄̸2)²= Standard normal k5²

n=1.962x0.5 (1-0.5)/0.052

n= 3.84 x0.5x0.5/0.0025

n=0.96/0.0025

n=384

3.3.2. Sampling techniques

The sampling employed in this study will be random sampling techniques.

3.4. Quality control

The activity of quality control will be carried out by checking the consistence and competence
of each data through closely monitoring periodically evolution of the study and data analysis.

3.5. Data collection methods and procedure

To get necessary data, primary data will be used for the investigation of diversity and threats of
the medicinal plants. To collect primary data, interview and questionnaires schedule will be used.
In order to compare the possible respondents answer at the places and to understand existing
situation by direct personal observation.

3.6 Data analysis and processing

To analysis data or the study results appropriate statically tools like descriptive statics such as
percent, tables, charts(bar and pie) and average used after studying the area.

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 4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET COST

4. 1. Time Schedule
The time expects to take will accomplish research proposal and time table.
Time plan when to be condacted, 2024/25
S.N Activities Oc
Sept t Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
1 Selecting the table study X
2 Reading in detail about the title X
3 Writing project proposal X X

4 Collecting feedback X
5 Collecting neccessary data X X
6 Processing the collected data X X
7 Analyzing the data X X
8 Writing the last draft of the study X X
Table 4.1 Time Schedule of work

4.2. Budget cost

S.N Material Amount Cost Total cost

1 Paper 1 packet 600 birr 600 birr

2 Transport 0 birr 0 birr

3 Printing and secretarial service 200x2 650 650 birr
4 Flash disk 1 450 birr 450 birr
Total cost 1,700 birr
Table 4.2 Budget cost of work

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