Session- 12 ✔ Your train will have left, by ✔ Active

Deciphering the Passive the time you get there.

✔ By the next year, all the ✔ Passive
Basics to advanced -2/3 months money will have been spent.
3 years → 3 months ✔ Not many guests are coming ✔ Active
to the party.
✔ PM ek nyi scheme ko launch ✔ The PM has launched a new ✔ Computers are being used to ✔ Passive
kar chuke hai. scheme. train the chess players.
✔ Ek nyi scheme ko launch kiya ✔ A new scheme has been
ja chuka hai PM ke dwara (by) launched by the PM. 2. Why do we need the passive?
Difference- Active voice sentence vs Passive voice sentence
Agenda of this session- - There is no difference in the meaning of the sentence.
1. How to identify the passive? - Active subject is the doer of the action while the passive
2. Why do we need a passive sentence? – Difference b/w subject is the receiver of the action.
the “Active” and the “Passive” - Emphasis is on the doer → Active
3. When to use a passive? - Emphasis is on the action → Passive
4. How to make the passive?
5. Exceptions for the use of the preposition “by” 3. Where to use a passive?
6. Passive of confusing (ergative) verbs • Active: An earthquake broke the glass of this window.
7. Special cases when “Be family + V3” is not a passive. • Passive: The glass of this window was broken by an
earthquake.
1. How to identify passives? - Be family verb + V3 • Passive: Language is learnt from an early age. (by whom?)
✔ The earthquake broke our ✔ Active (Subject is the doer • Passive: The results of the exam will be declared by
windows. of the action) tomorrow. (by whom?)
✔ The terrorists were killed ✔ Passive (Subject is the • Passive: The police were called to the spot of the accident.
during a surgical strike. receiver of the action) (by whom?)
✔ Shobha has been researching ✔ Active (Sub - doer) - Usage-
on this project for 22 days.
o Active – Default in any sentence; Usage
✔ The reports have been ✔ Passive (Sub – receiver)
preferred in letters, emails
submitted.
o Passive – Usage preferred for neutral
✔ The order had been placed ✔ Passive (Sub- receiver)
before the sample was tested. perspective.
 ▪ Any statement where the actor is not Active Passive
important ✔ A new product will be
✔ Our company will launch a new
▪ Academic writing launched by our company at the
product at the end of the year.
▪ Formal reports end of the year.
Tense – Future indefinite tense (Active)
▪ Essay, summary and precis Tense –
Subject – Our company
Subject –
Helping verb – will
Helping verb –
4. How to make a passive? Main verb – launch
Main verb –
Object of the main verb – a new product
Step 1: Change the object of the main verb into the subject. Object of the main verb –
Step 2: Change the verb in V-3 ✔ Pfizer is developing a new Covid-
Step 3: Add an appropriate “Be family Verb” before the main 19 vaccine. ✔ A new Covid-19 vaccine is
verb Tense – Present continuous tense being developed by Pfizer.
Step 4: Retain all the helping verbs of the original active (Active) Tense –
sentence. (except for do/does/did) Subject – Pfizer Subject –
Step-5: Connect the original subject of the active sentence Helping verb – is Helping verb –
with the new passive sentence with a “by” Main verb – developing Main verb –
Object of the main verb – a new Covid- Object of the main verb –
Active Passive 19 vaccine (replying what)
✔ I take breakfast at 10 am every ✔ We were watching this movie ✔ This movie was being
day. yesterday. watched by us yesterday.
Tense – Present indefinite tense (Active) Tense – Past continuous tense (Active) Tense –
✔ Breakfast is taken by me
Subject – I (doer) Subject – We Subject –
at 10 am every day.
Helping verb – NA Helping verb – were Helping verb –
Main verb – take (V1) Main verb – watching Main verb –
Object of the main verb – breakfast Object of the main verb – this movie Object of the main verb –
✔ The police killed some terrorists ✔ A mistake has been
✔ Some terrorists were Killed ✔ We have committed a mistake.
in a gun fight. committed by us.
by the police in a gun fight. Tense – Present perfect
Tense – Past indefinite tense Tense –
Tense – Subject – We
Subject – The police Subject –
Subject – Helping verb – have
Helping verb – NA Helping verb –
Helping verb – Main verb – committed
Main verb – killed (V2) Main verb –
Main verb – Object of the main verb – a mistake
Object of the main verb – some Object of the main verb –
Object of the main verb –
terrorists
 Active Passive Active Passive
✔ She had been called by me ✔ English is taught to you by
✔ I had called her several times ✔ I teach you English.
several times before the phone was me.
before she finally picked up the phone. Tense – Present indefinite tense
Tense – Past perfect
finally picked up by her.
Subject – I ✔ You are taught English by
Tense – me.
Subject – I Helping verb – NA
Subject – Tense –
Helping verb – had Main verb – teach
Helping verb – Subject –
Main verb – called Object of the main verb –
Main verb – Helping verb –
Object of the main verb – her Direct – English (what)
Object of the main verb – Main verb –
Indirect – You (Whom)
✔ We will have spent all this money ✔ All this money will have Object of the main verb –
by tomorrow. been spent by us by tomorrow. ✔ This can’t be made into
Tense – Future perfect tense Tense – ✔ The girl is really beautiful. passive.
Subject – Subject – ✔ The child is sleeping now. ✔ This can’t be made into
Helping verb – Helping verb – Tense – Present continuous (action) passive.
Main verb – Main verb – Subject – The child Tense –
Object of the main verb – Object of the main verb – Helping verb – is Subject –
✔ I have been buying the products Main verb – sleeping Helping verb –
of this company since my childhood. Object of the main verb – NA Main verb –
Tense – Present perfect continuous Object of the main verb –
Subject – I ✔ This sentence can’t be ✔ None of the players could break ✔ The record could be broken
Helping verb – have been turned into passive. the record. by none of the players.
Main verb – buying Tense – Could + base form Tense –
Object of the main verb – the products Subject – None of the players Subject –
of this company Helping verb – could Helping verb –
✔ Her project will be being Main verb – break Main verb –
✔ She will be submitting her project
submitted by her at this exact time Object of the main verb – the record Object of the main verb –
at this exact time tomorrow.
tomorrow. ✔ Was a pizza eaten by you
Tense – Future continuous tense (active) ✔ Did you eat a pizza yesterday?
Tense – yesterday?
Subject – She Tense – Interrogative past indefinite
Subject – Tense –
Helping verb – will be Subject –
Helping verb – Subject –
Main verb – submitting Helping verb –
Main verb – Helping verb –
Object of the main verb – her project Main verb –
Object of the main verb – Main verb –
Object of the main verb –
Object of the main verb –
 Active Passive 6) Listen + to
✔ What did you say to me? 7) Laugh + at
8) Adhere + to
Will be discussed in the chapter: Using
interrogative adverbs and pronouns – 100….. Notes banate rehna.
What, Who, Which, Why, When, Where
• I know Mohan → Mohan is known to me.
➢ Passive making tip-1: Passive of the following sentences • The report did not please the boss → The boss was not pleased with the report
are not made- • The results surprised us → We were surprised at the results.
1. Present perfect continuous tense • I listened to the song → A song was listened to by me.
2. Past perfect continuous tense • We must adhere to the rules → The rules must be adhered to by us.
3. Future perfect continuous tense
4. Future continuous tense
- Logic - Be being are not natural constructions in English.
Home-work Task
(Solutions)
➢ Passive making tip-2: Di- transitive verbs can make
Write this paragraph in both the voices – Active and Passive
passive in two ways- Modi government ne 2014 me “Make in India” program ko launch kiya. Is
1. Turn the object-1 (direct object) into the subject. program ne nation ke manufacturing sector ko bada boost diya. Program
or India-based manufacturers ko pichhle 5 salo se badi badi subsidies offer
2. Turn the object-2 (indirect object) into the subject karta a rha hai. Iski launch ke waqt se hi Indian economy ke exports badhte
a rhe hain.
➢ Passive making tip-3: Following categories verbs don’t
Active-
make passive
1. In-transitive verbs (verbs without any object) Passive-
2. Link verbs (Be family verbs as a main verb in a
sentence)

5. Exceptions with the use of preposition “by” in passive –

1) Known + to
2) Alarmed + at
3) Surprised, Amazed + at
4) Pleased + with
5) Satisfied + with
 Session- 12.1 The manufacturing sector of the nation has been given a boost
by the program.
Deciphering the Passive
3. Large subsidies have been offered to India-based manufacturers
Home-work Task by the program for last 5 years.
(Solutions) India-based manufacturers have been offered large subsidies by
Write this paragraph in both voices – Active and Passive the program for last 5 years.
Modi government ne 2014 me “Make in India” program ko launch 4. Passive is not possible.
kiya. Is program ne nation ke manufacturing sector ko bada boost
diya. Program India-based manufacturers ko pichhle 5 salo se badi
badi subsidies offer karta a rha hai. Iski launch ke waqt se hi Indian ✔ PM ek nyi scheme ko ✔ The PM has launched a
economy ke exports badhte a rhe hain. launch kar chuke hai. new scheme.
Active – ✔ Ek nyi scheme ko launch ✔ A new scheme has been
1. The Modi government launched (V2) the “Make in India” kiya ja chuka hai PM ke dwara (by) launched by the PM.
program in (the year) 2014.
2. The program has given the manufacturing sector of the nation a Agenda of this session-
boost.
1. How to identify the passive?
3. The program has been offering large subsidies to India-based 2. Why do we need a passive sentence? – Difference b/w the “Active”
manufacturers for last 5 years. and the “Passive”
The program has been offering India-based manufacturers large 3. When to use a passive?
subsidies for last 5 years. 4. How to make the passive?
The program has offered large subsidies to India-based 5. Exceptions for the use of the preposition “by”
manufacturers for last 5 years. 6. Passive of confusing (ergative) verbs
The program has offered India-based manufacturers large 7. Special cases when “Be family + V3” is not a passive.
subsidies for last 5 years.
4. The exports of the Indian economy have been increasing since
1. How to identify passives? - Be family verb + V3
the time of its launch.
Passive – ✔ The earthquake broke our ✔ Active (Subject is the doer of
1. The “Make in India” program was launched by the Modi windows. the action)
government in the year 2014. ✔ The terrorists were killed ✔ Passive (Subject is the
during a surgical strike. receiver of the action)
2. A boost has been given to the manufacturing sector of the nation ✔ Shobha has been ✔ Active (Sub - doer)
by the program. researching on this project for 22
An alternative way of writing the second sentence- days.
✔ The reports have been ✔ Passive (Sub – receiver) o Active – Default in any sentence; Usage preferred in
submitted. letters, emails
✔ The order had been placed ✔ Passive (Sub- receiver) o Passive – Usage preferred for neutral perspective.
before the sample was tested. ▪ Any statement where the actor is not
✔ Your train will have left, by ✔ Active important
the time you get there. ▪ Academic writing
✔ By the next year, all the ✔ Passive ▪ Formal reports
money will have been spent. ▪ Essay, summary and precis
✔ Not many guests are coming ✔ Active
to the party. 4. How to make a passive?
✔ Computers are being used to ✔ Passive
Step 1: Change the object of the main verb into the subject.
train the chess players.
Step 2: Change the verb in V-3
Step 3: Add an appropriate “Be family Verb” before the main verb
2. Why do we need the passive? Step 4: Retain all the helping verbs of the original active sentence.
Difference- Active voice sentence vs Passive voice sentence (except for do/does/did)
Step-5: Connect the original subject of the active sentence with the
- There is no difference in the meaning of the sentence. new passive sentence with a “by”
- Active subject is the doer of the action while the passive
subject is the receiver of the action. Active Passive
- Emphasis is on the doer → Active ✔ I take breakfast at 10 am ✔ Breakfast is taken by me at
- Emphasis is on the action → Passive every day. 10 am every day.
Tense – Present indefinite tense
3. Where to use a passive? (Active)
Subject – I (doer)
• Active: An earthquake broke the glass of this window.
Helping verb – NA
• Passive: The glass of this window was broken by an Main verb – take (V1)
earthquake. Object of the main verb –
• Passive: Language is learnt from an early age. (by whom?) breakfast
• Passive: The results of the exam will be declared by ✔ The police killed some ✔ Some terrorists were Killed by
tomorrow. (by whom?) terrorists in a gun fight. the police in a gun fight.
• Passive: The police were called to the spot of the accident. Tense – Past indefinite tense Tense –
(by whom?) Subject – The police Subject –
Helping verb – NA Helping verb –
- Usage-
Main verb – killed (V2) Main verb –
Object of the main verb – some Object of the main verb – Main verb – committed Main verb –
terrorists Object of the main verb – a Object of the main verb –
✔ Our company will launch a ✔ A new product will be launched mistake
new product at the end of the by our company at the end of the year. ✔ I had called her several ✔ She had been called by me
year. Tense – times before she finally picked up several times before the phone was
Tense – Future indefinite tense Subject – the phone. finally picked up by her.
(Active) Helping verb – Tense – Past perfect Tense –
Subject – Our company Main verb – Subject – I Subject –
Helping verb – will Object of the main verb – Helping verb – had Helping verb –
Main verb – launch Main verb – called Main verb –
Object of the main verb – a new Object of the main verb – her Object of the main verb –
product ✔ We will have spent all this ✔ All this money will have been
✔ Pfizer is developing a new ✔ A new Covid-19 vaccine is money by tomorrow. spent by us by tomorrow.
Covid-19 vaccine. being developed by Pfizer. Tense – Future perfect tense Tense –
Tense – Present continuous tense Tense – Subject – Subject –
(Active) Subject – Helping verb – Helping verb –
Subject – Pfizer Helping verb – Main verb – Main verb –
Helping verb – is Main verb – Object of the main verb – Object of the main verb –
Main verb – developing Object of the main verb – ✔ I have been buying the ✔ This sentence can’t be turned
Object of the main verb – a new products of this company since my into passive.
Covid-19 vaccine (replying what) childhood.
✔ We were watching this ✔ This movie was being watched Tense – Present perfect
movie yesterday. by us yesterday. continuous
Tense – Past continuous tense Tense – Subject – I
(Active) Subject – Helping verb – have been
Subject – We Helping verb – Main verb – buying
Helping verb – were Main verb – Object of the main verb – the
Main verb – watching Object of the main verb – products of this company
Object of the main verb – this ✔ She will be submitting her ✔ Her project will be being
movie project at this exact time submitted by her at this exact time
✔ We have committed a ✔ A mistake has been committed tomorrow. tomorrow.
mistake. by us. Tense – Future continuous tense Tense –
Tense – Present perfect Tense – (active) Subject –
Subject – We Subject – Subject – She Helping verb –
Helping verb – have Helping verb – Helping verb – will be Main verb –
Main verb – submitting Object of the main verb – Object of the main verb –
Object of the main verb – her ✔ What did you say to me?
project
✔ I teach you English. ✔ English is taught to you by me. Will be discussed in the chapter:
Tense – Present indefinite tense ✔ You are taught English by me. Using interrogative adverbs and
Subject – I Tense – pronouns – What, Who, Which,
Helping verb – NA Subject – Why, When, Where
Main verb – teach Helping verb –
Object of the main verb – Main verb – ➢ Passive making tip-1: Passive of the following sentences are not
Direct – English (what) Object of the main verb – made-
Indirect – You (Whom) 1. Present perfect continuous tense
✔ The girl is really beautiful. ✔ This can’t be made into passive. 2. Past perfect continuous tense
✔ The child is sleeping now. ✔ This can’t be made into passive. 3. Future perfect continuous tense
Tense – Present continuous Tense – 4. Future continuous tense
(action) Subject – - Logic - Be being are not natural constructions in English.
Subject – The child Helping verb –
Helping verb – is Main verb –
➢ Passive making tip-2: Di- transitive verbs can make passive in two
Main verb – sleeping Object of the main verb –
ways-
Object of the main verb – NA
1. Turn the object-1 (direct object) into the subject.
✔ None of the players could ✔ The record could be broken by
or
break the record. none of the players.
Tense – Could + base form Tense – 2. Turn the object-2 (indirect object) into the subject
Subject – None of the players Subject –
Helping verb – could Helping verb – ➢ Passive making tip-3: Following categories verbs don’t make
Main verb – break Main verb – passive
Object of the main verb – the Object of the main verb – 1. In-transitive verbs (verbs without any object)
record 2. Link verbs (Be family verbs as a main verb in a sentence)
✔ Did you eat a pizza ✔ Was a pizza eaten by you
yesterday? yesterday? 5. Exceptions with the use of preposition “by” in passive –
Tense – Interrogative past Tense –
indefinite Subject – 1) Known + to
Subject – Helping verb – 2) Alarmed + at
Helping verb – Main verb – 3) Surprised, Amazed + at
Main verb – Object of the main verb – 4) Pleased + with
 5) Satisfied + with 3. Any verb without an object can’t make a passive.
6) Listen + to
7) Laugh + at - Kill – Mar dena (action)
8) Adhere + to - Die – Khud mar jana (action)
But…
• I know Mohan → Mohan is known to me.
• The report did not please the boss → The boss was not 1) Start
pleased with the report The match has started. (Start hona- Ergative form)
• The results surprised us → We were surprised at
o Tense – has + V3 = Present perfect tense = Active
the results.
• I listened to the song → A song was listened to o Subject – The match
by me. o Verb – has + started
• We must adhere to the rules → The rules must be o Object – Never keep an object
adhered to by us. o Passive – Passive

6. Ergative verbs –
• Some verbs in English treat their subject as their object. The empire has started the match. (Start karna- Action form)
There is no apparent doer of the action. These verbs are o Tense – PPT
called “ergative” verbs. o Subject – The empire
• Ye verb jab jab aisa karti hai, apko lagta hai sentence me o Verb – has started
kuch galti hai. But aisa hota nhi. o Object – the match
• Because ergative me subject hi action ka by-default receiver o Passive – is possible. – The match has been started by the
hota hai, these verbs don’t need an object; hence, don’t empire.
make a passive.
• Most of these verbs also have a regular action form. (Apki
confusion ko badhane ke liye) 2) Burn
• Apko aj se jaise hi kisi verb ki ergative form dikhe, use note The house has burned. (Burn hona- Ergative form)
karna hai aur bevajah uska passive banane ki jid nhi karni
o Tense –
hai.
o Subject –
The moral of the story: o Verb –
1. Ergative verbs are a special category of verbs in English. o Object –
2. They don’t need an object.
 End, Start, Begin, Commence, Improve, Accelerate, Prove, look,
Taste, Feel, Smell…
A short-circuit fire has burned the house. (Burn karna- Action form)
o Tense –
7. Link verbs –
o Subject –
1. Be family verbs – is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been – as a
o Verb –
main verb in a sentence.
o Object –
- She is/was successful.
o Passive –
- She was successful
- She has been successful.
3) Increase
- She had been successful…….
Active: Minimum wages have increased.
2. Seem, Appear, Look, Sound [He seems (or) appears (or) looks
(Increase hona- Ergative form)
(or) sounds (or) is irritated]
Passive: Not possible
3. Become, Turn, Grow [He became (or) turned (or) grew
(or) was irritated]
Active: The Government has increased minimum wages. 4. Remain, Stay [He remains (or) stays (or) is
(Increase karna- Action form) irritated]
Passive: Minimum wages have been increased by the Government 5. Taste, Feel, Smell [This soup tastes (or) smells (or)
feels (or) is delicious]
4) Boil [Ergative form: boil hona; Action form: boil karna]
5) Ring [Ergative form: bajna; Action form: bajana] The moral of the story:
6) Break [Ergative form: tootna; Action form: tod dena] 1. Link verbs give the feeling of is/was/were.
7) Close [Ergative form: band hona; Action form: band karna] 2. There is no action at all in the sentence.
8) Fly [Ergative form: fly hona; Action form: fly karna] 3. No action = No object (Verbs + subject complement)
9) Expand [Ergative form: expand hona; Action form: expand karna] 4. No object = No passive
10) Shift [Ergative form: shift hona; Action form: shift karna]
11) Move [Ergative form: Move hona; Action form: Move karna] 8. When “Be + V3” is not a passive –
12) Change [Ergative form: change hona; Action form: change karna]
The confusion starts when we don’t have “by + doer” at the end of a
passive sentence-
More ergative verbs - Diminish, Revolve, Test, Inflate, Weaken,
Strengthen, Harden, Grow, Develop, Stop, Float, Shake, Terminate,
The thief was arrested (V3) Passive
Merge, Cool, Freeze, Melt, Bend, Separate, Multiply, Open, Crack,
 I was surprised (V3) Session- 12.2
Active/Passive
Deciphering the Passive
She is talented (Adj) (V3) Active
She is married Active (Solutions) Home-work Task
This chair is broken Write the paragraph in both the voices – Active and Passive
Jab apki English grammar ki knowledge improve hoti hai, apki writing skills
A simple trick to decide: aur jyada paini (sharp) ban jati hai. Apka likha hua aur jyada dilchasp
If there is an action → Be + V3 = Passive (interesting) aur clear dikhai dene lagta hai. Na mehaj apki English language
If there is just a state, no action → Be + V3 = Active [V3 is a pure ki samajh (understanding) develop hoti hai, balki ap apna khud ka writing
style bhi develop karte hai. Ye behatari (improvement) ki process ekdam
adjective here, not at all a verb]
asaan mehsoos hoti hai lekin beginners ke liye technically mushkil sabit
hoti hai. Khas kar, non-English academic background wale students
Surprised, Married, Amazed, Tired, Amused, Bored, Interested,
hamesha se hi behtar likhne me interested rhe hai aur ye kam pura karna
Advanced, Annoyed, Irritated, Exhilarated, Talented, Determined, unke liye hamesha se hi mushkil rha hai.
Diseased, Broken, Forgotten, Rejected, Dejected, Disheartened… Active –
1. When your knowledge of English grammar improves, your writing
Home-work Task skills become/turn/grow sharper.
Write the paragraph in both the voices – Active and Passive 2. Your writing looks/appears/seems/sounds more interesting and
Jab apki English grammar ki knowledge improve hoti hai, apki writing skills aur clearer.
jyada paini (sharp) ban jati hai. Apka likha hua aur jyada dilchasp (interesting) 3. Not only does the understanding of your English develop, but also you
aur clear dikhai dene lagta hai. Na mehaj apki English language ki samajh develop the writing style of your own. – Preferred
(understanding) develop hoti hai, balki ap apna khud ka writing style bhi develop 4. This process of improvement feels easy, but proves technically difficult
karte hai. Ye behatari (improvement) ki process ekdam asaan mehsoos hoti hai for the beginners.
lekin beginners ke liye technically mushkil sabit hoti hai. Khas kar, non-English Particularly, the Students of non-English academic background have been
academic background wale students hamesha se hi behtar likhne me interested interested (state) in writing well, and this task has been tough for them to
rhe hai aur ye kam pura karna unke liye hamesha se hi mushkil rha hai. accomplish.
Passive –
1. Passive is not possible for this sentence. (Ergative verbs- improve,
become, grow, turn have been used)
2. Passive is not possible for this sentence. (Link verbs-
look/seem/appear/Sound don’t make passives)
3. Not only does the understanding of your English develop, but also the
writing style of your own is developed by you.
4. Passive is again not possible for the link verbs – feel and improve – in
this sentence.
5. Passive is not possible for link verbs – “has been”.
 Step 2: Change the verb in V-3
Step 3: Add an appropriate “Be family Verb” before the main verb
Writing tip: Negative adverbs (at the beginning of a clause) → Inversion
Step 4: Retain all the helping verbs of the original active sentence.
Negative adverbs: Hardly, Barely, Scarcely, Never, Seldom, Not only, (except for do/does/did)
Nowhere, Under no circumstances, In no way, little, Only then, Only Step-5: Connect the original subject of the active sentence with the
later new passive sentence with a “by”
✓ Passive making tip-1: Passive of the following sentences are not
Inversion: Helping verb is placed before the subject of the clause.
made-
For example: Interrogative 1. Present perfect continuous tense
2. Past perfect continuous tense
1. How to identify passives? - Be family verb + V3 3. Future perfect continuous tense
4. Future continuous tense
2. Why do we need the passive? Logic - Be being is not a natural construction in English.

Difference- Active voice sentence vs Passive voice sentence ✓ Passive making tip-2: Di- transitive verbs can make passive in two
• There is no difference in the meaning of the sentence. ways-
• Active subject is the doer of the action while the passive subject 1) Turn the object-1 (direct object) into the subject.
is the receiver of the action. or
• Emphasis is on the doer → Active 2) Turn the object-2 (indirect object) into the subject
• Emphasis is on the action → Passive
✓ Passive making tip-3: Following categories verbs don’t make passive
3. Where to use a passive? 1. In-transitive verbs (verbs without any object)
2. Link verbs (Be family verbs as a main verb in a sentence)
Usage-
o Active – Default in any sentence; Usage preferred in letters, 5. Exceptions with the use of preposition “by” in passive –
emails
1) Known + to
o Passive – Usage preferred for neutral perspective.
2) Alarmed + at
o Any statement where the actor is not important
3) Surprised, Amazed + at
o Academic writing
4) Pleased + with
o Formal reports
5) Satisfied + with
o Essay, summary and precis
6) Listen + to
7) Laugh + at
4. How to make a passive?
8) Adhere + to
Step 1: Change the object of the main verb into the subject.
• I know Mohan. The match has started. (Start hona- Ergative form)
• Mohan is known to me. The empire has started the match. (Start karna- Action form)
• The report did not please the boss.
• The boss was not pleased with the report
• The results surprised us 2) Burn
• We were surprised at the results. The house has burned. (Burn hona- Ergative form)
• I listened to the song.
A short-circuit fire has burned the house. (Burn karna- Action form)
• A song was listened to by me.
• We must adhere to the rules 3) Increase
• The rules must be adhered to by us. Active: Minimum wages have increased.
6. Ergative verbs – (Increase hona- Ergative form)
o Some verbs in English treat their subject as their object. There is no Passive: Not possible
apparent doer of the action. These verbs are called “ergative” verbs.
o Ye verb jab jab aisa karti hai, apko lagta hai sentence me kuch galti Active: The Government has increased minimum wages.
hai. But aisa hota nhi. (Increase karna- Action form)
o Because ergative me subject hi action ka by-default receiver hota Passive: Minimum wages have been increased by the Government
hai, these verbs don’t need an object; hence, don’t make a passive.
o Most of these verbs also have a regular action form. (Apki confusion 4) Boil [Ergative form: boil hona; Action form: boil karna]
ko badhane ke liye) 5) Ring [Ergative form: bajna; Action form: bajana]
o Apko aj se jaise hi kisi verb ki ergative form dikhe, use note karna hai 6) Break [Ergative form: tootna; Action form: tod dena]
aur bevajah uska passive banane ki jid nhi karni hai. 7) Close [Ergative form: band hona; Action form: band karna]
8) Fly [Ergative form: fly hona; Action form: fly karna]
The moral of the story: 9) Expand [Ergative form: expand hona; Action form: expand karna]
1) Ergative verbs are a special category of verbs in English. 10) Shift [Ergative form: shift hona; Action form: shift karna]
2) They don’t need an object. 11) Move [Ergative: Move hona; Action form: Move karna]
3) Any verb without an object can’t make a passive. 12) Change [Ergative: change hona; Action form: change karna]

Kill – Mar dena (action)

Die – Khud mar jana (action) More ergative verbs - Diminish, Revolve, Test, Inflate, Weaken,
Strengthen, Harden, Grow, Develop, Stop, Float, Shake, Terminate,
But… Merge, Cool, Freeze, Melt, Bend, Separate, Multiply, Open, Crack, End,
1) Start Start, Begin, Commence, Improve, Accelerate, Prove, look, Taste, Feel,
Smell…
 She is married Active
7. Link verbs – This chair is broken Active
1. Be family verbs – is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been – as a
main verb in a sentence. A simple trick to decide:
o She is/was successful. If there is an action → Be + V3 = Passive
o She was successful If there is just a state, no action → Be + V3* = Active
o She has been successful. *Note: [V3 is a pure adjective here, and not a verb at all]
o She had been successful…….
Surprised, Married, Amazed, Tired, Amused, Bored, Interested,
2. Seem, Appear, Look, Sound
Advanced, Annoyed, Irritated, Exhilarated, Talented, Determined,
[He seems (or) appears (or) looks (or) sounds (or) is irritated]
Diseased, Broken, Forgotten, Rejected, Dejected, Disheartened…

3. Become, Turn, Grow

[He became (or) turned (or) grew (or) was irritated]
4. Remain, Stay
[He remains (or) stays (or) is irritated]

5. Taste, Feel, Smell, Prove

[This soup tastes (or) smells (or) feels (or) is delicious]
The moral of the story:
1. Link verbs give the feeling of is/was/were.
2. There is no action at all in the sentence.
3. No action = No object (Verbs + subject complement)
4. No object = No passive

6. When “Be + V3” is not a passive –

The confusion starts when we don’t have “by + doer” at the end of a
passive sentence-

The thief was arrested (V3) Passive

I was surprised (V3) Active/Passive
She is talented (Adj) (V3) Active
 Session- 13 Practice
Mastering Participles - Basics Kamjor karne wali bimari → A weakening sickness/ disease
Kamjor hoti hui economy → A weakening economy
Sundar ladka → A Beautiful Boy Kamjor ho chuki hui body → A weakened body
Large/ Big Home/ →
Bada ghar → A Lakdi Jalane wala stove A wood-burning stove
Spacious House →
Jalti hui jhopdi A burning hut
Jal chuka hua document → A burned document
Jalta hua ghar → A Burning House
Hausla dene wala remark → An Encouraging Remark Immunity develop karne
→ An immunity-developing medicine/drug
wali medicine
Burned/ Develop hoti hui nation → A developing country
Jala hua house → A House Develop ho chuka hua
Burnt → A developed nation
Tuta hua dil → A Broken Heart nation
Jameen hila dene wala
→ An earth-shaking earthquake
earthquake
Hilta hua hath → A shaking hand
Hil chuki hui neenv → A shaken foundation

• Move = Hilna
• Shake = Hilna (kamp jana)
Question: Participles before or after a noun?
Trick:
o Single-word participle before a noun.
Chapter summary: - o Participle (phrases) consisting multiple words after a noun.
✔ Usne apni sari invest ki hui saving kho di hai.
• Verb-ing form → Working as an adjective → Present Participle Tense – Present perfect (have + V3)
• Verb-3 form → Working as an adjective → Past Participle → Invested Saving
Voice – Active
✔ She has lost all of her invested savings.
Present Participle (V-ing) → Karne wala (doer) Hota hua (ergative) ✔ Usne apni sari market me invest ki hui
savings kho di hai. Invested in
→ Savings
Past Participle → Ho chuka hua (receiver) ✔ She has lost all of her savings invested in the the market
market.
 ✔ Pichhli bar, locals ke dwara
✔ Ms. Mehta 10 sal se ek working woman hai. support kiya jana wale candidate
Tense – Present Perfect (State) (have + been) nhi jeeta.
Voice – Active → Working Woman Tense – Past Indefinite (Action) V-2 → Candidate Supported By the locals
✔ Ms. Mehta has been a working woman for Voice – Active (Not an object)
10 years.
Last meeting me, factory me kam karne wali ✔ The candidate supported by
women ne barabar pay ki demand ki. the locals did not win last time.
Tense – Past Indefinite (V2) Working in
→ Women
Voice – Active the factory
✔ In the last meeting, the women working in
the factory demanded equal pay. Home-work Task
Write the paragraph in both the voices – Active and Passive
o Present Participle can take an object (replying to what/whom). ✔ Perfection ko chase karne wala insaan kabhi bhi choti moti kamyabi
se satisfied nhi hota.
o Past participle can never take an object.
✔ Pichle 2 dashko (decades) se, processed food companies sehat ko
nuksan karne wale food products offer karte a rhe hain.
✔ Black jacket wali ladki uski
✔ Sakar ke dwara badle gye rules society ke liye faydemand sabit hue
sister hai.
hain.
Tense – Present Indefinite (State)
Is, am, are + Noun/Adj → Girl wearing
The black ✔ China aur USA trade war ladne wali 2 developed countries hain.
jacket (what) ✔
Voice – Active Nadi me float karti hui jalti hui boat doob gyi.
✔ The girl wearing the black Active –
jacket is his/her sister.
✔ 7 logo ki jindagiya le lene Passive –
wali accident ki tahkikat police ke
dwara ki ja rhi hai.
Tense – Present continuous
(action) [is, am, are + V-ing]
Voice – Active The lives of
✔ Active – The police are → Accident Taking seven people
investigating the accident taking (what)
the lives of seven people.

✔ Passive – The accident

taking the lives of seven people is
being investigated by the police.
 Session- 13.1
Mastering Participles – Basics (Solutions) ✔ China aur USA trade war ladne wali 2 developed countries hain.
Tense – Present indefinite (State) (Be family + Noun/Adj)
Home-work Task (Solutions) Voice – Active
Write the paragraph in both the voices – Active and Passive China and the USA are two developed countries fighting a trade war.
Passive – Linking verbs do not make passives.
✔ Perfection ko chase karne wala insaan kabhi bhi choti moti kamyabi
se satisfied nhi hota.
✔ Nadi me float karti hui jalti hui boat doob gyi.
Tense – Present indefinite (V1)
Tense – Present Perfect
Voice – Active
Voice – Active (Ergative)
Tiny successes never satisfy a human chasing/seeking perfection.
The burning boat floating in the river has sunk.
Tense – Present indefinite (Be + V3) Passive – Ergative verbs do not make passives.
Voice – Passive
A human chasing/ seeking perfection is never satisfied with tiny successes.

✔ Pichle 2 dashko (decades) se, processed food companies sehat ko

nuksan karne wale food products offer karti a rhe hain.
Tense – Present perfect continuous (have family + be family + V-ing)
Voice – Active
For the last 2 decades, processed food companies have been offering (have
offered) health-damaging food products.
For the last 2 decades, processed food companies have offered health-
damaging food products.
Tense – Present perfect continuous (have family + be family + V-ing) Chapter summary: -
Voice – Passive
• Verb-ing form → Working as an adjective → Present Participle
Health-damaging products have been offered by processed food companies
for the last 2 decades. • Verb-3 form → Working as an adjective → Past Participle

✔ Sakar ke dwara badle gye rules society ke liye faydemand sabit hue
hain.
Present Participle (V-ing) → Karne wala (doer) Hota hua (ergative)
Tense – Present prefect (have + V3)
Past Participle → Ho chuka hua (receiver)
Voice – Active (ergative)
The rules changed by the Government have proven beneficial for the
society. o Single-word participle before a noun.
Passive – Ergative verbs do not make passives. o Participle (phrases) consisting multiple words after a noun.
o Present Participle can take an object (replying to what/whom).
o Past participle can never take an object.
 Session- 13.2 ✔ Soldiers ne Parliament ke upar udaye ja
rhe aircraft ko mar giraya. (shoot down)
Mastering Participles – Advanced (Passives) Tense – P.P [Have + V3]
Being flown
(Present Participle)
→ (Udaya ja
Voice – Active (Passive)
(10-15 Lakh) rha)
✔ Soldiers have shot down the aircraft being
flown above/over Parliament.
✔ Soldiers ne Parliament ke upar udte hue
aircraft ko mar giraya. Flying (Present Participle)
→
✔ Soldiers have shot down the aircraft flying (udta hua) (Ergative- Active)
above/over Parliament.
✔ Pilot ke dawara (jariye) udaya gya aircraft
ek fighter jet tha. Flown Past Participle
→
✔ The aircraft flown by a/the pilot was a (udaya gya) (By-default in passive)
fighter jet.

Singing this
✔ Is song ko gane wala admi mera padosi hai song (Present Participle)
→
✔ The man singing this song is my neighbour. (Song ko (Active)
Chapter summary: - gane wala)
• Verb-ing form → Working as an adjective → Present Participle ✔ Abhi gaya jane wala song ek mashhoor lok-
geet (folk song) hai. Abhi gaya (Present Participle)
• Verb-3 form → Working as an adjective → Past Participle →
✔ The song being sung now is a famous folk jane wala (Passive)
song.
Karne wala (doer) Hota hua (ergative) + ✔ Kal rat ki party me gaya gya song ek folk- Sung in the
Present Participle (V-ing) →
+ an object No object song tha. party of the (Past Participle)
→
✔ The song sung in the party of the last night last night (By default - Passive)
Ho chuka hua (receiver) was a folk song. (Gaya gya)
Past Participle →
+ No object

Present Present Participle

V-ing → Noun is the doer of the participle Practice
Participle (Active)
Present Noun is the receiver of the Present Participle ✔ IT industry me operate karne wali
Being + V3 →
Participle participle; doer is someone else (Passive) companies ke dwara (jariye) chalaye ja rahe
✔ All businesses being run by the companies
Present Participle sabhi businesses size me bade ho rhe hai. →
Present Noun is the receiver of the operating in the IT industry are expanding.
V-ing → (Active) Tense – Present continuous (Be + V-ing)
Participle participle; there is no doer.
(Ergative) Voice – Active (ergative)
✔ Pichle sal, Kai sare harne wali ✔ Last year, many losing candidates raised
✔ Plane ko udane wala admi pilot kha jata ummidwaro ne Election Commission ke questions on/over the elections being conducted
hai. dwara (jariye) karwaye ja rhe elections par by the Election Commission of India.
Tense – Present Indefinite (Action) [Is, am, are + sawal khade kiye hain. →
Flying (Present Participle) Tense – PI (V2)
V-3] → ✔ Last year, many a losing candidate raised
(udane wala) (Active)
Voice – Passive Voice – Active questions on/over the elections being conducted
by the Election Commission of India.
✔ The Man flying an aircraft is called a pilot.
 ✔ The vehicles running/moving fast are Comma guide with participle phrases-?
often issued speeding tickets by the police
Home-work Task
personnel patrolling the roads.
✔ Teji se chalne wale vehicles ko aksar Write the paragraph in both the voices – Active and Passive
road par patrolling karne wale police walo ✔ Students ke dwara (by) ayojit (organized) kiye ja rhe protest satta (power) me badlav ki
✔ The fast running/moving vehicles are
ke dwara speeding ticket issue ki jati hai. koshish karne wali political parties ke dwara motivated dikhai padte hain.
→ often issued speeding tickets by the police
personnel patrolling the roads.
Tense – Present Indefinite (is, am, are + V3) ✔ Koi bhi disagree nhi kar rha hai ki India jaisi ek fast-growing economy 2030 tak badhte
Voice – Passive hue karj se kamjor ho chuki Chinese economy se age nikal (surpass) chuki hogi
✔ Police personnel patrolling the roads
often issue speeding tickets to the fast-moving
vehicles. ✔ Invade karne wali takato ke dwara (by) banaya gya aur ek lambi jang me destroy ho
chuka Somnath Mandir ek sarkar ke dwara established/founded aur locals ke dwara finance ki
✔ Har roj badhne wali mahangai ki dar ✔ The rate of Inflation, increasing every day, jari trust ke dwara fir se bnaya (rebuild) ja rha hai.
(rate) ek PM ke dwara niyukt (appointed) is controlled by a committee appointed by the
committee ke dwara (jariye) control ki jati PM.
hai. ✔ Sun ke charo taraf ghoomne wali earth ek bade se, galaxy ke dying stars ke dwara form
✔ kiye ja rhe blackhole se mil jaegi.
Tense – Present Indefinite [Is, am, are + V3] A committee appointed by the PM
Voice – Passive controls the rate of inflation, increasing every
day. (Active) Tense –
Voice –
✔ Government ki MSME sector ko
Active –
madad karne ki koshish wali intervention ke
✔ With the Government intervention seeking Tense –
sath hi, abhi chal rhi mandi se kamjor ho
to help the MSME sector, the economy, weakened Voice –
chuki economy behtar hoti ja rhi hai.
by the ongoing slowdown, has been improving. Passive –
Tense – Present Perfect Continuous
Voice – Active

Extra writing tip -1

• All + Plural Noun + Plural verb = Sare/ Sabhi
• Each/Every (Adj) + Singular Noun + Singular verb = Sabhi, but ek hote karke

All workers are on a strike. All of the workers are on a strike.

Each worker is on a strike. Each of the workers is on a strike.
Every worker is on a strike.

Extra writing tip -2

• Many + Plural Noun + Plural verb = Kai sare
• Many a + Singular Noun + Singular verb = Kai sare, but ek karne karke

- Many workers are on a strike.

- Many a worker is on a strike.
 Session- 13.3 Practice session-

Mastering Participles – Advanced (Passives) • The film portrays an interesting story of a depressed young man.
• The book being released in select book stores today is based on real-life events.
The “Comma” guide for participle phrases- • S-400 missile defense system, being used by several Asian countries, has helped
There are seven types of participle phrases- Russia, fighting the US sanctions, (to) support its economy.
• Replying to the journalists, the students protesting the fee hike made some
S.I. sarcastic remarks.
Type Voice Structure Function
No.
• Having pulled out of the Afghanistan, the US forces, considered the most
1. Present Participle Active V-ing Pure Adjective
powerful in the world, have shifted their focus on the South China Sea.
2. Present Participle Passive Being + V3 Pure Adjective
By-default
3. Past Participle V3 Pure Adjective
Passive
Additional active action Home-work Task (Solutions)
4. PPSA Active V-ing
(Simultaneous)
Additional passive ✔ Students ke dwara (by) ayojit (organized) kiye ja rhe protest satta (power) me badlav
5. PPSA Passive Being + V3 ki koshish karne wali political parties ke dwara motivated dikhai padte hain.
action (Simultaneous)
Tense – Present indefinite tense
Additional active action
6. Perfect Participle Active Having + V3 Voice – Active
(Perfect)
Active – The protests being organized by the students seem/look/appear/sound motivated
Additional passive
7. Perfect Participle Passive Having + been + V3 by the political parties seeking a change in power.
action (Perfect)
Passive – Link verbs can’t make a passive.

• Any participle phrase (1-word) → anywhere in the sentence + No comma ✔ Koi bhi disagree nhi kar rha hai ki India jaisi ek fast-growing economy 2030 tak badhte
hue karj se kamjor ho chuki Chinese economy se age nikal (surpass) chuki hogi.
• Any participle phrase (>1 word) (Pure adj) + essential information + doesn’t take Tense – Future perfect tense (Will + have + V3)
comma(s) before/after. Voice – Active
• Any participle phrase (>1 word) (Pure adj) + non-essential information + Active – None disagrees that a fast-growing economy like (such as) India will have surpassed
the Chinese economy, weakened by the increasing debt/loan by (the year) 2030.
necessarily takes comma(s) before/after.
Passive – None disagrees that the Chinese economy, weakened by the increasing debt/loan,
• Any participle phrase (>1 word) (Additional action) + takes comma(s) will have been surpassed by a fast-growing economy like (such as) India by the year 2030.
before/after.
✔ Invade karne wali takato ke dwara (by) banaya gya aur ek lambi jang me destroy ho
Trick- how to remember? chuka Somnath Mandir ek sarkar ke dwara established/founded aur locals ke dwara finance
ki jari trust ke dwara fir se bnaya (rebuild) ja rha hai.
• The Participle phrases indicating an action – PPSA and Perfect Participle – always
take commas before and after. Tense – Present continuous tense (Be + Being + V3)
• The Participle phrases representing non-essential information – where the noun Voice – Passive
being modified is identifiable even without the participle phrase – always take Passive – The Somnath Temple, built by invading forces and destroyed in a prolonged war, is
commas before and after. being rebuilt by a trust founded/established by the Government and being financed by the
locals.
*Note: A comma is never placed →
Active – A trust founded/established by the Government and being financed by the locals is
• before the first word of a sentence; re-building the Somnath Temple built by invading forces and destroyed in a prolonged war.
• or, after the last word of a sentence.
✔ Sun ke charo taraf ghoomne wali earth ek bade se, galaxy ke dying stars ke dwara Session- 14
form kiye ja rhe blackhole se mil jaegi.
PPSA and Perfect Participle
Tense – Future indefinite tense (Will + base form)
The “Comma” guide for participle phrases-
Voice – Active
Passive – A giant blackhole being formed by dying stars of the galaxy will be merged with the There are seven types of participle phrases-
earth, revolving around the sun.
S.I.
Type Voice Structure Function
Active – The earth, revolving around the sun, will merge with a giant blackhole being formed No.
by dying start of the galaxy. 1. Present Participle Active V-ing Pure Adjective
2. Present Participle Passive Being + V3 Pure Adjective
By-default
3. Past Participle V3 Pure Adjective
Passive
Additional active action
4. PPSA Active V-ing
(Simultaneous)
Additional passive
5. PPSA Passive Being + V3
action (Simultaneous)
Additional active action
6. Perfect Participle Active Having + V3
(Perfect)
Additional passive
7. Perfect Participle Passive Having + been + V3
action (Perfect)
PPSA = Present Participle indicating a simultaneous action

Chapter summary: -
• Verb-ing form → Working as an adjective → Present Participle
• Verb-3 form → Working as an adjective → Past Participle

Karne wala (doer) Hota hua (ergative) +

Present Participle (V-ing) →
+ an object No object

Ho chuka hua (receiver)

Past Participle →
+ No object Chapter summary: -

• Verb-ing form → Working as an adjective → Present Participle

Present Present Participle
V-ing → Noun is the doer of the participle • Verb-3 form → Working as an adjective → Past Participle
Participle (Active)
Present Noun is the receiver of the Present Participle
Being + V3 →
Participle participle; doer is someone else (Passive) Karne wala (doer) Hota hua (ergative) +
Present Participle Present Participle (V-ing) →
Present Noun is the receiver of the + an object No object
V-ing → (Active)
Participle participle; there is no doer.
(Ergative) Ho chuka hua (receiver)
Past Participle →
+ No object
 Comma guide for participles? Let’s Practise:
• The Participle phrases indicating an action – PPSA and Perfect Participle – always Present Participle
take commas before and after.
✔ Was/Were + V-ing
• The Participle phrases representing non-essential information – where the noun
(While) Having my dinner, I was watching a web series on
being modified is identifiable even without the participle phrase – always take ✔ Dinner karte hue, Mai Netflix.
commas before and after. Netflix par ek web series dekh o Alternative structure 1: I was watching a web series on
*Note: A comma is never placed → rha tha. Netflix, (while) having my dinner.
o Alternative structure 2: I, (while) having my dinner, was
• before the first word of a sentence; watching a web series on Netflix.
• or, after the last word of a sentence. ✔ I watched a web-series on Netflix, (while) having my
dinner.
V-ing (Action) ✔ Dinner karte hue, Maine o Alternative structure 1: (While) Having my dinner, I
PPSA* The subject of the sentence performs an
Being + → Netflix par ek web series dekhi. watched a web-series on Netflix.
(Active) additional simultaneous action
Noun/Adj o Alternative structure 2: I, (while) having my dinner,
Perfect Participle The subject of the sentence performs an watched a web-series on Netflix.
Having + V3 →
(Active) additional perfect action ✔ I watched a web-series on Netflix, (while) having my
dinner.
✔ I used to watch a web-series on Netflix, (while)
PPSA The subject of the sentence is the receiver of ✔ Dinner karte hue, Mai
Being + V3 → having my dinner.
(Passive) an additional simultaneous action Netflix par web series (many)
dekha karta tha. ✔ I would watch a web-series on Netflix, (while)
Perfect Participle Having + The subject of the sentence is the receiver of
→ having my dinner.
(Passive) been + V3 an additional perfect action
PPSA = Present Participle indicating a simultaneous action Past Habit = V2, Used to, Would o Alternative structure 1: (While) Having my dinner, I
used to watch a web-series on Netflix.
Always remember: PPSA and Perfect participle modify the subject of the clause, and o Alternative structure 2: I, (while) having my dinner,
nothing else. used to watch a web-series on Netflix
✔ (While) Having my dinner, I have watched many (a)
- Extra writing tip 1: Some Nouns don’t change their forms from singular to plural
web series on Netflix.
✔ Dinner karte hue, Mai
Aircraft, Spacecraft, Hovercraft, Series, Species, Sheep, Fish, Deer, Swine, Cod, Alternative structure 1: I have watched many (a) web series
Netflix par web series (many)
Salmon, Hair, Whereabouts (khoi hui cheez ka thikana/address) on Netflix, (while) having my dinner.
dekh chuka hu.
Alternative structure 2: I, (while) having my dinner, have
New vocab words: watched many (a) web series on Netflix.
1. Constituent (Noun) → Constituency ✔ I will watch a web series on Netflix, (while) having
o A small part of something my dinner.
✔ Dinner karte hue, Mai
o A voter o Alternative structure 1: (While) Having my dinner, I will
Netflix par ek web series
2. Happy (Adj) – Joyous, Ecstatic, Euphoric, Elated watch a web series on Netflix.
dekhuga.
o Alternative structure 2: I, (while) having my dinner, will
3. Praise – Applaud, eulogize (eulogy)
watch a web series on Netflix.
4. Apologise/ze (Verb) – To admit your mistake, feeling sorry for it.
✔ Being a teacher, I have to study every/each
5. Incumbent (Adj) + upon – Necessary for ✔ Ek teacher hote hue
aspect/facet of my subject.
6. Incumbent (Noun) – Someone holding a chair (teacher hone ke nate/hone ki
o Alternative structure 1: I have to study every/each
vajah se), Mujhe mere subject
o See - Dekhna (Involuntarily) aspect/facet of my subject, being a teacher.
ka har pehlu (aspect) study
o Alternative structure 2: I, being a teacher, have to study
o Look - Dekhna (Voluntarily) karna hota hai.
every/each aspect/facet of my subject.
o Watch - Dekhna (movement)
o Stare - Dekhna (ghoorna)
o Glance - Have a quick look at something (sarsari nigah dalna)
 ✔ Being a soldier, he knows how to fight. ✔ (After) Having had my dinner, I will watch a web-
o Alternative structure 1: He knows how to fight, being a series on Netflix.
✔ Soldier hote hue, us pta ✔ Dinner kar chukne ke
soldier. o Alternative structure 1: I will watch a web-series on
hai kaise fight karna hai. bad, Mai Netflix par ek web
o Alternative structure 2: He, being a soldier, knows how Netflix, (after) having had my dinner.
series dekhuga.
to fight. o Alternative structure 2: I, (after) having had my dinner,
will watch a web-series on Netflix.
✔ Running, Mohit reached office.
✔ Mohit bhagta hua office o Alternative structure 1: Mohit reached office, (comma Passive Participle
pahocha. optional) running.
o Alternative structure 2: Mohit, running, reached office. ✔ (While) Being sent to/deployed at the LAC, passing
✔ The candidate leading the vote-tally thanked his/her through the Himalayan region, the soldier was
voters/constituents, (while) smiling. euphoric/elated/ ecstatic.
✔ Himalayan region se pass
✔ Mat-ganna (vote tally) ko o Alternative structure 1: (While) Smiling, the candidate o Alternative structure 1: The soldier was
through hone wali LAC par bheje
lead karne wale candidate ne leading the vote-tally thanked his/her euphoric/elated/ ecstatic, being sent to the LAC, passing
jane par, soldier bada hi khush
smile karte hue apne voters ko voters/constituents. through the Himalayan region.
tha.
thank kiya. o Alternative structure 2: The candidate leading the vote- o Alternative structure 2: Soldier, being sent to the LAC,
tally, (while) smiling, thanked his/her passing through the Himalayan region, was
voters/constituents. ecstatic/elated/euphoric.
✔ (After) Having been sent to LAC, passing through the
Perfect Participle Himalayan region, the soldier was ecstatic.
✔ Himalayan region se pass o Alternative structure 1: The soldier was ecstatic, (after)
✔ (After) Having had my dinner, I was watching a web- through hone wali LAC par bheje having been sent to LAC, passing through the Himalayan
series on Netflix. jane ke bad, soldier bada hi region.
✔ Dinner karne ke bad, Mai
o Alternative structure 1: I was watching a web-series on khush tha. o Alternative structure 2: The soldier, (after) having been
Netflix par ek web series dekh
Netflix, (after) having had my dinner. sent to LAC, passing through the Himalayan region, was
rha tha.
o Alternative structure 2: I, (after) having had my dinner, ecstatic.
was watching a web-series on Netflix. ✔ (While) Being asked some personal questions by
✔ (After) Having had my dinner, I watched (V2) a web- some journalists, the actor playing the role of Shivaji in
series on Netflix. ✔ kuch journalist ke dwara his/her latest movie refused to give a/any response.
✔ Dinner karne ke bad,
o Alternative structure 1: I watched a web-series on kuch personal questions puche o Alternative structure 1: The actor playing the role of
Maine Netflix par ek web series
Netflix, (after) having had my dinner. jane par, apni latest movie me Shivaji in his/her latest movie refused to give a/any
dekhi.
o Alternative structure 2: I, (after) having had my dinner, Shivaji ki Bhoomika (role) ada response, (while) being asked some personal questions
watched a web-series on Netflix. karne (play) wale abhineta by some journalists.
✔ (After) Having had my dinner, I used to watch many (actor) ne pratirkiya (response) o Alternative structure 2: The actor playing the role of
web-series on Netflix. dene se mana kar diya. Shivaji in his/her latest movie, (while) being asked some
✔ Dinner karne ke bad, Mai personal questions by some journalists, refused to give
✔ (After) Having had my dinner, I would watch many
Netflix par web series (many) a/any response.
web-series on Netflix.
dekha karta tha.
o Alternative structure 1: I used to watch a web-series on ✔ (After) Having been asked some personal questions
Past habits – V2, Would + base
Netflix, (after) having had my dinner. by some journalists, the actor playing the role of Shivaji in
form, Used to + base form
o Alternative structure 2: I, (after) having had my dinner, ✔ kuch journalist ke dwara his/her latest movie refused to give a response.
used to watch a web-series on Netflix. kuch personal questions puche o Alternative structure 1: The actor playing the role of
✔ (After) Having had my dinner, I have watched many jane ke bad, apni latest movie Shivaji in his/her latest movie refused to give a
web-series on Netflix. me Shivaji ki Bhoomika (role) response, (after) having been asked some personal
✔ Dinner karne ke bad, Mai ada karne (play) wale abhineta questions by some journalists.
o Alternative structure 1: I have watched a web-series on
Netflix par web series (many) (actor) ne pratirkiya dene se o Alternative structure 2: The actor playing the role of
Netflix, (after) having had my dinner.
dekh chuka hu. mana kar diya. Shivaji in his/her latest movie, (After) having been asked
o Alternative structure 2: I, (after) having had my dinner,
have watched a web-series on Netflix. some personal questions by some journalists, refused to
give a response.
 Home-work Task (Solutions in the next video) Session- 14.1

✔ Ek bar fir se exam me fail ho jane ke bad, apne result se nirash (disappointed) student PPSA and Perfect Participle (Task solutions)
ne apne dosto ke dwara (by) established start-up me ek job ke liye apply kiya.
The “Comma” guide for participle phrases-
Tense –
Voice – There are seven types of participle phrases-
Structure 1:
Structure 2: S.I.
Type Voice Structure Function
Structure 3: No.
1. Present Participle Active V-ing Pure Adjective
✔ Pure parivar ke liye sharm (embarrassment) ka karan banne wali galti ke bare me
2. Present Participle Passive Being + V3 Pure Adjective
btaye jane par, ladke ne mafi mangi.
Tense – By-default
3. Past Participle V3 Pure Adjective
Voice – Passive
Structure 1: Additional active action
4. PPSA Active V-ing
Structure 2: (Simultaneous)
Structure 3: Additional passive action
5. PPSA Passive Being + V3
(Simultaneous)
✔ Tokyo me ayojit (held/organized) 2020 Olympics me apne gold medal ke liye praise
kiye jane par, women-boxer ne apni kamyabi ka sara shrey (credit) use 5 sal se train karane Additional active action
6. Perfect Participle Active Having + V3
wale coach sahb ko idya. (Perfect)
Tense – Additional passive action
7. Perfect Participle Passive Having + been + V3
Voice – (Perfect)
PPSA = Present Participle indicating a simultaneous action
Structure 1:
Structure 2:
Structure 3:
✔ Us din ke ek Sunday hone ki vajas se, ek USA me located IT company ke sath ek
million-dollar deal karne wale mere sabhi sehkarmiyo (colleagues) ne occasion ko celebrate
karne ka decision liya.
Tense –
Voice –
Structure 1:
Structure 2:
Structure 3:
✔ Apni jeet se utsahit (encouraged) hone ke bad, Kursi par kabij (Incumbent) sarkar ne
apne re-election ko support karne wale voters ke dwara mang kiye gye (demanded) laws ko
banaya (enact).
Tense – Chapter summary: -
Voice –
Structure 1: • Verb-ing form → Working as an adjective → Present Participle
Structure 2: • Verb-3 form → Working as an adjective → Past Participle
Structure 3:
✔ Ek government dwara sponsored official foreign tour hone ki vajah se, London ki yatra
Karne wala (doer) Hota hua (ergative) +
(travelling) karte hue, diplomats apni families ko sath me le aye. Present Participle (V-ing) →
+ an object No object
Tense –
Voice –
Ho chuka hua (receiver)
Structure 1: Past Participle →
Structure 2: + No object
Structure 3:
 Comma guide for participles? Confusion-1:
• The Participle phrases indicating an action – PPSA and Perfect Participle – always o Correct form 1: Dancing in the mud, the child
take commas before and after. was attacked by the crocodile.
• The Participle phrases representing non-essential information – where the noun ✔ Dancing in the mud, the o Correct form 2: The child was attacked by the
being modified is identifiable even without the participle phrase – always take crocodile attacked the child. crocodile, dancing in the mud.
commas before and after. o Correct form 3: The child, dancing in the mud,
was attacked by the crocodile.
*Note: A comma is never placed → o Correct form 1: The employees published the
report in time, having been scolded by the boss.
• before the first word of a sentence;
o Correct form 2: Having been scolded by the
• or, after the last word of a sentence. ✔ Having scolded by the boss,
boss, The employees published the report in
the report was published (by the
time.
V-ing (Action) employees) in time.
PPSA* The subject of the sentence performs an o Correct form 3: The employees, having been
Being + → scolded by the boss, published the report in
(Active) additional simultaneous action
Noun/Adj (State) time.
Perfect Participle The subject of the sentence performs an o Correct form 1: The helpless fishermen thanked
Having + V3 →
(Active) additional perfect action the disaster relief cadets, being rescued from the
cyclone.
✔ Being rescued from the
o Correct form 2: Being rescued from the cyclone,
PPSA The subject of the sentence is the receiver of cyclone, the disaster relief cadets
Being + V3 → the helpless fishermen thanked the disaster
(Passive) an additional simultaneous action were thanked by the helpless
relief cadets.
Perfect Participle Having + The subject of the sentence is the receiver of fishermen.
→ o Correct form 3: The helpless fishermen, being
(Passive) been + V3 an additional perfect action
rescued from the cyclone, thanked the disaster
PPSA = Present Participle indicating a simultaneous action
relief cadets.
Always remember: PPSA and Perfect participle modify the subject of the clause, and ✔ Being a good occasion,
o Correct form: It being a good occasion, Shalini
nothing else. Shalini asked her boss for a salary
asked her boss for a salary raise.
raise.
• Extra writing tip 1: Some Nouns don’t change their forms from singular to plural
✔ Being my mistake, I had to o Correct form: It being my mistake, I had to
Aircraft, Spacecraft, Hovercraft, Series, Species, Sheep, Fish, Deer, Swine, Cod, apologize. apologize.
Salmon, Hair, Whereabouts (khoi hui cheez ka thikana/address)
New vocab words: Confusion-2:

1. Constituent (Noun) → Constituency ✔ (After) Having been

o Perfect participle (Passive): Emphasis on perfect
o A small part of something destroyed in the floods, the city is
action
being rebuilt.
o A voter o Past participle (By-default passive): Emphasis on
2. Happy (Adj) – Joyous, Ecstatic, Euphoric, Elated ✔ The city destroyed in the the state of the noun – the city.
floods is being rebuilt.
3. Praise – Applaud, eulogize (eulogy)
✔ Having been guided by his
4. Apologise/ze (Verb) – To admit your mistake, feeling sorry for it. o Perfect participle (Passive): Emphasis on the
teachers, the student was able to
5. Incumbent (Adj) + upon – Necessary for perfect action
crack his exam.
6. Incumbent (Noun) – Someone holding a chair o Past participle (By-default passive): Emphasis is
✔ The student guided by his on the state of the noun – student.
o See - Dekhna (Involuntarily)
teachers was able to crack his exam.
o Look - Dekhna (Voluntarily)
o Watch - Dekhna (movement)
o Stare - Dekhna (ghoorna)
o Glance - Have a quick look at something (sarsari nigah dalna)
 ✔ Apni jeet se utsahit (encouraged) hone ke bad, Kursi par kabij (Incumbent) sarkar ne
apne re-election ko support karne wale voters ke dwara mang kiye gye (demanded) laws ko
Home-work Task banaya (enact).
Tense – Past indefinite/ Present perfect
✔ Ek bar fir se exam me fail ho jane ke bad, apne result se nirash (disappointed) student
Voice – Active
ne apne dosto ke dwara (by) established start-up me ek job ke liye apply kiya.
Structure 1: (After) Having been encouraged by its victory, the Incumbent Government has
enacted the laws demanded by the voters supporting its re-election.
Tense – Past indefinite/ Present perfect
Structure 2: The Incumbent Government has enacted the laws demanded by the voters
Voice – Active
supporting its re-election, (after) having been encouraged by its victory.
Structure 1: (After) Having failed the exam once again, the student disappointed by his/her
Structure 3: The Incumbent Government, (after) having been encouraged by its victory, has
result applied for a job in a start-up established by his/her friends.
enacted the laws demanded by the voters supporting its re-election.
Structure 2: The student disappointed by his/her result applied for a job in a start-up
Alternative form- The incumbent Government, encouraged by its victory, has enacted the
established by his/her friends, having failed the exam once again.
laws demanded by the voters supporting its re-election.
Structure 3: The student disappointed by his/her result, having failed the exam once again,
applied for a job in a start-up established by his/her friends.
✔ Ek government dwara sponsored official foreign tour hone ki vajah se, London ki yatra
(travelling) karte hue, diplomats apni families ko sath me le aye.
✔ Pure parivar ke liye sharm (embarrassment) ka karan banne wali galti ke bare me
Tense – Past indefinite/ Present perfect
btaye jane par, ladke ne mafi mangi.
Voice – Active
Structure 1: It Being an official foreign tour sponsored by the Government, diplomats brought
Tense – Past indefinite/Present perfect
their families along with them, traveling towards London.
Voice – Active
Structure 1: (After) Having been informed of/about the mistake causing an embarrassment
for the whole family, the boy has apologized.
Structure 2: The boy has apologized, (after) having been informed of/about the mistake
causing an embarrassment for the whole family,
Structure 3: The boy, (after) Having been informed of/about the mistake causing an
embarrassment for the whole family, has apologized.

✔ Tokyo me ayojit (held/organized) 2020 Olympics me apne gold medal ke liye praise
kiye jane par, woman-boxer ne apni kamyabi ka sara shrey (credit) use 5 sal se train karane
wale coach sahb ko idya.

Tense – Past indefinite/ Present perfect

Voice – Active
Structure 1: The boxer gave the credit of her success to her coach training her for 5 years,
(while) being praised for her gold medal in 2020 Olympics, organized in Tokyo.
Structure 2: (While) Being praised for her gold medal in 2020 Olympics, organized in Tokyo,
the boxer gave the credit of her success to her coach training her for 5 years.
Structure 3: The boxer, (while) being praised for her gold medal in 2020 Olympics, organized
in Tokyo, gave the credit of her success to her coach training her for 5 years.

✔ Us din ke ek Sunday hone ki vajas se, ek USA me located IT company ke sath ek

million-dollar deal karne wale mere sabhi sehkarmiyo (colleagues) ne occasion ko celebrate
karne ka decision liya.
Tense – Past indefinite/ Present perfect
Voice – Active
Structure 1: It being a Sunday, all my colleagues, reaching a million-dollar deal with an IT
company located in the USA, decided to celebrate the occasion.
 Session- 15 Relative Pronouns →
o Who – For humans (specific and unique) – Proper Noun
Participles aur Relative Clause ki Dosti
o Which – For non-humans (specific and unique) – Pronoun Noun
Seven types of participle phrases- o That – For humans + non-humans (Un-specific and common) – Common Noun
o What – Special use for making a Noun clause
S.I.
Type Voice Structure Function
No. Note: Relative pronouns should be placed next to the Noun they modify (antecedent).
1. Present Participle Active V-ing Pure Adjective
2. Present Participle Passive Being + V3 Pure Adjective Comma guide:
By-default o Noun specific → Information non-essential → Comma necessary
3. Past Participle V3 Pure Adjective
Passive o Noun unspecific → Information essential → No commas
Additional active action
4. PPSA Active V-ing Let’s practice:
(Simultaneous)
Additional passive action
5. PPSA Passive Being + V3 ✔ Donald Trump jo ke US ke ✔ Donald Trump, who is the former-President
(Simultaneous)
purane President hai, unhone apna of the USA, started his political career in (the year)
Additional active action
6. Perfect Participle Active Having + V3 political career 2010 me shuru kiya. 2010.
(Perfect)
Donald Trump → Specific Noun
Additional passive action
7. Perfect Participle Passive Having + been + V3 Commas → ??
(Perfect)
PPSA = Present Participle indicating a simultaneous action
✔ Microsoft, jo ki bill gates ke ✔ Microsoft, which was/has been established
• Verb-ing form → Working as an adjective → Present Participle dwara (by) established hai, ne by Bill gates, had developed the Windows operating
• Verb-3 form → Working as an adjective → Past Participle Windows operating system ko Apple system long before Apple developed the Mac
ke Mac operating system ke develop operating system.
ho jane se kafi pehle develop kiya.
Karne wala (doer) Hota hua (ergative) + Microsoft → Specific Noun
Present Participle (V-ing) →
+ an object No object Commas →
✔ Vo companies jinki turnover ✔ The Companies that have a turnover
Ho chuka hua (receiver)
Past Participle → 50 crore Rs se jyada hai vo tox exceeding $50 crore are eligible for a/the tax-
+ No object
subsidy ke liye eligible hain. subsidy.
The companies → un-specific in-
V-ing (Action) animate object More than = exceeding
PPSA* The subject of the sentence performs an
Being + → Commas →
(Active) additional simultaneous action
Noun/Adj (State) ✔ Students jo late pahochege ✔ The Students that will reach late will be
Perfect Participle The subject of the sentence performs an un par fine lagega. fined/ penalized.
Having + V3 →
(Active) additional perfect action
Will + be + V3 ✔ The Students that reach late will be fined/
The students → Un-specific human penalized.
PPSA The subject of the sentence is the receiver of Commas → ✔ The Students that are to reach late will be
Being + V3 →
(Passive) an additional simultaneous action fined/ penalized.
Perfect Participle Having + The subject of the sentence is the receiver of ✔ The Students that are reaching late will be
→
(Passive) been + V3 an additional perfect action fined/ penalized.
PPSA = Present Participle indicating a simultaneous action

Always remember: PPSA and Perfect participle modify the subject of the clause, and
Changing a relative clause into a (reduced) participle phrase:
nothing else.
o Relative (Active) → Participle (Active)
o Relative (Passive) → Participle (Passive)
 ✔ Voh adami jo meri madad kar rha hai/ tha/hoga, vo mera Participle form - The man helped by me is my neighbour.
padosi hai.
Continuous Present Present - The man that is helping me is my neighbour.
✔ Adami jo meri madad karta a rha hai/ tha/hoga, vo mera
tense → participle Past - The man that was helping me is my neighbour.
padosi hai.
(active) (active) Future -The man that will be helping me is my neighbour. Present
Perfect Present - The man that has been helping me is my neighbour.
participle/
continuous Past - The man that had been helping me is my neighbour.
Participle form – The man helping me is my neighbour. → Perfect
tense Future - The man that will have been helping me is my neighbour.
✔ Voh adami jo mujhse madad le rha hai/tha/hoga, vo mera participle
(active)
padosi hai. (active)
Participle form - The man helping me is my neighbour.
Present - The man that is being helped by me is my neighbour. Participle form - The man having helped me is my neighbour.
Continuous Present
Past - The man that was being helped by me is my neighbour.
tense → participle Perfect
Future (technically not possible) - The man that will be being
(passive) (passive) continuous Participle is ✔ Adami jo mujhse madad leta a rha hai/ tha/hoga, vo mera
helped by me is my neighbour. tense → also not padosi hai.
(passive) – possible
Participle form - The man being helped by me is my neighbour. not possible

✔ Adami jo meri madad kar chuka hai/ tha/hoga, vo mera Extra writing tip: Currency Sign + value + unit (singular)
padosi hai.
Perfect Perfect Present - The man that has helped me is my neighbour.
tense → participle Past - The man that had helped me is my neighbour.
(active) (active) Future - The man that will have helped me is my neighbour.
Home-work Task – Solutions in the next session
Participle form - The man having helped me is my neighbour. (Write the following sentences using both –
1. Relative clause
✔ Adami jo mujhse madad le chuka hai/ tha/hoga, vo mera
2. Participle phrase
padosi hai.
Relative clauses have been emboldened
Present - The man that has been helped by me is my neighbour.
Perfect Perfect Past - The man that had been helped by me is my neighbour. ✔ International Space Station (jo ki kai nations ki national space agencies ke jariye
tense → participle Future - The man that will have been helped by me is my chalaya jata hai,) ek satellite ko launch karega (Jo Venus ke atmosphere ko investigate karne
(passive) (passive) neighbour. ka maksad rakhti hai)
✔ China ki economy, (jisse US ki economy ko 2025 tak piche chhod dene ki umeed hai),
Participle form - The man having been helped by me is my ne hal ke debt-crisis, (jo sari duniya ki economy ke samne chunauti (challenge) khada kar
neighbour. chuka hai), ke bad sikudna shuru kar diya hai.

✔ Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps, 2 athletes (jo human capabilities ke nye paimane
(standards) ko set kar chuke hai) ke nam sunhre (golden) akshro me unki Olympics (jo ki 4 sal
✔ Adami jo meri madad karta hai/ tha/hoga, vo mera padosi me ek bar hone wala tournament hai aur khiladiyo ke beech sabse jyada reputed
hai. tournament mana jata hai) performances ke liye darj honge.
Indefinite Present Present - The man that helps me is my neighbour.
tense → participle Past - The man that helped me is my neighbour.
✔ India ko 2 parts me todne ke bad, East India Company (Jo ke British Monarchy ne hi
(active) (active) Future - The man that will help me is my neighbour.
establish ki thi aur operate ki jati thi) India se nikal gyi aur apna dhyan un Islands ki taraf mod
diya (Jo Atlantic sea me located the aur Spain aur France ke dwara overseas territories ke
Participle form - The man helping me is my neighbour. taur par kabjaye hue the)
✔ Adami jo meri madad leta hai/ tha/hoga, vo mera padosi hai.
Indefinite Past
Present- The man that is helped by me is my neighbour.
tense → participle
Past - The man that was helped by me is my neighbour.
(passive) (passive)
Future - The man that will be helped by me is my neighbour.
 Session- 15.1
Trick? Sentence-2: China ki economy, (jisse US ki economy ko 2025 tak piche chhod dene
ki umeed hai), ne hal ke debt-crisis, (jo sari duniya ki economy ke samne chunauti
Home-work Task – Solutions
(challenge) khada kar chuka hai), ke bad sikudna shuru kar diya hai.
(Write the following sentences using both –
1. Relative clause
Solutions
2. Participle phrase
Sentence-1: International Space Station (jo ki kai nations ki national space
Structure-1 (using relative clauses): The economy of China, (comma necessary)
agencies ke jariye chalaya jata hai,) ek satellite ko launch karega (Jo Venus ke
Which is expected/supposed to leave behind/surpass US economy by (the year) 2025,
atmosphere ko investigate karne ka maksad rakhti hai)
has started to contract/ to shrink after/following the recent debt-crisis (no comma
necessary) that has posed a challenge before the whole world.
Tense – Future indefinite tense
Active – Will + Base form
Solutions Passive – Present indefinite tense → By-default (passive) – Past participle
Active – Present prefect tense → Active – Perfect participle (Having + V3)
Structure-1 (using relative clauses): The International Space Station, (comma
necessary) which is run by the space agencies of several nations, (comma necessary) Structure-2 (using participle phrases): The economy of China, (comma
will launch/ launches/ is to launch/ is launching a satellite (no comma required) that is necessary) expected/supposed to leave behind/surpass US economy by (the year) 2025,
aimed at investigating the atmosphere of Venus. has started to contract/ to shrink after/following the recent debt-crisis (no comma
necessary) having posed a challenge before the whole world.
Passive – Present indefinite tense → By-default (passive) – Past participle
Passive – Present indefinite tense → Past participle

Structure-2 (using participle phrases): The International Space Station, run by

the space agencies of several nations, is to launch a satellite aimed at investigating the Advanced vocab structure: Be family + expected/ supposed = To have a
atmosphere of Venus. hope/expectation from someone

Advanced vocab structure: To keep an objective = To be aimed at

 Sentence-3: Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps, 2 athletes (jo human capabilities ke Sentence-4: India ko 2 parts me todne ke bad, East India Company (Jo ke British
nye paimane (standards) ko set kar chuke hai) ke nam sunhre (golden) akshro me unki Monarchy ne hi establish ki thi aur operate ki jati thi) India se nikal gyi aur apna dhyan
Olympics (jo ki 4 sal me ek bar hone wala tournament hai aur khiladiyo ke beech un Islands ki taraf mod diya (Jo Atlantic sea me located the aur Spain aur France ke
sabse jyada reputed tournament mana jata hai) performances ke liye darj honge. dwara overseas territories ke taur par kabjaye hue the)

Solution Solution

Structure-1 (using relative clauses): The names of Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps, Structure-1 (using relative clauses): After bifurcating India, the East India
who have set new standards for human capabilities, will be registered in golden letters Company, which was established and operated by the British Monarchy, left India and
for their performances in the Olympics, which are a quadrennial event, and are shifted its focus to the islands that were located in the Atlantic Sea and occupied by Spain
considered the most reputed/prestigious tournament among the sportspersons. and France as overseas territories.

Active – Perfect → Active – Perfect (Having + V3) Passive – indefinite → Past (passive)
Active – Indefinite → Active – Present (V-ing) Passive – Indefinite → Past (passive)
Passive – indefinite → By-default – Past (V3)
Structure-2 (using participle phrases): (After) Having bifurcating India, the East
Structure-2 (using participle phrases): The names of Usain Bolt and Michael India Company, established and operated by the British Monarchy, left India and
Phelps, having set new standards for human capabilities, will be registered in golden shifted its focus to the islands located in the Atlantic Sea and occupied by Spain and
letters for their performances in the Olympics, a quadrennial event considered the most France as overseas territories.
reputed/prestigious tournament among the sportspersons.
Advanced vocab structures:
• Turn the attention: Shift the focus
• Divide in two parts - Bifurcate

Extra writing tip-1:

• The (never) + The names of the planets
• The (always) + sun, earth and moon (names without capitalization)
Extra writing tip-2: Use that/those to compare similar things.
• The price of any Honda car is more than any Maruti car.
• The profits of MNCs are way higher than local firms.

• Every writer’s style differs from the another.

• Total sales this year are double last year.
• The foreign policy of India is closely linked with the USA.
• The Income Tax Act of India doesn’t allow you to add a wife’s income with
her husband.
• The basic design of the latest model of i-phone is quite similar to its older
models.
Extra writing tip-3:
• Rise – Rose – Risen (uth khada hona) Sentence-1: Dehshat (dar) failane ke liye, Ghati (valley) me shanti (peace)
• Raise – Raised – Raised (khada kar dena) ko oppose karne wale terrorists J&K me dusre States se ane wale logo ko 20
years se nishana banate a rhe hai.
• Arise – Arose – Arisen (uth khada hona – Question, doubt, risk)
Solutions
• Pose – Posed – Posed (khada kar dena – Question, doubt, risk)
Structure-1:
Alternative structure-2:
Mid-course practice session-1
Paragraph: Dehshat (dar) failane ke liye, Ghati (valley) me shanti (peace) Sentence-2: Pichle Saturday, inhi terrorists ne ek street-hawker (rehdi
ko oppose karne wale terrorists J&K me dusre States se ane wale logo ko wala) ki goli mar kar hatya kar di jo Bihar se tha aur Srinagar ki galiyo me
20 years se nishana banate a rhe hai. Pichle Saturday, inhi terrorists ne golgappe bech rha tha.
ek street-hawker (rehdi wala) ki goli mar kar hatya kar di jo Bihar se tha Solutions
aur Srinagar ki galiyo me golgappe bech rha tha. Arvind Kumar jo ki Bihar Structure-1:
ke Banka District se aya tha, Srinagar me ek lambe waqt se reh rha tha Alternative structure-2:
aur hamesha ape home-state me naukariyo ki kami ka jikar karta rehta
tha. “Kya ghati ab dusri state se ane wale logo ke liye kafi khatarnak nhi Sentence-3: Arvind Kumar jo ki Bihar ke Banka District se aya tha, Srinagar
ban chuki hai?” ek taraf to log ye khud se ye Sawal kar rhe hai. Jabki dusri me ek lambe waqt se reh rha tha aur hamesha ape home-state me naukariyo
taraf security forces unki safety ko pukhta (ensure) karne ke liye high ki kami ka jikar karta rehta tha.
alert par bani hui hain.
Solution
Structure-1:
Structure-2:

Sentence-4: “Kya ghati ab dusri state se ane wale logo ke liye kafi
khatarnak nhi ban chuki hai?” ek taraf to log ye khud se ye Sawal kar rhe hai.
Jabki dusri taraf security forces unki safety ko pukhta (ensure) karne ke liye
high alert par bani hui hain.

Solution
Structure-1:
Structure-2:
 Session- 15.2 Let’s practice:

Relative Pronouns – The last mile ✓ Concept-0: Every relative pronoun will have an antecedent (exception-what)
✓ Concept-1: Relative pronouns don’t have their own gender or number.
o Who – For humans (specific and unique) – Proper Noun
✓ Concept-2: Relative pronouns, when working as the subject, take their verb according
o Which – For non-humans, in-animated obj (specific and unique) – Pronoun Noun
to their antecedent.
o That – For humans + non-humans (Un-specific and common) – Common Noun
o What – Special use for making a Noun clause ✔ Veh ladka, jo 90% se jyada ✔ The boy (no comma) that scores more than
marks ko pa leta hai, use interview ke 90% marks (no comma) will be called for the
✓ Concept-0: Every relative pronoun will have an antecedent (exception-what) liye bulaya jaega. interview.
✓ Concept-1: Relative pronouns don’t have their own gender or number. Tense – Will + be + V3 Antecedent – Boy (singular)
✓ Concept-2: Relative pronouns, when working as the subject, take their verb according Verb – Singular
to their antecedent. Get marks = Score marks
✔ Veh ladki, jo 90% se jyada ✔ The girl (no comma) that scores more than
✓ Concept-3: Relative pronouns can either be subject or the object of the clause. marks ko pa leti hai, use interview ke 90% marks (no comma) will be called for the
liye bulaya jaega. interview.
o Subject- When the antecedent is the doer of the action.
Antecedent – Girl (singular)
o Object- When the antecedent is the receiver of the action. In this case –
Verb – Singular
• Option 1 – Pronoun (subject) + Verb (passive)
✔ Veh students, jo 90% se jyada ✔ The students (no comma) that/those score
• Option 2 – Pronoun (object) + Verb (active) marks ko pa lete hai, use interview more than 90% marks (no comma) will be called for
✓ Concept-4: Except for the relative pronoun “Who”, they don’t change their form – in ke liye bulaya jaega. the interview.
subjective or objective or possessive cases. Antecedent – Students (plural)
Verb – Plural
Session-7 Session-8
Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Subjective Objective ✔ Egypt ke pyramids jo ke 5000 ✔ Even today, the pyramids of Egypt, (comma
(Adj) (Pronoun) Objective
years pehle ek pracheen (ancient) necessary) which were built by an ancient civilization
Person Verb Mujhe Mera Mera Mujhe civilization ke dwara (by) banaye gye 5000 years ago, (comma necessary) stand strong.
Main
(After a verb/ (With a (Without (Sub the aj bhi majbooti se khade hai. Antecedent – The pyramids
(As a subject)
Preposition) noun) a noun) = Object) Verb – Plural
I Singular Me My Mine Myself
First
We Plural Us Our Ours Ourselves
You (singular) You Your Yours Yourself
Second Plural
You (Plural) You Your Yours Yourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Singular Her Her Hers Herself
Third
It It Its - Itself
They Plural Them Their Theirs Themselves
Any Student S/P Student Student’s -
Noun Car S/P Car Car’s -
Of whom/
Who According Whom - -
Relative Whose
to the
Pronouns Which - Of which - -
Antecedent
That - Of which - -
 ✓ Concept-3: Relative pronouns can either be subject or the object of the clause. Concept-4: Except for the relative pronoun “Who”, they don’t change their form – in
o Subject- When the antecedent is the doer of the action. subjective or objective or possessive cases.
o Object- When the antecedent is the receiver of the action. In this case –
Session-7 Session-8
• Option 1 – Pronoun (subject) + Verb (passive)
Possessive Possessive Reflexive
• Option 2 – Pronoun (object) + Verb (active) Subjective Objective
(Adj) (Pronoun) Objective
Person Verb Mujhe Mera Mera Mujhe
Main
(After a verb/ (With a (Without (Sub
✔ Subsidy scheme, jise PM ✔ Option-1: The subsidy scheme (no comma) (As a subject)
modi ke dwara launch kiya gya, that has been launched by PM Modi (no comma) will
Preposition) noun) a noun) = Object)
country ke farmers ko benefit degi. benefit the farmers of the country. I Singular Me My Mine Myself
First
✔ Option-2: The subsidy scheme (no comma) We Plural Us Our Ours Ourselves
(that) PM Modi has launched (no comma) will You (singular) You Your Yours Yourself
Second Plural
benefit the farmers of the country. You (Plural) You Your Yours Yourselves
He Him His His Himself
Option 1 – Pronoun (subject) + Verb (passive) She Singular Her Her Hers Herself
Antecedent –Scheme Third
It It Its - Itself
Verb – Singular They Plural Them Their Theirs Themselves
The voice of the relative clause – Passive
Any Student S/P Student Student’s -
Noun Car S/P Car Car’s -
Option 2 – Pronoun (object) + Verb (active)
Antecedent – Scheme Of whom/
Who According Whom - -
Verb – NA Relative Whose
to the
Pronouns Which - Of which - -
Antecedent
Make a decision = Decide That - Of which - -
Give benefit = benefit
✔ Egypt ke pyramids jo ke 5000 ✔ Option-1: Even today, the pyramids of Egypt,
✔ Donald Trump, jise last ✔ Option-1: Donald Trump, (comma necessary)
years pehle ek pracheen (ancient) (comma necessary) which were built by an ancient
election me American voters ke who was elected their President by the American
civilization ke dwara (by) banaye gye civilization 5000 years ago, (comma necessary) stand
dwara unka president chuna gya, ek voters in the last election, (comma necessary) is a
the aj bhi majbooti se khade hai. strong.
mashhoor businessman hai. renowned businessman.
✔ Option-2: Even today, the pyramids of Egypt,
✔ Option-2: Donald Trump, (comma necessary)
(comma necessary) which an ancient civilization built
whom the American voters elected their President in
5000 years ago, (comma necessary) stand strong.
the last election, (comma necessary) is a renowned
businessman.
Option 1 – Pronoun (subject) + Verb (passive)
Option 1 – Pronoun (subject) + Verb (passive)
Antecedent – Pyramids of Egypt
Antecedent – Donald Trump
Verb – Plural
Verb – Singular
The voice of the relative clause – Passive
The voice of the relative clause – Passive
Option 2 – Pronoun (object) + Verb (active)
Option 2 – Pronoun (object) + Verb (active)
Antecedent – Pyramids of Egypt
Antecedent – Donald Trump
Verb – NA
Verb – NA
✔ Meri padosan Shalini, jiska ✔ My neighbour Shalini, whose husband/ the
husband mera dost hai, ek software husband of whom is a friend of mine, is a software
engineer hai. engineer. Home-work Task – (Relative clauses are in bold)
(Write the following sentences using both –
✔ Hamari company jiski ✔ Our company, the turnover of which is more 1. Relative clause
turnover $1 million se jyada hai ke 11 than $1 million, has 11 branch offices. 2. Participle phrase
branch offices hai. Sentence-1: Maratha empire, (jise Shivaji ne 1674 me establish kiya tha), unhone
✔ School jiska result bahot hi ✔ That school, the result of which has been very Aurangzeb ke khilaf kai wars ko lada (Aurangzeb jise log Mughal Dynasty ka sabse
shandar rha hai, use Education special/exceptional, got/has been given grants of jyada dominant aur powerful ruler mante hai)
Ministry se Rs.1 crore ki grants di gyi. Rs.1 crore from/by the Education Ministry.
Solutions
**Turn each relative clause into participle phrase in each of the sentences we framed. Structure-1 (using relative clauses):
Structure-2 (using participle phrases):
Structure-3:
Extra writing tip-1: That = Those (As relative pronoun)
Structure-4:
That is my car. [That = singular pronoun]
Those are my cars. [Those = plural pronoun]
Sentence-2: The Mars Orbital Mission (jise Indians ke dwara Mangalyaan ke name
That house has been sold. [That = singular adjective]
se bulaya jata hai), 7 years se Mars (jo ki sun ko orbit karta hai aur bilkul earth ke
Those houses have been sold. [That = singular adjective]
jaisa hi hai) ke surface, atmosphere aur geology ko explore/ investigate kar rha hai.

Extra writing tip-2: The verbs – stand, wear and sit are also adjectives. Solutions
Ex- She was sitting in/on the sofa.
Structure-1 (using relative clauses):
• Meaning-1: She was in a sitting position – no action. Structure-2 (using participle phrases):
• Meaning-2: She was performing the action of sitting in/on the sofa. Structure-3:
Structure-4:
Ex- She was wearing a red jacket.
• Meaning-1: She had that jacket on her body – no action.
• Meaning-2: She was performing the action of wearing the jacket.
Tip: How to remove the confusion?
Change the continuous → indefinite (if there’s no action)

Extra writing tip-3: That as an objective case relative pronoun can be omitted.
 Session- 15.3

Sentence-3: Pichle 4 days se department ke engineers power grid (jiska diode thik Relative Pronouns – Uncharted Territory
se kaam nhi kar rha hai) ko control room-1 (jise pure plant ko maintain aur operate
karne ke liye banaya gya hai) se repair kar rhe hain. o Who – For humans (specific and unique) – Proper Noun
o Which – For non-humans, in-animate obj (specific and unique) – Pronoun Noun
Solutions o That – For humans + non-humans (Un-specific and common) – Common Noun
o What – Special use for making a Noun clause
Structure-1 (using relative clauses):
Structure-2 (using participle phrases): ✓ Concept-0: Every relative pronoun will have an antecedent (exception-what)
Structure-3: ✓ Concept-1: Relative pronouns don’t have their own gender or number.
Structure-4: ✓ Concept-2: Relative pronouns, when working as the subject, take their verb according
to their antecedent.

Sentence-4: Leonardo Da Vinci ki paintings (jinki keemat $100 million se jyada ✓ Concept-3: Relative pronouns can either be subject or the object of the clause.
anki/estimate ki gyi hai) ko kai art festivals (jo ane wale year me organize kiye jaege) o Subject- When the antecedent is the doer of the action.
me neelam (auction) kiya jaega. o Object- When the antecedent is the receiver of the action. In this case –
• Option 1 – Pronoun (subject) + Verb (passive)
Solutions • Option 2 – Pronoun (object) + Verb (active)
✓ Concept-4: Except for the relative pronoun “Who”, they don’t change their form – in
Structure-1 (using relative clauses): subjective or objective or possessive cases.
Structure-2 (using participle phrases): Session-7 Session-8
Structure-3: Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Structure-4: Subjective Objective
(Adj) (Pronoun) Objective
Person Verb Mujhe Mera Mera Mujhe
Main
(After a verb/ (With a (Without (Sub
(As a subject)
Preposition) noun) a noun) = Object)
I Singular Me My Mine Myself
First
We Plural Us Our Ours Ourselves
You (singular) You Your Yours Yourself
Second Plural
You (Plural) You Your Yours Yourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Singular Her Her Hers Herself
Third
It It Its - Itself
They Plural Them Their Theirs Themselves
Any Student S/P Student Student’s -
Noun Car S/P Car Car’s -
Of whom/
Who According Whom - -
Relative Whose
to the
Pronouns Which - Of which - -
Antecedent
That - Of which - -
 ✓ Concept-5: Relative pronoun “What” (Vo jo)
o Has no antecedent
o Makes a noun clause [Who, which, that make - adjective clauses] ✔ Vo accident, Jo kal sadak par hua, ✔ The Government is accountable for the
uske liye sarkar jimmedar hai. accident that happened on the road yesterday.
o The resultant clause can become –
Relative Pronoun - That
• a subject;
Type of relative pronoun - Adj Extra Vocab:
• an object of a verb, gerund, participle or infinitive; Antecedent – Accident Hua = Happen, take place, transpire
• an object of a preposition Verb – Singular
o “What” is used to bring out a dramatic effect in a sentence.
Let’s practice:
✔ Vo Jo kal sadak par hua, uske liye ✔ The Government is accountable for what
✔ Vo kahani, jo tumne kahi, ek jhooth ✔ Option-1: Pronoun (Obj) + Verb (Active) sarkar jimmedar hai. happened on the road yesterday.
hai. Verb – NA Relative Pronoun - What
✔ The Story (no comma) that you have said/ Type of relative pronoun - Noun
Relative Pronoun - That narrated/told (no comma) is a lie. Antecedent – NA
Type of relative pronoun - Adj ✔ Option-2: Pronoun (Sub) + Verb (Passive) Verb – V2
Antecedent - Story Verb – Singular Role – Vo jo (Prepositional object)
✔ The Story (no comma) that has been told
by you (no comma) is a lie.
Summary
✔ Vo jo tumne kaha, ek jhooth hai. ✔ Option-1: Pronoun (Obj) + Verb (Active)
Verb – NA • The story that you have told me is a lie.
Relative Pronoun - What ✔ What you have told is a lie. • What you have told me is a lie.
Type of relative pronoun - Noun
Antecedent – NA ✔ Option-2: Pronoun (Sub) + Verb (Passive)
Verb – Singular • Life has told me the lessons that any young man/woman needs.
Role – Vo jo (Subject)
✔ What has been told by you is a lie. • Life has told me what any young man/woman needs.

• The Government is responsible for the accident that happened on the road.
✔ Jindagi ne Mujhe vo sabak (lessons) ✔ Option-1: Pronoun (Obj) + Verb (Active) • The Government is responsible for what happened on the road.
sikha diye hai jo kisi bhi naujawan ko jarurat Verb – NA
hai. ✔ Life has taught me the lessons that any
young man/woman needs.
Relative Pronoun - That
Type of relative pronoun - Adj ✔ Option-2: Pronoun (Sub) + Verb (Passive)
Antecedent – lessons Verb – Plural
✔ Life has taught me the lessons that are
needed by any young man/woman.
✔ Jindagi ne Mujhe vo sikha diya hai ✔ Option-1: Pronoun (Obj) + Verb (Active)
jiski kisi bhi naujawan ko jarurat hai. Verb – NA
✔ Life has taught me what any young man/
Relative Pronoun - What woman needs.
Type of relative pronoun - Noun
Antecedent – NA ✔ Option-2: Pronoun (Sub) + Verb (Passive)
Role – Vo jo (obj) Verb – Singular
✔ Life has taught me what is needed by any
young man/ woman.
 Practical tip: Why and how to use the relative pronoun “what” to bring emphasis Home-work Task
to a sentence? (Solutions in the next session)
Sentence-1: Duniyabhar ki sarkaro ne ek nya kanoon bnaya hai, jiska maksad un tax
• Objects → Reply → What
choro par shiknja kasana hai jo apna tax bachane ke lkye apne munafe ko dusri low-tax
• In/at/on/near/above/below → Reply → Where
wali countries me shift kar dete hai.
• By/via/through → Reply → How Solutions
• To infinitive/because of/on account of/with a view to → Reply → Why Structure-1 (using relative clauses):
Structure-2 (using participle phrases):
✔ I need a pen. ✔ What I need is a pen.
Sentence-2: Pandemic ke bad gir/dheh (collapse) chuki apni economies ko support
“Pen” is the object – replies “What”
karne ke liye, Duniyabhar ki sarkaro ko uski jarurat hai jo tax choro par shiknja kas sakta
hai.
✔ I lived in a beautiful city called Jaipur. ✔ Where I lived in was a beautiful city
Solutions
called Jaipur.
Structure-1:
“In a beautiful city called Jaipur” is an
adverbial phrase of place – replies “Where” Structure-2 (Emphatic structure):

✔ The parcel arrived here by train. ✔ How the parcel arrived here was by train.
Sentence-3: India apne Jyadatar goods aur services ko vha exports karta hai jise
duniya economic superpower manti hai (consider/regard as)
“by train” is an adverbial phrase of
Solutions
manner – replies “How”
Structure-1:
✔ The minister has resigned to save the ✔ Why the minister has resigned is to save Structure-2 (Emphatic structure):
image of the party. the image of the party.

“to save the image of the party” is an

adverbial phrase of reason – replies “Why”

✔ I met her last in this January. ✔ When I met her last was in this January.

“in this January” is an adverbial phrase

of time – replies “When”
 Session- 15.4 ✓ Concept-5: Relative pronoun “What” (Vo jo)
o Has no antecedent
Participles and Relative Pronouns – Task Solutions o Makes a noun clause [Who, which, that make - adjective clauses]
o Who – For humans (specific and unique) – Proper Noun o The resultant clause can become –
o Which – For non-humans, in-animate obj (specific and unique) – Pronoun Noun • a subject;
o That – For humans + non-humans (Un-specific and common) – Common Noun • an object of a verb, gerund, participle or infinitive;
o What – Special use for making a Noun clause • an object of a preposition
o “What” is used to bring out a dramatic effect in a sentence.
✓ Concept-0: Every relative pronoun will have an antecedent (exception-what)
✓ Concept-1: Relative pronouns don’t have their own gender or number.
✓ Concept-2: Relative pronouns, when working as the subject, take their verb according
to their antecedent.
✓ Concept-3: Relative pronouns can either be subject or the object of the clause.
o Subject- When the antecedent is the doer of the action.
o Object- When the antecedent is the receiver of the action. In this case –
• Option 1 – Pronoun (subject) + Verb (passive)
• Option 2 – Pronoun (object) + Verb (active)
✓ Concept-4: Except for the relative pronoun “Who”, they don’t change their form – in
subjective or objective or possessive cases.

Session-7 Session-8
Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Subjective Objective
(Adj) (Pronoun) Objective
Person Verb Mujhe Mera Mera Mujhe
Main
(After a verb/ (With a (Without (Sub
(As a subject)
Preposition) noun) a noun) = Object)
I Singular Me My Mine Myself
First
We Plural Us Our Ours Ourselves
You (singular) You Your Yours Yourself
Second Plural
You (Plural) You Your Yours Yourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Singular Her Her Hers Herself
Third
It It Its - Itself
They Plural Them Their Theirs Themselves
Any Student S/P Student Student’s -
Noun Car S/P Car Car’s -
Of whom/
Who According Whom - -
Relative Whose
to the
Pronouns Which - Of which - -
Antecedent
That - Of which - -
 Home-work Task – 1 Sentence-3: Pichle 4 days se department ke engineers power grid (jiska diode thik
(Relative clauses are in bold) se kaam nhi kar rha hai) ko control room-1 (jise pure plant ko maintain aur operate
Solutions karne ke liye banaya gya hai) se repair kar rhe hain.

Solutions
Sentence-1: Maratha empire, (jise Shivaji ne 1674 me establish kiya tha), usne
Aurangzeb ke khilaf kai wars ko lada. (Aurangzeb jise log Mughal Dynasty ka sabse
jyada dominant aur powerful ruler mante hai) Structure-1 (using relative clauses): For the last 4 days, the engineers of the
department have been repairing/have repaired the power grid, the diode of which is
Solutions malfunctioning, from the control room-1, which has been built for operating and
maintaining the entire plant.
Structure-1 (using relative clauses): The Maratha Empire, (comma necessary) To not work properly = Malfunction
which was established by Shivaji in (the year) 1674, (comma necessary) fought several Structure-2 (using participle phrases): For the last 4 days, the engineers of the
wars against Aurangzeb, (comma necessary) whom people consider the most powerful department have been repairing/have repaired the power grid, the diode of which is
and dominant ruler of the Mughal Dynasty. malfunctioning, from the control room-1, having been built for operating and
maintaining the entire plant.
Past indefinite (Passive) → Past participle Present Perfect (Passive) → Perfect (Passive) – [Having + been + V3]
Present indefinite (Passive) → Past participle
Structure-2 (using participle phrases): The Maratha Empire, established by
Shivaji in (the year) 1674, fought several wars against Aurangzeb, considered the most
powerful and dominant ruler of the Mughal Dynasty. Sentence-4: Leonardo Da Vinci ki paintings (jinki keemat $100 million se jyada
anki/estimate ki gyi hai) ko kai art festivals (jo ane wale year me organize kiye jaege)
Structure-3: The Maratha Empire, which Shivaji established in (the year) 1674, me neelam (auction) kiya jaega.
fought several wars against Aurangzeb, who is considered the most powerful and Solutions
dominant ruler of the Mughal Dynasty by people.
Structure-1 (using relative clauses): The paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci, the
Consider as Regard as value/worth of which has been estimated more than $100 m, will be auctioned in several
art festivals that will be organized/are organized/are to be organized/are being
Sentence-2: The Mars Orbital Mission (jise Indians ke dwara Mangalyaan ke name organized in the upcoming years.
se bulaya jata hai), 7 years se Mars (jo ki sun ko orbit karta hai aur bilkul earth ke Structure-2 (using participle phrases): The paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci, the
jaisa hi hai) ke surface, atmosphere aur geology ko explore/ investigate kar rha hai. value of which has been estimated more than $100 m, will be auctioned in several art
festivals to be organized in the upcoming years.
Solutions

Structure-1 (using relative clauses): For 7 years, the Mars Orbital Mission
(MOM), which is called by the name of Mangalyan by Indians, has investigated/explored
the surface, atmosphere and geology of Mars, which is orbiting the sun and is quite
similar to the earth.
Structure-2 (using participle phrases): For 7 years, the Mars Orbital Mission
(MOM), called by the name of Mangalyan by Indians, has investigated/explored the
surface, atmosphere and geology of Mars, orbiting the sun and quite similar to the earth.

Structure-3: For 7 years, the Mars Orbital Mission (MOM), which Indians call by
the name of Mangalyan, has investigated/explored the surface, atmosphere and geology
of Mars, which is orbiting the sun and is quite similar to the earth.
 Home-work Task -2
(Solutions) Sentence-3: India apne Jyadatar goods aur services ko vha exports karta hai jise
duniya economic superpowers manti hai (consider/regard as)
Sentence-1: Duniyabhar ki sarkaro ne ek nya kanoon bnaya hai, jiska maksad un tax
Solutions
choro par shiknja kasana hai jo apna tax bachane ke liye apne munafe ko dusri low-tax
wali countries me shift kar dete hai. Structure-1: India exports its most goods and services to what the world
Solutions considers economic superpowers.
Structure-1 (using relative clauses): The governments all over the world have Structure-2 (Emphatic structure): Where India exports its most goods and
enacted a new law, the objective of which is cracking down or clamping down on the tax services to is what the world considers economic superpowers.
evaders that shift their profits to other low-tax countries to save their taxes.
Structure-2 (using participle phrases): The governments all over the world have I need a pen
enacted a new law, the objective of which is cracking down or clamping down on the tax What I need is a pen
evaders shifting their profits to other low-tax countries to save their taxes.
I am going to home → Where I am going to is home.
To + save
In order to + save
So as to + save
In a bid to + save
With a view to + saving

Present indefinite active → Present participle (active)

Duniya bhar = All over the world/ The world over/ Across the world
India bhar = All over India/ India over/ Across India

Enact = Make/frame a law

Tax chor = Tax evader
Shikanja kasna = Crack down/ Clamp down

Sentence-2: Pandemic ke bad gir/dheh (collapse) chuki apni economies ko support

karne ke liye, Duniyabhar ki sarkaro ko uski jarurat hai jo tax choro par shiknja kas sakta
hai.
Solutions
Structure-1: The governments the world over need what can clampdown on tax
evaders to/so as to/in order to/in a bid to support their economies, which have collapsed
after the pandemic.
Active Perfect → Active perfect [having + V3]
Structure-2 (Alternative structure): The governments the world over need what
can clampdown on tax evaders to/so as to/in order to/in a bid to support their
economies, having collapsed after the pandemic.
 Session-16 Concept-3: Gerund/Infinitive as “Subject”
The Crooked Twins - Gerunds and Infinitives (Basics) • Gerunds are infinitives – as subject – are nothing but the “Noun”
The part of Gerund Infinitive forms of a “Verb”.
Role
speech (V-ing) (To + Base form) • Gerund (as a subject) – Very common, denotes an existing activity
• Subject
Yes Yes • Infinitive (as a subject) – Very formal, neutral, idiomatic, a touch
[Smoking is harmful] [To smoke is harmful] of future.
Yes Yes
o Noun • Object of the verb • Just like regular verbs, gerunds and infinitives can also take their
[I like driving] [I tried to run]
• Object of the Yes objects, whenever they need.
No
preposition [Thanks for helping] o Gerund + object (replies to “What”)
Yes o Infinitive + object (replies to “What”)
o Adjective • Modifies a Noun No
[I found no place to sit]
Yes (For humans) • Gerund/Infinitive (as a subject) + singular verb (Always)
• Modifies an adj No [Food is necessary to
survive]
o Adverb ✔ Apples sehat ke ✔ Apples are good for health.
Yes
• Modifies a verb – liye ache hote hain.
No [I went to market to Subject – Noun
replies why
buy a pen]
✔ Tairna (swim ✔ Using a gerund: Swimming is good for
karna) sehat ke liye health.
Concept-1:
accha hai. ✔ Using an infinitive: To swim is good for
• Gerund → V-ing Subject – Verb health.
• To infinitive → To + base form of the verb
o “To” is not preposition here. It is called part of an ✔ Har roj ek apple ✔ Using a gerund: Eating an apple every
infinitive. khana sehat ke liye day is good for health.
o Three phrases that can replace “to” (when infinitive is achha hai. ✔ Using an infinitive: To eat an apple
used as an adverb of reason) - Subject – Verb every day is good for health.
▪ In order to + Base form
▪ So as to + Base form ✔ Har roj 2 apples ✔✔ Using a gerund: Eating two apples
▪ In a bid to + Base form khana sehat ke liye every day is good for health.
▪ With a view to + Gerund (V-ing) achha hai. ✔ Using an infinitive: To eat two apples
Subject – Verb every day is good for health.
Concept-2:
• Both denote an action but are not the main verb of a sentence. - Every day = Har roj
Hence, “Gerund”, “Infinitive” and “Participle” are called “Semi- - Everyday = Normal, routine
verbs”.
Concept-4: Gerund/Infinitive as “Object” Category-4 verbs: Try, Forget, Remember, Stop, Regret
• When – A Verb + Gerund or Infinitive (replies to “What”) Verb + Gerund + To Infinitive
→ They are called objects of the verb Experiment Genuine effort
Try
• I tried cooking a pizza. • I tried to reach in time.
o Category-1: 90% of verbs + Infinitive
To keep an action in mind
o Category-2: 8% of verbs + Gerund To remember a past action
(future)
o Category-3: 1% of verbs + Infinitive/Gerund (Same meaning) Remember • I remember watching this
• Please remember to bring
o Category-4: 1% of verbs + Infinitive/Gerund (Different meaning) movie.
your examination ticket.
Category-2 verbs: To forget a past action To forget an action (future)
Forget • She forgot watching this • She forgot to bring her
Consider Avoid Imagine Practice movie. examination ticket.
Resume Finish Resent Report To cease/discontinue a past To stop on your way to
Mind Not Mind Can’t help Resist activity
Stop perform an action
Enjoy Tolerate
• I stopped meeting a friend. • I stopped to meet a friend.
Spend time Waste time
Regret for a past action
Admit Deny Regret for an ongoing action
Regret • You should regret wasting a
Keep on Postpone • I regret call you at this time.
chance.
Category-3 verbs:
✔ Mujhe apki madad ki ✔ I need your help.
Like Dislike Propose Suggest Recommend
jarurat hai.
Love Hate Can’t Stand Can’t bear
Verb object – Noun
Prefer Neglect
Continue Cease Start Begin ✔ Mary USA ghoomna ✔ Using a gerund: Mary wants visiting
Propose Bother chahti hai. the USA.
Verb object – Verb ✔ Using an infinitive: Mary wants to visit
the USA.
✔ Smita ne apne school ✔ Using a gerund: Smita enjoyed
friends ke sath waqt spending time with her school friends.
gujarana enjoy kiya. ✔ Using an infinitive: Smita enjoyed
Verb object – Verb to spend time with her school friends.
 Concept-5: Gerund/Infinitive as “the object of a preposition”
Common prepositions: - In, into, on, upon, at, to, by, with, after, before, Extra writing tip-1:
above, below, including, following, considering
Good, Better, Poor, Bad, Worse... etc + at + something
✔ Vo Maths me acchi ✔ She is good at Mathematics. Extra writing tip-2:
hai.
Verb object – Noun To express an objective (Adverb of reason)
For humans → To infinitive [To play/sing]
✔ Jyadatar politicians ✔ Using a gerund: Most politicians are For non-humans → For + Gerund [For playing/singing]
sarkari paiso ka fayda uthane good at taking benefit of public money.
me ache hote hai. ✔ Using an infinitive: Not possible using
Prepo. object – Verb an “to infinitive” after a preposition.
✔ Mai apni haliya ✔ Using a gerund: I am thinking to leave
naukari ko apna khud ka my ongoing/current job for starting my own
business shuru karne ke liye business.
chhodne ka soch rha hu. ✔ I am considering leaving my
Prep/Verb object – Verb ongoing/current job to start my own
business.
✔ I am considering leaving my
ongoing/current job in order to start my own
business.
✔ I am considering leaving my
ongoing/current job so as to start my own
business.
✔ I am considering leaving my
ongoing/current job in a bid to start my own
business.
✔ I am considering leaving my
ongoing/current job with a view to starting
my own business.
✔ Using an infinitive: Not possible

✔ Sehatmand jindagi ke ✔ Using a gerund: Doctor suggested to

liye, Doctor ne use smoking stop smoking to him/her for healthy life.
band karna suggest kiya. ✔ Doctor suggested stopping to smoke
Verb object – Noun/Verb to him/her for healthy life.
✔ Using an infinitive: Not possible
 Home-work task (Video solutions in the next class) Session-16.1
✔ Judge ne mulajim (accused) se puchha, ✔ The Crooked Twins - Gerunds and Infinitives (Basics)
“Kya ap apne customers ko nakli Chinese
products sell karke unhe thagne lene ki baat se Home-work task
inkar kar rhe ho?” (solutions)
✔ Judge ne mulajim (accused) se ✔ The Judge asked the
Thagna – cheat puchha, “Kya ap apne customers ko accused, “Are you denying
Past action se Inkar karna – deny nakli Chinese products sell karke unhe cheating your customers by
✔ Kisi bhi insaan ko, apne sapno ko pura ✔ thag lene ki baat se inkar kar rhe ho?” selling them fake/counterfeit
karne ke liye, apni sari energy ko ek single goal Chinese products?”
par focus karte hue bematlab ki cheezo par time Thagna – Cheat, Deceive
waste karna avoid karna chahiye. Past action se Inkar karna – deny
✔ Durso ko musibat ke waqt madad karna ✔ ✔ Kisi bhi insaan ko, apne sapno ✔ One should avoid wasting
ek aisa sabak hai jo har ma/bap ko apne bache ko ko pura karne ke liye, apni sari energy time on needless things to fulfill
sikane ke bare me consider karna chahiye. ko ek single goal par focus karte hue one’s dreams, (PPSA) focusing
✔ Jindagi ke kisi ne kisi padav me, kai ✔ bematlab ki cheezo par time waste one’s whole/entire energy on a
nakayab log us par hard work na karne ko karna avoid karna chahiye. single goal.
pachhtate hai jisme vo ache the. - to fulfill one’s dreams
(Use many a/an here) - In order to fulfill one’s
Padav – point, stage, juncture dreams
- In a bid to fulfill one’s
dreams
✔ Interest rates ko kam rakh kar ke, RBI ki ✔
- So as to fulfill one’s dreams
bajar me nakdi ko banaye rakhne ki koshish abhi
- With a view to fulfilling
bhi jari hai. (Markets jo pendemic ke bad lagaye
one’s dreams
gaye lock-downs se mar kha chuki hai- Relative
clause)
Full + fill = Fulfill
Koi bhi insaan – One
Nakdi – Liquidity
Lockdowns lagana – impose/enforce ✔ Durso ko musibat ke waqt ✔ Helping others in the time
madad karna ek aisa sabak hai jo har of difficulty is a lesson that every
ma/bap ko apne bache ko sikane ke parent should consider teaching
bare me consider karna chahiye. his/her child.
✔ To help others in the time
of difficulty is a lesson that every
parent should consider teaching
his/her child.
- Learn = Sikhna
- Teach = Sikhana
 Each (Adj/Pronoun) = Har ek =
Every (Adj)
The part of Gerund Infinitive
Role
speech (V-ing) (To + Base form)
Each boy in this class is a student
of mine. – Personal connection Yes Yes
• Subject
Every boy in this class is a student [Smoking is harmful] [To smoke is harmful]
of mine. – General expression Yes Yes
o Noun • Object of the verb
[I like driving] [I tried to run]
Each of the boys in this class is a • Object of the Yes
No
student of mine. preposition [Thanks for helping]
Every of the boys in this class is a Yes
o Adjective • Modifies a Noun No
student of mine. (Every is not a [I found no place to sit]
pronoun) Yes (For humans)
• Modifies an adj No [Food is necessary to
✔ Jindagi ke kisi ne kisi padav me, ✔ At some point in his/her survive]
o Adverb
kai nakayab log us par hard work na life, many an unsuccessful Yes
karne ko pachhtate hai jisme vo ache person regrets not working hard • Modifies a verb –
No [I went to market to
the. on what he/she was good at. replies why
buy a pen]
(Use many a/an here)
Padav – point, stage, juncture Many an actor has ruined his/her
life on drugs and alcohol. Concept-1:
✔ Interest rates ko kam rakh kar ✔ By keeping the interest • Gerund → V-ing
ke, RBI ki bajar me nakdi ko banaye rates low, The RBI continues • To infinitive → To + base form of the verb
rakhne ki koshish abhi bhi jari hai. trying to maintain liquidity in the
o “To” is not preposition here. It is called part of an
(Markets jo pendemic ke bad lagaye markets, which have been hit by
infinitive.
gaye lock-downs se mar kha chuki hai- the lockdowns imposed after the
o Three phrases that can replace “to” (when infinitive is
Relative clause) pandemic.
- having been hit by the used as an adverb of reason) -
Nakdi – Liquidity lockdowns imposed after ▪ In order to + Base form
Lockdowns lagana – impose/enforce the pandemic. ▪ So as to + Base form
Passive Perfect → Passive Perfect ▪ In a bid to + Base form
Having been + V3 ▪ With a view to + Gerund (V-ing)
- Which the lockdowns
imposed after the Concept-2:
pandemic have hit. • Both denote an action but are not the main verb of a sentence.
Hence, “Gerund”, “Infinitive” and “Participle” are called “Semi-
verbs”.
Concept-3: Gerund/Infinitive as “Subject”
 • Gerunds are infinitives – as subject – are nothing but the “Noun” Category-4 verbs: Try, Forget, Remember, Stop, Regret
forms of a “Verb”. Verb + Gerund + To Infinitive
• Gerund (as a subject) – Very common, denotes an existing activity Try
Experiment Genuine effort
• Infinitive (as a subject) – Very formal, neutral, idiomatic, a touch • I tried cooking a pizza. • I tried to reach in time.
of future. To keep an action in mind
To remember a past action
(future)
Remember • I remember watching this
• Just like regular verbs, gerunds and infinitives can also take their • Please remember to bring
movie.
objects, whenever they need. your examination ticket.
o Gerund + object (replies to “What”) To forget a past action To forget an action (future)
o Infinitive + object (replies to “What”) Forget • She forgot watching this • She forgot to bring her
• Gerund/Infinitive (as a subject) + singular verb (Always) movie. examination ticket.
To cease/discontinue a past To stop on your way to
Concept-4: Gerund/Infinitive as “Object” activity
Stop perform an action
• When – A Verb + Gerund or Infinitive (replies to “What”) • I stopped meeting a friend. • I stopped to meet a friend.
→ They are called objects of the verb Regret for a past action
Regret for an ongoing action
Regret • You should regret wasting a
o Category-1: 90% of verbs + Infinitive • I regret call you at this time.
chance.
o Category-2: 8% of verbs + Gerund
o Category-3: 1% of verbs + Infinitive/Gerund (Same meaning)
Concept-5: Gerund/Infinitive as “the object of a preposition”
o Category-4: 1% of verbs + Infinitive/Gerund (Different meaning)
Common prepositions: - In, into, on, upon, at, to, by, with, after, before,
Category-2 verbs:
above, below, including, following, considering
Consider Avoid Imagine Practice
Resume Finish Resent Report
Mind Not Mind Can’t help Resist Extra writing tip-1:
Enjoy Tolerate
Good, Better, Poor, Bad, Worse... etc + at + something
Spend time Waste time
Admit Deny Extra writing tip-2:
Keep on Postpone To express an objective (Adverb of reason)
Category-3 verbs: For humans → To infinitive [To play/sing]
For non-humans → For + Gerund [For playing/singing]
Like Dislike Recommend Suggest
Love Hate Can’t Stand Can’t bear
Prefer Neglect
Continue Cease Start Begin
Propose Bother
 Session-16.2 Concept-3: Never forget - Participles, Gerunds and Infinitives can
The infinitive – Practical usage always have their objects replying to “what” (whenever they need)

The part of Gerund Infinitive ✔ Edison ki light bulb ✔ Edison’s first 1000 attempts building
Role
speech (V-ing) (To + Base form) ko banae wali pehli 1000 the light bulb remained unsuccessful.
Yes Yes koshishe nakamyab rehi. (Not preferred)
• Subject
[Smoking is harmful] [To smoke is harmful]
Yes Yes ✔ Edison’s first 1000 attempts to build
o Noun • Object of the verb
[I like driving] [I tried to run] the light bulb remained unsuccessful.
• Object of the Yes (Futuristic-Preferred)
No
preposition [Thanks for helping]
Yes
o Adjective • Modifies a Noun No
[I found no place to sit] Concept-4: Some special verbs + Object + Infinitive (object is the doer)
Yes (For humans) Special verbs- Allow, Refuse, Advise, Ask, Encourage, Need, Require,
• Modifies an adj No [Food is necessary to Demand, Want, Request, Help, Persuade, Help… etc
survive] Trick- How to identify these verbs?
o Adverb
• Modifies a verb –
Yes The infinitive in such cases –
No [I went to market to - replies to “what”
replies why
buy a pen] - and the action of the infinitive is performed by the main
Concept-1: There are two ways to change a verb into an adjective and object of the verb
modify a noun.
• Noun + Infinitive (to + base form) ✔ Mere dost ne aj ✔ My friend has allowed me to use
• Participle (V-ing/V3) + Noun Mujhe apni car istemal karne his/her car.
ko allow kar diya hai.
✔ Park me, ek old ✔ In the park, an old woman was ✔ Manager ne ✔ The Manager requested employees
woman baithne ke liye ek looking for a sitting place. (Not preferred) employees ko office hours me to avoid using cellphones during the office
jagah khoj rhi thi. cellphones istemal karne ko hours.
avoid karne ko kha.
✔ In the park, an old woman was
✔ Coach ne players ko ✔ The coach advised players to
looking for a place to sit.
practice karna jari rakhne ki continue to practise/ practising.
(Futuristic-Preferred)
salah di.
Concept-2: The difference? ✔ Uske doctor ne use ✔ His/ Her doctor has asked her to
fast food khana band karne stop eating fast food.
- Infinitive is futuristic and gives the adjective a futuristic tone.
ko kaha hai.
- While the participles give the adj a tone of continuity (V-ing) or
past (V3)
 Extra writing tip-1: Concept-2: To express a future objective (Adverb of reason)
• Advice (Noun) → Advise (Verb) → B.E. For humans → To infinitive [To play/sing]
• Practice (Noun) → Practise (Verb) For non-humans → For + Gerund [For playing/singing]

o Three phrases that can replace “to” (when infinitive is used as an

Infinitive as (Adverb) adverb of reason) -
Adverbs modify – Adjectives, Verbs and other adverbs • In order to + Base form
• So as to + Base form
Concept-1: An Adj + Infinitive (futuristic tone)
• In a bid to + Base form
Can you use a participle here? • With a view to + Gerund (V-ing)
– No.
o Comma guide-
– Because, we need an adverb here, and participles can’t be
• At the end of the clause – No comma
adverbs.
• At the beginning + comma
• Comma + after the subject + comma
✔ Sharaab pine ke ✔ Driving is dangerous after drinking
bad gadi chalana alcohol. (Incorrect)
khatarnak hai. ✔ Hamare ✔ Our company is trying to make a
✔ Driving is dangerous. competitors ko challenge better product (in order/so as/in a bid/
✔ It is dangerous to drive. (Preferred) karne ke liye, hamari with a view) to challenge our competitors.
company ek behtar ✔ To challenge our competitors, our
✔ Theory of relativity ✔ Understanding the theory of
product banani ki koshish company is trying to make a better
ko samjhna bada mushkil relativity is very difficult.
kar rhi hai. product.
hai. ✔ It is very difficult to understand the
✔ Our company, to challenge our
theory of relativity. (Preferred)
competitors, is trying to make a better
product.
Extra writing tip-2 (Introductory subject):
✔ Jang ke maidan me ✔ The soldier was given a gallantry
Gerund/Infinitive (Subject) + Link verb → It (Introductory subject) + bahaduri se ladne ke liye, award by the Indian Army for fighting with
Link Verb + Infinitive Soldier ko Indian army ke bravery in the battlefield.
dwara ek bahaduri ka
award diya gya.
✔ Indian Army ne ✔ The Indian Army gave a gallantry
soldier ki bahaduri ko award to the soldier to honour his/her
respect dene ke liye use ek bravery.
bahaduri ka award diya. To give respect = honour
To make a decision = decide
To give a suggestion = Suggest, advise
 ✔ Market me black ✔ The Government is dealing with tax Session-16.3
money ko control karne ke evaders with a strict hand to control the The infinitive – Practical usage
liye sarkar tax choro se black money in the market.
kadai se pesh a rhi hai. Home-work task (Solutions)
To treat someone strictly = To deal with ✔ Global warming ko study ✔ The scientists studying global
someone with a strict hand. karne wale scientists ka ye dava warming continue to claim that it will be
jari hai ki ane wale kal ki duniya difficult to imagine living in the world of
me jeene ke bare me sochna tomorrow.
bhi bada mushkil hoga.
Home-work task (Video solutions in the next class) ✔ Democracy ki bhavna ✔ The court decided to allow
✔ Global warming ko study karne wale ✔ (spirit) ko banaye rakhne ke liye farmers to continue their protest against
scientists ka ye dava jari hai ki ane wale kal duniya court ne farmers ko 3 three controversial far bills in order to
me jeene ke bare me sochna bhi bada mushkil controversial bills ke against maintain the spirit of the democracy.
hoga. protest karna jari rakhne ko
✔ Democracy ki bhavna (spirit) ko banaye ✔ allow karne wala decision diya.
rakhne ke liye court ne farmers ko 3 controversial ✔ 1969 me, NASA ne Neil ✔ With a view to finding life outside
bills ke against protest karna jari rakhne ko allow Armstrong (Jo ki Moon ke the earth, In 1969, Nasa sent Neil
karne wala decision diya. surface par chalne wala pehla Armstrong, who was the first human to
✔ 1969 me, NASA ne Neil Armstrong (Jo ki ✔ insaan tha) ko earth ke bahar walk on the surface of the moon, to
Moon ke surface par chalne wala pehla insaan jindagi khojne ke liye space me space.
tha) ko earth ke bahar jindagi khojne ke liye space bheja.
me bheja. ✔ Pandemic ki teji se ✔ The Government has advised all
✔ Pandemic ki teji se badhti hui raftar se ✔ badhti hui raftar se niptne ke of the citizens to avoid going outside
niptne ke liye, sarkar ne sabhi citizens ko ghar se liye, sarkar ne sabhi citizens ko their homes, (to) maintain social
bahar jana avoid karne, social distancing ko ghar se bahar jana avoid karne, distancing and (to) wear masks so as to
maintain karne aur mask pehnne ki salah di hai. social distancing ko maintain deal with the fast-increasing pace of the
karne aur mask pehnne ki salah pandemic.
di hai.
 Concept-2:
The part of Gerund Infinitive Infinitive/Gerund (Subject) + link verb → It + Verb + Infinitive
Role
speech (V-ing) (To + Base form)
• To invest/ Investing in stocks has been beneficial for me.
Yes Yes
• Subject o It has been beneficial for me to invest in stocks.
[Smoking is harmful] [To smoke is harmful]
Yes Yes • To punish/Punishing the criminals is necessary for a society.
o Noun • Object of the verb
[I like driving] [I tried to run] o It is necessary for a society to punish the criminals.
• Object of the Yes
No
preposition [Thanks for helping] Concept-3:
Yes Link verb (not the B-family verbs) + To be (optional) + Adj/Noun
o Adjective • Modifies a Noun No
[I found no place to sit]
Yes (For humans) • The actress seems talented.
• Modifies an adj No [Food is necessary to o The actress seems to be talented. (Preferred)
survive] • Her allegations proved false.
o Adverb
Yes o Her allegations proved to be false.
• Modifies a verb –
No [I went to market to
replies why Concept-4:
buy a pen]
Never split an infinitive with an adverb (especially the adverb - “not”)

Bonus concepts: • She was trying to quickly finish her homework. (Incorrect)
o (Correct) She was trying to finish her homework quickly.
Concept-1: More than one infinitive (same category)→ “To” is not
repeated • We decided to not attend the party. (Incorrect)
o (Correct) We decided not to attend the party.
• She decided to leave her job, (to) start her own business and (to)
marry her boyfriend. Concept-5 (Driving is dangerous after drinking alcohol)
o To leave = object of the verb decided (Noun Infinitive)
o To start = object of the verb decided (Noun Infinitive) • The “default subject” of a gerund is the subject of the sentence.
o To marry = object of the verb decided (Noun Infinitive) • If you need to give a gerund any different subject – keep it in
possessive form.
• She decided to leave her corporate job to start her own business. o We like you working for us. (Incorrect)
o To leave = object of the verb decided (Noun Infinitive) o (Correct) We like your working for us.
o To start = Replying to “why” (Adverbial Infinitive) o The manager fired two employees for coming late. (Incorrect)
o (Correct) The manager fired two employees for their
• She left her corporate job to start her own business and (to) coming late.
work for herself. o The audience were surprised at winning the match. (Incorrect)
o To start = Replying to “why” (Adverbial Infinitive) o (Correct) The audience were surprised at team’s winning
o To work = Replying to “why” (Adverbial Infinitive) the match.
 Session-16.4 Simple Perfect Continuous
Active Passive Active Passive Active Passive
The Gerund and Infinitive – Advanced
Being + Having +
Why this chapter? Gerund V-ing
V3
Having + V3
been + V3
Not possible

To + be + To + have + To + have To + be +
Look at these sentences- Infinitive To + V1 Not possible
V3 V3 been + V3 V-ing
- In order to be recommend for the job, Shalini called up a friend
before the interview. • Infinitive = To + V1
- Modern fighter aircraft use advanced “stealth” technology to • *V1 = Base form of the verb, in case of infinitives
avoid being seen by the enemy radar. • *Passive = Be family verb + V3
- Scientists have been claiming to have found a new variant of
Simple infinitive (Passive)
Covid-19 in Russia’s Siberian region.
- The attack on Parliament seemed to have been carried out by a ✔ Job ke liye ✔ (incorrect) To recommend for the job,
terrorist outfit. recommended hone Shalini called up/phoned a friend before the
- After having been cheated by on online scammer, the old man (sifarish karwane) ke liye, interview.
filed a complaint with the local police. Shalini ne interview se
- The businessman is said to have been running a drug racket pehle ek dost ko call kiya. ✔ (correct) To be recommended for the job,
secretly for past several years. Shalini called up/phoned a friend before the
interview.
We are to learn these advanced structures with “Gerunds and
✔ Boss ne hame ✔ (incorrect) The boss asked us to prepare a
Infinitives” meeting me discuss hone list of the issues to discuss in the meeting.
The part of Gerund Infinitive wale issues ki ek list
Role banana ko kha.
speech (V-ing) (To + Base form) ✔ (correct) The boss asked us to prepare a
Yes Yes list of the issues to be discussed in the meeting.
• Subject
[Smoking is harmful] [To smoke is harmful] ✔ Form ko fill karne ✔ (incorrect) To fill the form, fulfilling of
Yes Yes ke liye, in eligibility eligibility requirements is necessary.
o Noun • Object of the verb
[I like driving] [I tried to run] requirements ka pura
• Object of the Yes (fulfill) hona jaruri hai. ✔ (correct) Pending
No
preposition [Thanks for helping]
Yes • Call up (phone) – To make a telephonic call
o Adjective • Modifies a Noun No
[I found no place to sit] • Call in – To make a telephonic call to a professional/ your office
Yes (For humans) • Call for – demand
• Modifies an adj No [Food is necessary to • Call on/upon – Human se demand karna
o Adverb
survive] • Call in on – A human halts at a place for a brief period.
• Modifies a verb –
Yes • Call at – A vehicle halts at a place for a brief period.
No [I went to market to
replies why
buy a pen]
 Simple gerund (Passive) Perfect infinitive (Active)
✔ Chor ne police se mar ✔ (incorrect) The thief admitted his crime Some “Common” verbs + perfect infinitive
khane par apna gunah after beating up by the police. • Seem, appear, pretend, expect, hope
kabool kiya. ✔ (correct) The thief admitted his crime
• Like, love, prefer, hate
after being beaten up by the police.
• Say, allege, claim, purport
✔ Modern aircraft ✔ (incorrect) Modern aircraft use advanced
enemy ke radar me dikhai “stealth” technology for avoiding seeing in
padna se bachne ke liye enemy radar. ✔ Scientists Russia ke ✔ (Awkward) Scientists are claiming to
advanced “stealth” ✔ (correct) Modern aircraft use advanced Siberia region me Covid- discover a new variant of Covid-19 in Siberia
technology ko use karte hai. “stealth” technology for avoiding being 19 ka ek nya variant region.
seen/detected in/by the enemy radar systems. khojne ka dava kar rhe ✔ (Improved) Scientists are claiming to have
✔ College ke dwara ✔ (incorrect) Telling to resign by the college hai. discovered a new variant of Covid-19 in Siberia
resign ke liye kaha jana became an embarrassment for the professor. region.
professor ke liye ek badi ✔ (correct) Being told to resign by the ✔ Shalini apni car ki ✔ (Awkward) Shalini seems to lose her car
sharmnak baat ban gayi. college became an embarrassment for the keys ko khi khoyi hui keys somewhere.
professor. dikhai de rhi thi. ✔ (Improved) Shalini seems to have lost her
car keys somewhere.
• Lose (Verb) → Kho dena
• Loss (Noun) → Nuksan
• Loose (Adj) → Dheela
 Perfect infinitive (Passive) Perfect gerund (Active)
✔ Parliament par ✔ (Wrong) The attack on Parliament seems Writing tip:
attack ek terrorist group to carry out by a terrorist outfit. Perfect participle = After + Perfect gerund
ke dwara anjam diya hua ✔ (Wrong) The attack on Parliament seems
dikhai deta hai. to have carried out by a terrorist outfit. - Having had my dinner, I went out for a walk.
Perfect infinitive = o (After) Having had my dinner, I went out for a walk.
To + have + V3 ✔ (Awkward) The attack on Parliament
seems to be carried out by a terrorist outfit. ✔ Aropi (accused) ne ✔ (Awkward) The accused straightforwardly
✔ (Improved) The attack on Parliament seedhe-seedhe hi dead denied meeting the dead woman.
seems to have been carried out by a terrorist aurat se mila hua hone se ✔ (Improved) The accused straight-
outfit. inkar kar diya. forwardly denied having met the dead woman.
✔ Shalini ki car keys ✔ (Wrong) The car keys of Shalini seem to ✔ Apne victim ko ✔ (Awkward) The killer surrendered to the
kahi khoyi hui dikhai padti lose somewhere. markne ke bad, hatyare police after killing his victim.
hai. ✔ (Wrong) The car keys of Shalini seem to ne police ke samne ✔ (Improved) The killer surrendered to the
have lost somewhere. surrender kar diya. police after having killed his victim.
✔ (Alternative- Using “Perfect participle”)
✔ (Awkward) The car keys of Shalini seem to the killer surrendered to the police, having killed
be lost somewhere. his victim.
✔ (Improved) The car keys of Shalini seem
to have been lost somewhere.
 Perfect gerund (Passive) Continuous Infinitive (Active) 1%
✔ Ek online scammer ✔ (Wrong) After cheating by an online ✔ Car 80 miles/hour ✔ (Awkward) Car seems to be run at a speed
se dhokha khane ke bad, scammer, the old man complained with the local ki raftar par chalti hui of 80 miles/hour.
old man ne local police police station. dikhai pad rhi hai.
station me ek shikayat ✔ (Wrong) After having cheated by an ✔ (Improved) Car seems to be running at a
darj ki. online scammer, the old man complained with speed of 80 miles/hour.
the local police station. ✔ Pichhle kai salo se ✔ (Awkward) The businessman is said to run
businessman ek secret a secret drug racket for the past many years.
✔ (Awkward) After being cheated by an drug racket chalata hua ✔ (Improved) The businessman is said to be
online scammer, the old man complained with btaya jata hai. running a secret drug racket for the past many
the local police station. To + Have been V-ing years.
✔ (Ideal) The businessman is said to have
✔ (Improved) After having been cheated by been running a secret drug racket for the past
an online scammer, the old man complained with many years.
the local police station.
✔ (Alternative- Using “Perfect participle”)
Be + Said (V3) → aisa btaya jata hai.
Having been cheated by an online scammer, the
old man complained with the local police station. • She is said to be a millionaire.
• They are said to be thieves.

Complaint (Noun) → Complain (Verb)

To file a complaint with someone = Kisi ko complaint darj karwana
File a complaint (Noun) → Complain
 Session-16.5
Home-work task (Video solutions in the next class) Task Solutions
✔ Kai Hollywood aur Bollywood ✔ Home-work task (Video solutions in the next class)
movies me kam karne ke bad, Actress ko
✔ Kai Hollywood aur Bollywood ✔ The Actress hopes to be
apni latest movie ke liye Filmfare Award
movies me kam karne ke bad, Actress ko considered for a Filmfare Award
ke liye consider kiye jane ki ummeed hai.
apni latest movie ke liye Filmfare Award for her latest movie after having
✔ Apni market valuation ko ✔ ke liye consider kiye jane ki ummeed hai. worked in many Bollywood and
artificially badhane (inflate) ke liye aur Hollywood movies.
investors ko iska IPO (next week launch
✔ The Actress hopes to be
hone wala) khareedne ka consider karne
considered for a Filmfare Award
ke liye, company kai dino se is virus ka
for her latest movie, having
cure bna lene ka dava kar rhi hai.
worked in many Bollywood and
✔ Employee, jo company ke liye 15 ✔ Hollywood movies.
years se kaam karne ka dava karta hai, is
✔ Having worked in many
Sunday ko rakhi jane wali (held/organized)
Bollywood and Hollywood
party me na bulaye jane ki vajah se
movies, the actress hopes to be
nirash/udas (disappointed) tha.
considered for a Filmfare Award
for her latest movie.
✔ Apni market valuation ko artificially ✔ For several days, in order
badhane (inflate) ke liye aur investors ko to artificially inflate its market
iska IPO (next week launch hone wala) valuation and encourage its
khareedne ka encourage karne ke liye, investors to buy its IPO to be
company kai dino se is virus ka cure bna launched the next week, the
lene ka dava kar rhi hai. company has been claiming to
have developed cure to the virus.

✔ Employee, jo company ke liye 15 ✔ The employee claiming to

years se kaam karne ka dava karta hai, is have worked with the company
Sunday ko rakhi jane wali (held/organized) for 15 years was disappointed
party me na bulaye jane ki vajah se because of not being invited to
nirash/udas (disappointed) tha. the party to be organized this
Sunday.
Clause-1: Active- Present (V-ing)
Clause-2: Passive- future indefinite
(being + V3)
The examples of advanced “gerunds and infinitives” (Last chapter) Basic Tables
• In order to be recommend for the job, Shalini called up a friend The part of Gerund Infinitive
Role
before the interview. speech (V-ing) (To + Base form)
• Modern fighter aircraft use advanced “stealth” technology to Yes Yes
• Subject
avoid being seen by the enemy radar. [Smoking is harmful] [To smoke is harmful]
• Scientists have been claiming to have found a new variant of o Noun • Object of the verb
Yes Yes
Covid-19 in Russia’s Siberian region. [I like driving] [I tried to run]
• The attack on Parliament seemed to have been carried out by a • Object of the Yes
No
preposition [Thanks for helping]
terrorist outfit.
• After having been cheated by on online scammer, the old man Yes
o Adjective • Modifies a Noun No
[I found no place to sit]
filed a complaint with the local police.
• The businessman is said to have been running a drug racket Yes (For humans)
• Modifies an adj No [Food is necessary to
secretly for past several years.
survive]
o Adverb
Yes
• Modifies a verb –
No [I went to market to
replies why
buy a pen]

Simple Perfect Continuous

Active Passive Active Passive Active Passive
Being + Having + been
Gerund V-ing
V3
Having + V3
+ V3
Not possible

To + be + To + have + To + have been To + be +

Infinitive To + V1
V3 V3 + V3 V-ing
Not possible

• Infinitive = To + V1
• *V1 = Base form of the verb, in case of infinitives
• *Passive = Be family verb + V3
 Common doubt-1:
• Why do the category-2 verbs take gerund after them?
• Even if a futuristic action is to be expressed in a sentence, why do
the category-2 verbs would never take an infinitive after them?

o We are considering your proposal.

o They have managed to avoid all the hurdles in their path.
o You should mind your business.
Gerund Infinitive
o Let’s enjoy the party.
Structure Example sentence Structure Example sentence o Should we tolerate injustice?
• Smoking is harmful. • To smoke is harmful.
Active V-ing • I like smoking. To + V1 • I tried to run. o A wise man always admits his mistakes.
Simple • Thanks for helping. • Thanks for to help. (incorrect) o The father of the girl had to postpone the marriage.
• The thief admitted his crime • The boss asked us to prepare a
Passive Being + V3
after being beaten up.
To + be + V1
list of the issues to be discussed. o We can’t imagine life without food.
• The accused denied having met • Shalini seems to have lost her
Active Having + V3
the woman.
To + have + V3
car keys somewhere. o Do you practice yoga?
Perfect
Passive
Having +
• After having been cheated by
A scammer, the old man
To + have + • The car keys of Shalini seem o Most people can’t resist the urge to eat sweets.
been + V3
complained with the local police.
been + V3 to have been lost somewhere.
o I can’t help laughing at the comedian’s jokes.
• Car seems to be running at a
Active To + be + V-ing
Continuous speed of 80 miles/hour.
Passive Not possible
Not possible
All of these verbs predominantly take a “Noun” as their object. With
- The businessman is said to have
To + have +
Perfect Active been running a secret drug racket
been + V-ing
continuous for the past many years
Passive Not possible
changing times, when the need arose, these verbs started taking
“Verbal-Nouns” a.k.a. “Gerunds” as their object.
And… the tradition became the convention.
Common doubt-2: Why doesn’t “to” take the “base form” of the verb
after it, sometimes?
For example-
• We are close to winning this game.
• Most people are not habitual to living in freezing atmospheres.

Table: common phrases ending with the preposition to/towards

Reason: “To” has two functions-

o To make an infinitive (to play, to eat, to + base form)
o Contracted form of the preposition “towards” (ki taraf)
o When “to” is a preposition → it takes a Noun/V-ing (Gerund) after it.

• We are close towards (to) (ki taraf) home.

• We are close towards (to) (ki taraf) winning this game.

• We are not habitual towards (to) freezing atmospheres.

• We are not habitual towards (to) living in freezing atmospheres.

• Green technologies are key towards (to) sustainable future.

• Green technologies are key towards (to) reducing global warming.