The Zeeman Effect

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 Science 11 Aug 2000:
Vol. 289, Issue 5481, pp. 893-898
DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5481.893

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 7.4 THE ZEEMAN EFFECT
When an atom is placed in a uniform external magnetic field Bext,
the energy level, are shifted. This phenomenon is known as the
Zeeman effect.

The Zeeman splitting depends critically on the strength of the external field in
comparison with the internal field that gives rise to spin-orbit coupling.

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 7.4 THE ZEEMAN EFFECT
• if Bext << Bint, then fine structure dominates, and Hz can be
treated as a perturbation,
• if Bext >> Bint, then the Zeeman effect dominates, and fine
structure becomes the perturbation.
• In the intermediate zone, Bext ~ Bint, we need the full
machinery of degenerate perturbation theory, and it is necessary
to diagonalize the relevant portion of the Hamiltonian "by hand".

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 7.4 THE ZEEMAN EFFECT
7.4.1 Weak-Field Zeeman Effect

the "good" quantum numbers are n, l, j, and mj (in the presence

of spin-orbit coupling--L and S are not separately conserved).
In first-order perturbation theory, the Zeeman correction is

the total angular momentum J = L+S is constant, we do not

know the expectation Value of S.
since L and S precess rapidly about this fixed vector. the (time)
average value of S is just its projection along J:

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 7.4 THE ZEEMAN EFFECT

the Lande g-factor, gj.

as choose the z-axis to lie along Bext; then

Bohr magneton.

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Weak (Anomalous) Zeeman Effect selection rules
◼ The total magnetic moment is

◼ The magnetic total angular momentum numbers mJ from −J to J in integral

steps.
◼ splits each state J into 2J + 1 equally spaced levels separated ΔE = V.
◼ For photon transitions between energy levels
ΔmJ = ±1, 0 but is forbidden when ΔJ = 0.

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 7.4 THE ZEEMAN EFFECT
The total energy is the sum of the fine-structure part and the
Zeeman contribution.
For example. The ground state (n = 1, l = 0, j = 1/2, and
therefore gj = 2) splits into two levels:

with the plus sign for mj = 1/2,

and minus for mj = -1/2.

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Problem 7.24 Consider the eight n = 2 states. Find the energy of each state under weak Zeeman
splitting and construct a diagram to show how the energies evolve as B0 increases. Label each line
clearly

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Example for n=3:

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 6.4 THE ZEEMAN EFFECT
6.4.2 Strong-Field Zeeman Effect
the "good" quantum numbers are now n, l, ml, and ms (but not j
and mj because---in the presence of the external torque--the total
angular momentum is not conserved, whereas Lz and Sz are).

the "unperturbed" energies are

In first-order perturbation theory, the fine-structure correction to

these levels is

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 7.4 THE ZEEMAN EFFECT
The relativistic contribution is the same as before.

we conclude that

The total energy is the sum of the Zeeman part and the fine-
structure contribution

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Q: How many distinct energies does the n = 2 state split into when we
take into account HˆZ′ as a perturbation? Explain.

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 Half of the hydrogen atoms
have spin up, the other half
spin down

10.2 eV
Total Angular Momentum is a vector sum
• If j and mj are quantum numbers for the single electron (hydrogen
atom).

• Quantization of the magnitudes.

• The total angular momentum quantum number for the single electron
can only have the values

New selection rules: s Δj

j
Spectral line splitting due to total angular momentum
• Now the selection rules for a single-electron atom become
• Δn = anything Δℓ = ±1
• Δmj = 0, ±1 Δj = 0, ±1 s

• Hydrogen energy-level diagram for n = 2 and n = 3 with the spin-orbit

splitting.

due to spin-orbit coupling gets observed

Reminder: selection rules make sure photon carries

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away one unit of angular momentum = h-bar
 We use the same orbital notation for all atoms

≈ 0.1%

Half of
Ground these
state atoms spin
Sodium, a up, half of
single 3s them spin
electron down for
3s1 ground
state

Because there is no spin-orbit effect in s sub-shell, as l = 0

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 The Quadratic Stark Effect

This effect is known as the quadratic Stark effect, and is due to a process where first, the applied field
induces a dipole moment in the ground state atom (by mixing in the higher states), the the interaction
between the induced dipole and the field takes the usual V = − d⃗ · E⃗ . Since the induced dipole is
parallel to the field, we can identify the induced dipole moment order-of-magnitude as

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