The complete illustrated field reference

Third Edition
 e complete illustrated field reference

Jerry A. Klinke

THIRD EDITION
Ist printing: May 2007
2nd printing:res 2008
3rd printing: December 2008
4th printing: September 2010

Published and distributed by

ACRA Enterprises, Inc.

5950 Red Arrow Hwy
Stevensville, Michigan 49127
800-992-0689
(269) 429-6240

www.acratech.com

This book and the illustrations are

copyright ©2007, ©2008 by Jerry A. Klinke.
All] rights reserved

No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be

reproduced or used in any form or by any means without the
written permission of the publisher and author.

ISBN 978-1-8-8872402-8
Rigging Handbook
The complete illustrated field reference

ISBN 978-1-8-8872402-8
Text and illustrations ©2008 by Jerry Klinke
Third Edition - 4nd Printing
Release date: May 2007
see page 231 for corrections made since the first printing

This publication IS NOT intended to replace proper,

adequate training related to crane and rigging opera-
tions. This publication DOES NOT provide a com-
prehensive or exhaustive list of all the possible
situations encountered with rigging and hoisting
operations. This publication is intended to assist the
user by providing typical equipment capacities and
general guidelines for job planning. Always select
and use rigging equipment by the rated capacity
shown on the ID tag, equipment labels or as pro-
vided by the manufacturer.

Published by:

ACRA Enterprises, Inc.

“Rigging Training and Publications”
2769 West Glenlord, Stevensville, Michigan 49127

800-992-0689 or 269-429-6240

www.acratech.com

DISCLAIMER:
The information contained in this publication was compiled from
sources believed to be reliable. It should not be assumed that this
material covers all regulations or standards. The author and pub-
lisher cannot guarantee correctness or completeness and accepts
no responsibility in the use or misuse of this information.

Entire contents of this book are copyrighted and cannot be repro-

duced without proir written permission of the author or publisher.
 Introduction - by Jerry Klinke
The RIGGING HANDBOOK is a clear, illustrated refer-
ence source for rigging professionals, crane operators,
and others that perform rigging and hoisting operations.
This handbook provides concise, simple answers to rig-
ging situations that may otherwise appear complex in
nature. Both apprentices and journeymen will appreci-
ate the simple layout, organization and detailed illustra-
tions provided in this book.

This newest edition includes the latest industry infor-

mation on rigging and hoisting equipment and tech-
niques. You will notice a heavy emphasis on the ASME
B30 standards that cover cranes, rigging and related
topics throughout this book. The current OSHA stan-
dard that addresses rigging (29 CFR 1910.184) is more
than 30 years old and does not deal with current equip-
ment or industry practices. ASME clearly represents
the current leader of safety practices of the industry,
and updates the B30.9 standards on a regular basis.

This book tries to cover many of the “problem” areas

related to poor rigging practices, based partially from
lessons learned through recent industry events, accident
investigations, and discussions with other industry ex-
perts. However, the information contained in this
book is not a substitute for proper training and edu-
cation. The proper blend of classroom and hands-
on training with the right mix of on-the-job training
will help develop competent and skilled rigging pro-
fessionals.

I am a firm believer that the better we communicate les-

sons learned, unique ideas and good rigging practices
to others, the safer the rigging industry will become. As
a member of the Association of Crane and Rigging Pro-
fessionals (www.acrp.net) I have had the opportunity to
meet with and learn a great deal from many of the other
professionals involved in safety and training within the
rigging and lifting industry. I invite anyone in the crane
and rigging industry to join ACRP and help us to im-
prove the crane and rigging culture of the 21st century.
 Contents
SLINGS yoreee teseeens 10
Yel)(oMh |i i6)4cs pera ee 12
HICH AHOGUCHONS 25a nes A ee 13
Basket Hitches & wire rope .................. 15
Basket Hitch Did: .2..08 Sete ees 16
Choker Hitch Reductions ...................4.. 17
WIRE;ROPE SLINGS 20
FIPS M1 -parts FGAMS 2.23.oe eee 22
EIPS=1- pan, IWHG/FOY Hie 24
BIPS ji palt AW Mice se eee 26
EEIPS, t-par. IWHC, MS: cs cencsaceseucere 28
ROUNDSLINGS? = 30
Misinterpretation of a basket hitch ........ 31
Capacity. Ghiarts ee ee Fi
NYLON WEB SLINGS. ................:008 34
Light Duty, Type, EE 152 Ply 36
Heavy Duty, Type EE, 1 & 2 ply............. 38
Light Duty, Type EN, 1 & 2 ply........0...... 40
Heavy Duty, Type EN, 1 & 2 ply ............ 42
ALLOY CHAIN SLINGS ................. 44
GAGE BORLA Eee ee 44
GIAGe 100-2 eee eas eee 46
METAL MESH SLINGS ............00... 48
Heavy duty #35--10 ga Wc. a: 48
Mediuinny duty #463 = V2 a a2). cesses, 49
Jeire|qiabe [Vigyqcsate banc § Se icOeeee
eee ane a 50
TWIN-PATH® SLINGS ..................- 51
Gapacityal WILE arable ee eee ea 8 52
Component data/pin dia ..............eece. 54
Twin-Path® Inspections ............00.cceeeeeee 56
 RNS Ea cir eee cect er tion ano tae 57
pW | rca te ee yes Se 58
WIG RODS SINGS cis ocean teks 58
NylonVeED Sings Aa. Alkak wc: 59
Polyester Round Slings <..s,.:, cee 60
Alloy Steel Chain Slings ................00. 61
WirenMeshi Slings cers Sister eaenes 62
Sling price comparisons .................000 63
SUNG esigh factors tse sre es 63
ASA MOTO GY tectinte reece hare donb cas 64
BARD WARE Grteincaieee
te ecna: 66
STACEY PSS Ge Maneatis ates, 67
HGISt BittG Types .ccchases.erettistoaeeen css 68
HOOK Types eer ete ttt eee sten. 69
ASME inspection requirements............. 70
Wedge Socket Installation ..............0 73
Machitieryeyebolts 250i sc.ccnndetottenes UL
PINSTAG AG GAUNIS erect ee sete settee: Mh
OSE OAS 3 seen EE SO 78
Chicago Hardware - WLL's ................ 79
Use and safe practices ................00 80
Alignment (shims) table .................... 81
SWIVElHOISL RMGSeie atest etnetetts Aine 82
Capacity taba eacesecek. hse ecee omens 83
HPSS YIU S ae cion sata sande strenrecmererttarecsns 83
ACgiverteWe(s)6)1¢ bererrererre:oe ane vee meee 84
Washer and Spacers..itencisteac.. 84
Wire Rope end connections ..............008 85
Termination strength efficiency .......... 85
Wire FRODC OND S iavtrcss tak eeet es weweeewearannss 87
EC COnmi eC IOUS te cote eensitigete< teearenencns 87
HTS tal ATOM as exeeeet eras rotod ukimetee oe aepentanle 88
U-bolt installation data ..........cccceeeeee 89
Double saddle installation data .......... 90
 Shacklés:.;:223, 202 ee eee ee 91
Carbon & Alloy WLL data.................. 91
Shackle side 1@aqmid mn 2-5 eee 92
Crosby web sling shackle data .......... 93
Crosby wide body shackle data ......... 94
Twin-Path® sling shackle sizes ............. 95
Ovals & Mastes.Links 0: to. ets 97
Pea Dias esas ee 98
TRADUCKICS roca ees ee 99
Master LIRKS Oi i tee 9S
Weldless sings 3.22522 ere eee 100
INA Ek ee eee Tee, SS ness 100
FORMUEAS 6 irr ee 103
Wein eee et ee 104
Weight of materials ...................00..++- 104
CUBS TOF FeOCtanGle artiste ape et 105
BeUnG SWADCS sacar ance vee, ee 106
Round & Hollow (Pipe)..............00008 107
PrSsuiil Of AicOnieanc sheet hi ee 108
SOHIGIC) AUISION Ee noone Be hn oe 110
BBS ICS eee nate a OE ae en tte 110
Oe ere(ail te hsae ee eee ae eek ee 112
Calculation.-by angle Asc..a.seacesk-s. 114
Using the angle finder ..................... 715
Calculation by measurement ........... 116
sii slatotl oF:(akotMeee enMieehc 0. 2 Nenden evr pee 118
lig Wont See) or ees a 120
Unequal eqs saree oe, en, 122
Unequal Legs & Height ...0..c0c..eesssccs0 124
Center of Gravity Calculations ............ 126
Block (Pulley) Loadingsg.o5: aco 4 128
Pulling force on inclined surfaces. ........ 131
EAA MRE San. oteccdturaccn hee 133
SUITES eee ees ts AE te eh 134
Goren protectors iscateen ees: 136
Wide web sling hazard ...............0.000. 137
BYCDOI GEDTike ene cael 138
Eyebor side loadingita.anid.ck. cel 140
reeving Syebolts eater este, 141
SHRIICKES EES Dates eos, sei 21 et 142
Shackle alignment ..............c00ccccee 144
ohacklc Pin Tighiness 28 ea 145
WEB slings and shackles .................... 146
Shackle Alignment..............0:ccceseeees 147
TAOS hn cL els clad ie 148
PIG h UP IOACHG tes.cn2 Melero ot ks 149
Hook and Shackle angles ................... til
MOOI EBICNIES erat oi eter arate teeaenced, 153
DUNG, CONMOCHONS ‘ean tied iaeis. sp poesdatisit 154
OS ied oetoc eee eee ee eee en ce 155
Hand Hoists (lever type) ............::cccee 156
DIBOINDNOAGS Sete. arith Lee. 158
a2 8116.6, 518 eee ee Renters: teat ee 158
Cente ma Graviy onto cleo nage Meee ns 159
Single, Hook TUMING casita. 162
TWOHIOOK AUG asin ri cvcr msteonteeea aes 164
Tuming: witha Choker x:2r iets ok 166
SHOCK LOACINIG sei. cose cee ate a 167
Basic KNOls;.c.custenene tear tne. 168
GUIS. What TANCES a xcudhanee) aiseeetver 170
REFERENC Eiiciroseccee
cceeececceeeten ees 171
Schedule 40 pipe data ...................2. 174
Schedule 80 pipe data .......... ee ie
Weight of steel round stock................. 176
Weight of steel sheets ............:..0000000 ie
Weight of Steel Strips 22222: s22c.2 suse 178
Loads on timber beamS...................:05: 179
Loads on timber columns .................... 180
Weight ion relate rs. eter suse teers 181
Standard I-Beanisis So ee ee 182
Wide Flange |-Beams................:..00:000+- 184
Wire rope sling weights ..................06 188
Shackle weights ..uwiccscueeete ee 188
STANDARDS vascicceen
eee eee 189
ASME Hardware Inspections .............. 191
General requirements for slings .......... he
Wire rope inspection chart ................ 193
Chat SlinGS <0 recaev cece ee 194
ASME Requirement .............::00000 194
OSHA Requirements ...............::0 195
WEB:SIINQS anes scien teers 196
ASME Requirements ..............:0:00008 196
OSHA Requirements ....................0.- 197
ROUNGSIINGS Aire ere et ee 198
Metal) Mesh Slings sscm.ceeet nee eee 199
Wire" ROpG SHMOS) mancies cose ert eenc aces 200
ASME Requirements ....................0. 200
OSHA Requirements .................0000 201
Persontiel Platiorims x ccces-2-<cnscvstsssaesees 202
Crane requirements ...............00000008 202
Platform requirements.............00...6. 203
API RP 2D° OVervieWitte es nsescestaxcee: 204
OSHA's Rule on Steel Erection........... 206
SN5) Ao Se
ees PS eee 211
Wire Rope grades fg. 26.12.55... ciseves 212
Wire RODS TypeSt. 2. dicate fences esckaveas 212
EHC: GhASSINGAUON |Asse: ccaceveer sunecoan 213
Wire Rope Lay Length .........:........0006 213
Strength of Wire rope ...........cceeseeeeees 214
Measuring Rope Diameter .................. 214
Wie Rope Vay a eee he are Zid
IWRC Breaking Strength..................... 216
Fiber Core Breaking Strengbh ............. 2G.
Strength of 7x7 aircraft cable .............. 218
Strength of 7x19 aircraft cable ............ 219
Installing Wile ODE Ae .2a5 -bseee-2 eet 220
CRANE HAND SIGNALG.............. 222
Duties of the Signalman ....................- 222
Mullipis Songer yee ees eeereacte cee creeocnss 222
FRAC LISS Seer sears aca eet ee ae cn 223
Mobile Crane Signals .............::scee 224
Overhead Crane Signals .................04 226
Convenes: 0a eee 228
PIACON ae ce tea ea tie 228
PRET TEN te See eee caen po pcciewexton es 228
10g) a)a)Be ei une aes ee oes Mere see ET 228
Multiplication Table 2.20 cece. sdenactuente 229
Pioneic Alptabet esc cisccsssunaeendisonenae 230

Revisions to this printing ...........eeeee 231

=
SONTS
| SLINGS
 11

Disclaimer

The information contained in this publication was

obtained from sources believed to be reliable at
the time this publication was written. It should
not be assumed that this material covers all the
regulations, or standards used in the industry.
Suggested procedures should not, therefore, be
used without first securing competent engineer-
ing advice for any given application.

The publisher and author make no representa-

tion or guarantee as to the correctness or suffi-
ciency of any information contained herein, nor
a guarantee of results based upon the use of this
information, and disclaims all warranties whether
implied, express or statutory, including without
limitation, implied warranties of merchantabil-
ity, fitness for use and fitness for a particular
purpose.

You assume the entire risk as to the use of this

information, and the publisher and the author
assumes no liability in connection with either the
information presented or use of the suggestions
made in this publication.
 12

SONITS
Basic Hitches Klinke
Graphics ©2007 Jerr

The illustration below shows the 3 basic sling

hitches.

VERTICAL

(23 D
— Cc

2Y &
|

sO lle
nn 3

co) £ e
S
me
. = oJ
s =
=
eye & eye endless
CHOKER
Working Load Limits
shown on sling tags
and other charts are
based on the angle
of choke to be 120
degrees or greater.

BASKET Working Load Limits shown on

& 5° sling tags and other charts
are based on both
legs being vertical
within 5 degrees.
 13
Hitch Reductions

Capacity charts and the sling tags show the

Working Load Limit (WLL) for each hitch based
on the examples in the left column.

VERTICAL CHOKER BASKET

10,000 Ibs 7,500 Ibs 20,000 Ibs
WLL WLL WLL

When angles or smaller D/d

ratios are introduced, or a tight
VERTICAL choke is used, the capacity of
the hitch is MUCH LESS than
what is shown on the tag!

Low horizontal angles

have a great effect on
the hitch capacity!
14
a RR EE

All Working Load Limits (WLL) shown are based

upon the items being in new, unused condition.
All rigging equipment is subject to wear, misuse, and
overloading that may reduce the rated capacity of the
equipment. It is required by OSHA and ASME standards
that rigging equipment be regularly inspected to
determine its condition. A competent person or engineer-
ing professional should then determine if the equipment
can continue to be used at the rated capacity.
WLL’s are based on the following factors:
(1) material strength (4) angle of loading
(2) design factor (5) diameter of curvature (D/d)
(3) type of hitch (6) fabrication efficiency
ASME B30.9-1.7.1 (2003) Identification Requirements
1IN.WIDE | ACMEE Mfg. |
TYPE: EN1-601 |S.N. /3/3/ ;
Y VERTICAL CHOKER [9 9 BASKET
2400 1900 4800 a
Q LBS. CAP. LBS. CAP. LBS. CAP. F

ALL slings shall be marked to show:

(1) name or trademark of manufacturer
(2) manufacturer's code or stock number
(3) rated loads for the type(s) of hitch(es)
used and the angle upon which it is based

Additional marking requirements for . . .

Wire Rope: diameter or size
Web Slings: synthetic web material used
Roundslings: core and cover material used
Chains: grade, chain size, number of legs, length (reach)

Sling identification
can only be done
by the sling
manufacturer! /

ASME B30.9-1.5.3 states "Horizontal sling angles less than

30 degrees SHALL NOT be used except as recommended
by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person."
 15
D/d ratio with wire rope slings used in a basket hitch

There is a great misconcep-

tion about what is a "true"
basket hitch. A true basket
hitch is one in which a wire
Wasa Bi os tines rope sling is in contact with
component rope diameter (d) a round surface that has a
diameter of 25 or more
the D/d Ratio is expressed times the rope diameter
ses (assuming the wire rope
requires a 25:1 D/d)

CAUTION: A wire rope in a

basket hitch and attached to
an object of equal diameter,
such as another wire rope ora
small shackle, will have a
strength reduction that may
be 50% or more of the WLL.

y
NOTE: A sling wrapped around a
rectangular surface, is NOT a true y
basket and will have an effect on
the capacity of the sling.
)
LLL
ZL
MGA
Do
a
Basket Hitch D/d

The values listed for wire rope slings used in a

basket hitch are generally based on a minimum
D/d ratio of 25:1.

D= The diameter of the object in load contact

with the sling

d= The diameter of the wire rope.

D/d RatioStrength
Efficiencies

diameter

1/2 inch Ih
wire rope

To calculate strength efficiencies:

RG = Bex,E
Basket Rating
Efficiency (from table)
Reduced basket rating
 ELFA
Choker Hitch Reductions

Choker hitch
Rated capacity
adjustment
Angle of choke} Rated
in degrees | capacity
Over 120 100%

@ To calculate adjusted choker ratings:

C : Choker rating
R : Rated Capacity
RC : Reduced choker rating

<— Choker rating on tag: 5,000 Ib

5000 x .49 = 2450

Reduced rating: 2,450 Ibs )

Example
less than 30°
49% reduction

ah
 18
Choker Reduction Table
SONIIS

Vix Vase
ay re J
ANE
Universal Reduction Table
(shown
on tag)

Here is a quick table to help determine the reduced capacity of

a choker hitch. Find the closest WLL for the sling you are using
(use a lower value if your exact WLL is not shown) and then find
the reduced rating under the appropriate angle column.
 19

For example; the capacity for a 1" 6x19

wire rope sling can range from 6.7 tons
to over 11 tons, depending on the grade
and manufacturer.

Never assume that all

slings are the same!

CAUTIONS & WARNINGS

All ratings shown are based upon the items being new or in “as
new’ condition. All rigging equipment is subject to wear, misuse,
overloading, corrosion, deformation, or alterations that may re-
quire a reduction in the rated capacity of the equipment. It is
recommended, and required by OSHA and ASME Standards, that
all rigging equipment be regularly inspected by a competent per-
son to determine its condition.
 20

SONS

Wire Rope Grades

Improved Plow Steel:
IPS lowest minimum breaking force
Extra Improved Plow Steel:
EIPS {minimum breaking force
typically 15% higher than IPS

Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel:

EEIPS {minimum breaking force
typically 10% higher than EIPS

Wire Rope Core

FIBER
A core composed of synthetic fibers .

IWRC
A steel core, usually another wire strand.

Wire Rope Splice (connection)

HT Hand Tucked Splice: a loop or eye

formed in the end of a rope by
tucking the end of the strands
back into the main body of the
rope in a prescribed manner.

MS Mechanical Splice: swaging one

or more metal sleeves over the
wire rope to form a loop or eye.
Note: A Femish Eye is a mechanical splice,
itis formed by opening up the rope end
and reforming it to create a loop or eye
then a metal sleeve is slipped over the ends
of the splice and mechanically compressed.
 21
The length ofa standard wire rope slings is taken
from bearing point to bearing point.

Length of sling
SSS SSS

Gromment slings, also called endless slings, are usually

manufactured and shown on engineering drawings
using a measurment that is the circumference of the
sling and not the ee asdistance.

lf ordering a synthethic roundsling to rice a wire

rope gromment sling, you need to inform the sling
manufacturer of the measurement you are providing.

< Bearing point to Bearing point >

Unlike wire rope slings - roundslings are

measured from bearing point to bearing point.

About capacity tables...

Capacity tables are only intended to provide typical
sling capacities for pre-job planning activities only.
Always select and use all slings by the rated capacity
(WLL) shown on the sling ID tag as provided by the
manufacturer.
To determine the rating on wire-rope
slings, the size, type and grade of rope
must be known. It's best to always take a
conservative approach with unknown wire
rope slings and use the lowest ratings.

Current OSHA regulations (Slings- 1910.184) do not require

identification tags on wire-rope slings (ASME B30.9 does require ID
tags, but ASME is not a federal law). However OSHA does state that
the safe working load must never be exceeded.
 EIPS - MS Paar
wireresing

oO

|
; ee
greater
90°

BASKET
114" 1 1
17
3/8" Zz 5
34
4 4

3.4
aa 4.8 Sef 5 7
ie es Se 8.3
5
6.4
W
i”..

1Z
nnn eo 2|
EC es
10 8.1
13 26
Values listed in U.S. tons
> “4
Rated capacities are based on: |=Taal 10
yl 10
1) a design factor of 5:1
2) basket hitches with a D/d ratio of 25
3) pin diameter no larger than the natural eye width
4) the sling diameter smaller than the pin diameter

IMPORTANT NOTICE: See pages 19 - 21}

about the use of these capacity tables !
 23

EIRSia MS ve wirscpe
6x19and
ans

k: FIBER CORE
Angle of
Choke

120°
greater

ee CRAPO
Horizontal : JA
Angle

Basket 2-Chokers
SIZE 60° 30°
0
616" | 1.1 |0.66 |

[el
INN
BIW
19
1S
ooWPPININININ
IBIS
rs
Po
1
>
ed
TIN
19017
°ual
Eee)
IM
COMIN

Clw
ie
NpRe 00
||
bh 2
Values listed in U.S. tons
Rated capacities are based on: (ASME B30-4)
1) a design factor
of 5:1 sic acai
2) basket hitches with a D/d ratio of 25
3) pin diameter no larger than the natural eye width
4) the sling diameter smaller than the pin diameter
5) angle of choke is greater than 120 degrees

IMPORTANT NOTICE: See pages 19 - 21}

about the use of these capacity tables !
SONTIS EIPS - HT Sar wireropesing
A 4 Y Ss
{

se Y4iY]
( oF

oO

FIBER CORE 10 90°

i:
aie
IWRC
lS
< m > - ?) OKER | BASKET
3/8" 1.2
11 1.6

fee
te
epee

IPI
lol
Se
G

B mM aeg
nd
Noo
oN?)
[2-1/8"| 32
2114) 3s
Values listed in U.S. tons
ASME B30-49
Rated capacities are based on:
1) a design factor of 5:1
2) basket hitches with a D/d ratio of 25
3) pin diameter no larger than the natural eye width
4) the sling diameter smaller than the pin diameter

IMPORTANT NOTICE: See pages 19 - 21

about the use of these capacity tables !
 EIRS = AT: 6x19
aiercwrcrpeane
and

FIBER CORE
A Horizontal
oes Angle

IWRC Basket & 2-leg bridle

SIZE | 60 degrees | 45 degrees] 30 degrees

Values listed in U.S. tons

ASME B30-4)
Rated capacities are based on:
1) a design factor of 5:1
2) basket hitches with a D/d ratio of 25
3) pin diameter no larger than the natural eye width
4) the sling diameter smaller than the pin diameter

IMPORTANT NOTICE: See pages 19-21}

about the use of these capacity tables !
SONIIS EIPS - MS vosewire opesing
\\\))

!\y N \ fh,
fe]
120
or
woe
¥

Values listed in U.S. tons

Rated capacities are based on: ASME _B30-4
1) a design factor of 5:1
2) basket hitches with a D/d ratio of 25
3) pin diameter no larger than the natural eye width
4) the sling diameter smaller than the pin diameter

IMPORTANT NOTICE: See pages 19-21}

about the use of these capacity tables !
 27
6x19 and 6x3
EIPS 7 M peer ane

Basket 2-Chokers
60° 30° 60° 30°

Pes tas {si | sf 23

Be re ee ae ed ee

oe TUS ey i Di ae
Values listed in U.S. tons
Rated capacities are based on:
1) a design factor of 5:1 sat aii
2) basket hitches with a D/d ratio of 25
3) pin diameter no larger than the natural eye width
4) the sling diameter smaller than the pin diameter

IMPORTANT NOTICE: See pages 19-21}

about the use of these capacity tables !
SONS
EEIPS - MS trercwice
ropesing

or 90°

of i
greater

SIZE

ieee
ee eae

Biel Sees Ce
Values listed in U.S. tons ASME B30-4)
Rated capacities are based on:
1) a design factor of 5:1
2) basket hitches with a D/d ratio of 25
3) pin diameter no larger than the natural eye width
4) the sling diameter smaller than the pin diameter

IMPORTANT NOTICE: See pages 19 - 21 :

about the use of these capacity tables !
 AS)

6x19 and |
SLIN
EEIPS ra M seat ets

a
Horizontal
Angle

Basket
60°
N

Dalle
Ll
Dood
food
aad
oad
Past
Corl
Coed
ree
liolh
||
joo
OAR el101]
al
Ld
Ded
ood
ead
Coa)
fod
re TN]
WO
FET
[|
Jes]
00
0
Values listed in U.S. tons

Rated capacities are based on:

1) a design factor of 5:1 wv
2) basket hitches with a D/d ratio of 25
3) pin diameter no larger than the natural eye width
4) the sling diameter smaller than the pin diameter

IMPORTANT NOTICE: See pages 19 - 21

about the use of these capacity tables !
SONIIS
Polyester Roundslings are available in 2 types:
EN (Endless)
EE (Eye-Eye)

Type EE
FE SS)
Elongation (stretch) for polyester rounslings
is 3% at the full rated load

1 i
1 The length of a roundsling is 1
§ determined by measuring from '
i bearing point to bearing point. i
¢ >!
1 1

Color guidelines for polyester roundsling

covers are sometimes used to indicate the
vertical rated capacity of roundslings;
however, this is not required or always
followed by manufacturers. Always use
roundslings by the rated capacity as indicated
on the tag - never rely on the color!
SS
r el r
Misinterpretation of a basket hitch
SLIN
When using a roundsling or any endless
sling, make sure you choose the correct
hitch AND the correct WLL for the sling.

This IS NOT a THIS IS a

basket hitch! basket hitch! /

Vertical Hitch Hitch

Just because the base of the hitch is wider than

the top of the hitch DOES NOT imply that it’s a
basket hitch. A true basket hitch has twice the
capacity of a vertical hitch because it has twice
as many legs to support the load.

A roundsling
basket hitch has
4 legs - each leg
supports 25% of
the load

2 Legs - each leg

supports 50% of load
 ‘pasn Buleg Hulls auy Jo WWI] peo Buon exe ay} 10) Be} Huljs ayy yjNnsuod sAemiy
“LSH-VGLSM puke 60 ISNYV UO peseg ale pue spunod Sf U! pelsi| aie UMOYUsS senjeA OYL
e I= Je I= |e d= Jefe —

Bs
= leol=. jen). (iS [SN ON
oo) Ra od PP a el Scorers
Dia.
minimum values-

have different WLL’s

Manufacturers may
= wwSS QB <x “w= y

DB
Sen
££ F£. & a
Minimum
8

OI Lo LOI LAT A|e] ool i,

BIB] [AI QIA] 1G] a} [om |
m
CO eel — tee (2 i | 4) eel a. ° fe CN
OVO|o rl rd rt] IN
ROUNDSLINGS

mM
2X At
:
Ls
are e
£=
SISSiRlaiBS
se
coe
SECIS
Sy2 {DI Qlco|eal + ZIS/FIBIRIR|S|° a. =
WV
ALA] CO] WI1D}wo] Fe) IS] BS] 00
FO]
ine
ALN] oo}sfiio O}AI. A aliailos]
Ln
SBive 2 2
dislelsieisisisisisisisigi »<x
g|..
San
a fo) (2) (=) (=) oo} (=) [o)
ie] OS be he ee =
Oo
ie OIMINIOI SIA AIA SN ee
S| NF] S/O] SSIS Nea] SBN} S o Z in
. a fe oy SS
—_ i ey 1 toy) ew Se
i] O)/O;l1O|O (o>) (=) Cio > own “=
Sisisisisisisisisisisisisis|s ae ¢
eye-eye slings
Cl Ola + NIN Ca Cmei ae eo _
For use with
endless and
~ Owl alin] AIO] M]| ow] O oY 25
Q] N19] 0)S| ASI NIAo|Fline]a) eo 3 oeZ ersla ee
2
Som = © , > Oo
Sos s ge
=
cuNn
32

SLINGS
 33

For use with

ROUNDSLINGS SLING
endless and
eye-eye slings

Dia
Size LEC ee
11 | 5,200 | 4,500 | 3,700 | 2,600 | 5/8" _|
| 2 | 10,600 | 9,200 | 7,500 | 5,300 | 7/8" __
| 3 | 16,800 | 14,500 | 11,900 | 8,400 |_1" |

1-5/5
ts):

NO

~~lai
BSE
Co]
So)
[Nilo
Jw]aa]N

Maximum rated loads (WLL)

are achieved by using the
stock (pin) diameters as shown
in the table. Stock diameters
listed are from WSTDA-RS-2
(2005).

ASME B30-4
Web Sling Types

TYPE 1 (TC) Cl ae
Slings have a triangle and choker fitting on
either end. This is most commonly used in a
choker hitch, but can also be used in basket and
vertical hitches.

TYPE 2 (TT) Cia

Slings have a triangle fitting on each end. They
are normally used in a basket hitch. They CAN be
used in a vertical hitch but they CANNOT be used
in a choker hitch.

TYPE 3 (EE)

Flat Eye slings are very popular slings that can

be used in all three types of hitches. They are
easy to remove from beneath the load after the
load is in place.

TYPE 4 (EE)

Twisted Eye slings are similar to Type 3 except

the eyes are turned 90° to form a better choker
hitch. This type of eye also nests together better
when used in a basket hitch.
 35

TYPE
5 (EN)

Endless slings can be used in all three types of

hitches and wear points can be moved to
increase Sling life.

TYPE
6 (RE)
_——— SN
Reversed Eye slings have protective webbing
over the body. This extra webbing reinforces
the sling and protects it from wear.

There is no standard method of identifying web

slings, however most nylon web slings will contain
markings similar to those shown below.

et
Sling type <——! L__y Web width

Number of Web class

body plys
 Pax
Ee

-
vA

94
1-ply,

/
¥

g8 vaOneNS
Class 5, EE

ion
Load Limits

=
WEB SLINGS

| sso_| 2,2000 | 1,9000 | 1,600 | 1,100 _|

| duty
Vertical| light
eel
Choker

oe
|
90° 60°| 45°| 30°| |

oa 2°56
LIGHT DUTY

| 1%" | 1,600 | 1,280 | 3,200 | 2,800 | 2,300 | 1,600_|

ESYowvo oa
Ww 0 0

Yn

ioe
Working

£34" | 1,900
| |5208)
1,520 | 3,800 | 3.300 |2,700 0 | 1,900

=
at © | 2200 | 1,7600 | 4.4000 | 3,8000 [23,100 | 2200

Oo

zo
«
wo eo
Es | 3,3000 | 2,6400 | 6,6000 | 5,7000 | 4,7000 | 3,300

Eo 5Oo ae
| 4" |4400 | 3,520 | 8,800 | 7,600 | 6,200 | 4,400

Q 206
|RSE || 5,500 | 4,400 | 11,000 | 9,500 |7,8000 | 5,500

23
gr | 6,600 | 5,280 | 13,200 | 11,400 | 9,300 | 6,600
ASME B30.9-2003 data; manufacturer codes might be EE1-6xx (xx = width)
SL
 width)
= (xx EE2-6xx
be might codes manufacturer
data; B30.9-2003
ASME
| 12,300
| 17,400
| 21,300
| 24,600
| 9,840
| 12,300
__| 6"|
| 10,200
| 14,400
| 17,700
| 20,400
| 8,160
| 10,200
__| 5"|
|: 8,200
| 11,600
| 14,200
| 16,400
| 6,560
| 8,200
| ols Sle
6,600_|
| 9,300 | 11,400
| 13,200
| 5,280
| 6,600
|
_ 4,400
| 6,200
| 7,600
| 8,800
| 3,520
| 4400
| 2" |

31)
a3
3,800_|
| 5,400
| 6,600
| 7,600
| 3,040
| 3,800
| 134" |
3,300_|
| 4,700 | 5,700
| 6,600
| 2,640
| 3,300
| 1%" |
_| 2,200
| 3,100
| 3,800
| 4,400
| 1,760
| 2,200 1"__| |
LIGHT DUTY

| 30°| 45°| 60°| 90°| Choker Vertical|

| duty light
WEB SLINGS

Basket
or 2-Leg
Working Load Limits

5,
EE

[60° (20°
Class

ya fe /

A >
EE
37

SO
 19 - 21
QooO U ~ preoO de:eo Wn
1-ply,

See pages
EE
Class
7,
Working Load Limits

a ed ees

fas
WEB SLINGS

| 1%" | 2,300 | 1,840 |

(ea 7008 ee 1608
pelesines

U©
° ue~ f=Vv 2)cD)
emis 57100" [e280 16200

Lu
[| 3" | 4,700 | 3,760 | 9,400 | 8,100_|

- z fe)-
| 4" | 6,200 | 4,960 |

a)ic?)
SS 58s A187, 8008 186240

>
| 6" |9,300 | 7,4 0

S
ae} OQie) =) J ~ osVv
-%eo) [-4-E
|g" | 11,750 | 9,40
| 10" | 14,700 |11,760 |26,450 |22,900 _
SLINGS oa = Sra 765081 (20 at750)

=
OO} 11/08
 width)
= (xx EE2-9xx
or EE2-8xx
be might codes manufacturer
data; B30.9-2003
ASME

28,400
| 37,400
| 45,800
| 52,900
| 22,720
| 28,400
| 22,750
| 29,900
| 36,700
| 42,350
| 18,200
| 22,750
|

Rees
te
16,500
| 23,000
| 28,600
| 33,000
| 13,200
| 16,500
erg ee 1
rae 6tee 13
<
|.11,000_
15,600
| 19,100
| 22,000
| 8,800
| 11,000 m4"
| Waa ier
| 5"__| 13,700 |10,960 | 27,400 |23,700 |19,400 | 13,700
| 8,800
| 12,400
| 15,200
| 17,600
| 7,040
_| 8,800
| ohare st
S
| 6,200
| 8,800
| 10,700
| 12,400
| 4,960
| 6,200
|
_| 5,400
| 7,600
| 9,400
| 10,800
| 4,320
| 5,400
| 134"|
4,9 iy een
| 4,700
| 6,600
| 8,100
| 9,400
| 3,760
| 4,700
| 1%"|2
| 3,100
| 4,400
| 5,400
| 6,200
| 2,480
| 3,100
| 1" |
WEB SLINGS

| 30°| 45°| [60°90" Choker] Vertical]

| duty Heavy
Working Load Limits

Basket
or -Leg i

Z
i x| a
DY ¥
39

SONI
 SLINGS
=

1
i=)

VRC
were
data,
\E* | 13,200
| 18,720
| 22,920
| 26,400
| 10,560
| 13,200__| 6" | =

hitch
other
ASME
5"
22,00
8,800
11,00
15,600
19,100
|
&
3 0

capacities
calculated
B30.9-2003
E+| | |
8,800 |
12,480 |
15,280 |
17,600 |
7,040 |
8,800 4" |
2 2| | |
6,600 |
9,300 11,40
| 0 |
13,200 |
5,280 6,600| 3" | >
2%| | |
4,400 |
6,200 |
7,600 |
8,800 |
3,520 4,400| 2" | =
2 jz | 3,800
| 5,400
| 6600
| 7,600
| 3,040
| 3,800
| 134"| we
¢ a| | 3,200
| 4,530
| 5,550
| 6400
| 2,560
| 3,200
| 1%" | le
38| | 2,200
| 3,100
| 3,800
| 4,400
| 1,760
| 2,200
| a"| rate
22 30° | 45°| 60°| [90° Choker Vertical
_|| duty Oe
WE
aBasket
or
2-Leg
—light
5,
EN
Coy
Me]
i
a1-ply,
Class
45°
rae 90° rec Lu
) CEN1-60x z
za s CEN2-60x ) 130° 90°
Lu Class 2-ply,
&
SSA
ae lightEN 5, 2-Leg or
Basket
GE duty | Vertical| Choker | 90° | 60° | 45° | 30° |
1%" | 6600 | 5,280 | 13,200]
| 11,400] 9,300 | 6,600
ee
, 2. aaid00
| 5208es S00eR
eOOe
er 2008iG
enn c|
Iz
ae 8.800 | 7,040 | 17,600 | 15.280 | 12,480 | 8.800
i al
| 4" | 16,400 | 13,120 |32,800 |28,400 |23,200 |16,400 _
> 13,200 10,560
| 26.400
| 22,920
| 18.720
| 13,200
|
Skene |20,400 |16,320 |40,800 | 35,400 |28,900 |20,400
2-ply anos | 24,600 | 19,680 |49,200 | 42,700 | 34,880 | 24,600
ASME
B30.9-2003 hitch other data, VRC
capacities were
calculated
 See pages 19-21]
> 4J© 2 x) WY
Class 1-ply,
EN 7, 2-Leg or
Basket
Heavy duty| Vertical| Choker | 90° | 60° | 45° | 30° | |
il= Load0 Limits
Vv)

| 1" | 3,200 | 2,560 |6,400 | 5,550 | 4,530 | 3,200 |

=
U 14°] a oO U
| 1%" | 4600 | 3,680 | 9,200 | 7,987 | 6,524 |
| 134" | 5,400 | 4,320 |10,800 |9,376 | 7,658 |5,400 _|
Lujoa) 7)Working

2) eeCen2 ov Wn<P)
Lud
| 2" | 6,200 | 4,960 | 12,400

po 4 fe)- a
Pa" |9,400 |7,520 |18,800|16,322| 13,331 | 9,400|
a" | 12,400 | 9,530 | 24.800 | 21,531 | 17,585 | 3

oO 2 12) =) ~~ pa)ekecc) = 7a)ic)

| 5"___| 15,600 | 12,480 | 31,200 | 27,087 | 22,124 | 15,600 |
| 6" _| 18,600 | 14,880 | 37,200 | 32,296 | 26,378

2
S

a..e) ce-
|g" [|21,150 | 16,920 | 42,300 | 36,724 | 29,995 | 21,150 |
| 10" |26,450 | 21,160 |52,900 | 45,927 | 37,511 | 26,450
| 12" | 31,750 | 25,400 | 63,500 | 55,130 | 45,027 | 31,750 |

=
ASME B30.9-2003 VRC data, other hitch capacities were calculated
SLINGS
 calculated
were capacities
hitch other data, VRC B30.9-2003
ASME
63,500
| 90,055 110,259} 127,000}
| 50,800
| 63,500
52,900
| 75,022
| 91,854 105,800]
| 42,320
| 52,900
42,350
| 60,060
| 73,535
| 84,700
| 33,880
| 42,350
=
Lua

27,400
|

47,576
54,800
21,920
27,400

38,200

31,200
44,000
17,600
22,000

||||
__| ___||
V) ~~

24,960
10 3 "

30,560
35,200
14,080
17,600

|||_|
=

|||||
|||||
|||||
|
| | || |

| | 17,600
9,400
| 13.331
| 16,322
| 18,800
| 7,520
| 9,400
| 1%"
|

9,920

22,00012,400
17,585
21,531
24,800

|||1
12,400

38,858
6.200
| 8,793
| 10,765
| 12,400
| 4,960
| 6,200| 1"
|
5"4"3"2"134"

8,640

10,800
15,316
18,753
21,600
| 30°| 45°| 60°| go°| Choker Vertical/
| duty 10,800]
UO Vv)
Working Load Limits

Basket
or 2-Leg Heavy
EN7
CYS EGY (\ tal & Class 2-ply,

90° 130°
=<
+ ie)
 See pages 19 - 21
ferWY
Grade 80 Alloy

~ fue)a
Steel Chain
Grade 80 Alloy
Working Load Limits
CHAIN SLINGS

>
=
U oO orise}U
9/32"(7mm)_| 3,500 | 2,800] 6,100 | 4,900 |_3,500_

@) ee+ a=iB)WYcD)
Lud
5/16"(8mm) | 4,500 | 3,600{ 7,800 | _6,400 |_4,500 |

2 ke = ° - =
3/8"(40mm) | 7,100 | 5,700 | 12,300 | 10,000 | 7,100 |

So
1/2"(13mm)_| 12,000 | 9,600 | 20,800 |_17,000 |12,000 |

a0] QOie) ee ~ YYoemVv ay a)ic)

5/8" (16mm) _| 18,100 |14,500 | 31,300 | 25,600 |18,100 |

=
28,300
|_40,000
_49,000
22,600
|
28,300
_|
(20mm)
3/4"

a.° az
34,200
48,400
_
59,200
27,400
|
34,200
_|
(22mm)
7/8"
|47,700 | 38,200 | 82,600 |_67,400 |47,700 |

=
72,300 |57,800 |125,200 | 102,200 |72,300 |
Ln
Tt

SLINGS
 | [108,400153,400
| 187,800
| (32mm) 1-1/4"
| |_71,500101,200
|_ 123,900 a"(2
| 51,300
__| 72,500 88,900]
_| (22mm)
7/8"
__42,400_
| 60,000 3/4"(20m
| 27,100
_| 38,400 47,000] 5/8"
| |__18,00025,500 31,200|
| a/2"
| 10,600
| 15,100 18,400]
| 3/8"
| __6,800
| 9,500 11,700|
| 5/16
| 5,200
7,400] 9,100 | 19/32"(7mm)_
| 3,200
_ _4,400[ _5,500|_
| 7/32"(5.5mm)
CHAIN Working

(a
S08 8) ASS)|8 60°3 | Nite SeISIZE

Sa TS
TUS FEES
=
a
SLINGS
Load Limits

RE
4
Sling
3or
Grade 80 Alloy

Leg
Basket
Double
Steel

80

Sling
Chain

Bridle
Alloy
Grade
T+Kp)

SO
 Grade 100 Alloy

Grade 100 Alloy

Load Limits
SLINGS

Steel Chain
CHAIN Working

4,700 |
|
[7,400

70
3/4" 20 mm
7, 3"
22mm
46
SLINGS
 bsXN

CHAIN Working
SLINGS
|
3/4"(20mm)_
Load Limits
700
Grade 100 Alloy
7/8"

Grade
11/2"(13mm)_
5/8"(16mm)
3/8"(10mm
5/16"(8mm)_
(22mm)

Chain Steel
Alloy100
91,

| | |
110,900|/
|
|

39,000]
58,700]
22,900]
14,200}
Basket Double

14,800]
[7.0

Sling BridleLeg4 or 3
74,900
90,600]

47,900]
31,800
12,100]
18,700
9,100]
5,700|

0
Sling
53,000

||
00
64.000
|

_22,500
_8,500
33,90013,200
6,400
ie
3022 | Sera
4,000]
] ©

|||||
|

J(
5
=mae2
— as x <4 ——|
tT: FESS see
=> — —wd
ETPai

= a.O ce- . — = fe)- < tL See pages 19-21

=
© -Qie) S ~ ~ algere8) = WwiB) e) SieY AsVv Y ce?) U fae) |@iine)U > ~o Q ct wn
48

Metal Mesh, HEAVY DUTY

10 Ga., #35
Rated Capacities (in Ibs)

ae ee Choker oe

=|00 | 200
2]
8000[1.000
ie [00 [28000
o} |32.
36,000
 Metal Mesh, MEDIUM DUTY
12 Ga., #43
Rated Capacities (in Ibs)

&,
Sling Vertical !

ine WiyB50-|
RO00 e700)

[a] 2.000|4.000
-—e_|4.500 9,000
-—2 |6.000|72,000
SONITS

Metal Mesh, LIGHT DUTY

14 Ga., #59
Rated Capacities (in Ibs)

Sting Vertical

Pe [coo
|100
(in inches) Choker Biipe

ene
5 aoa To"

9,000 18,000
 51
« ® High Performance
Twin-Path Synthetic Slings

Classified as a roundsling by ASME,

they have 2 separate “bundles” of core
yarns that are wound in multiple parallel
paths that support the load equally, thus
earning the name “twin path”.

Slingmax® Twin-Path® slings are the strongest

and lightest on the market today.

Twin-Path® Extra slings contain a high-perfor-

mance synthetic fiber known as K-Spec®, but
they are sometimes nicknamed “Kevlar Slings”.
However the K-Spec fiber is not the same as
Kevlar. They are two different materials, and
slings manufactured from 100% Kevlar are no
longer available.

Pound-for-pound these slings are five times

stronger than steel at only 1/10th the weight of
steel slings and with only 1% stretch at rated
capacity.
 SR ae a TS,

° ® High Performance
SONITS Twi n- Path Synthetic Slings

WLL in Ibs
Twin-Path® P/N ‘”

TPXC 1500 |15,000

| 12,000 |
TPXC 2500 |25,000
| _20,000 |

400,000
(1) Stock Number are for slings with a Covermax™ Cover

Data for the TWIN-PATH® EXTRA SLING WITH COVERMAX®

and K-SPEC® Core Yarn TPXC has been provided by:
SLINGMAX® Rigging Solutions (www.slingmax.com)
Telephone: 610-485-8500
 ° ® High Performance
Twi n-Path Synthetic Slings

Ce
Basket Hitches - WLL in Ibs

v fl) Cfo
g

TPXC 1000| 20,000 |17,320 |14,140

PTPXG 1500 | 30,000 |25,980 ||21,210 |
PTPXG 2000| 40,000
TPXC 2000 40, 34,640 | 28,280 |
28,280
PTPXC
TPXC 2500
2500 50,000 43,300 | 35,350
35,350
|TPXC 3000 | 60,000 | 51,960 | 42,420 |
TPXC
TPXC 4000
4000 |
| 80,000 | 69,280 | 56,560 |
PTPXC
TPXC 5000
5000 |
PTPXC
TPXC 6000
6000 |
FTPXC
TPXC 7000
7000 |
| 140,000 | 121,240 | 98,980 |
|
120,190 |
| 141,400
141,400
TPXC 12500| 250,000 |216,500 ||176,750
176,750 |
| 212,100
212,100

3
00,000 565,600
:
(1) Stock Number are for slings with a Covermax™ Cover
[707,000 |
Data for the TWIN-PATH® EXTRA SLING WITH COVERMAX®
and K-SPEC® Core Yarn TPXC has been provided by:
SLINGMAX? Rigging Solutions (www.slingmax.com)
Telephone: 610-485-8500
 54
° ® High Performance
SONITS Twi n-Path Synthetic Slings

Component data table

VRC: Vertical Rated Capacity of the sling
Wide: The width of the sling
Pin: Minimum shackle stock/pin diameter to be used with this
sling. Based on recommendation from Slingmax® Tech
Bulletin #3 “Ratings based on straight pin diameter, one-half
the sling width.”
Wt: Approximate Weight in Ibs. per ft (Measure sling from
bearing point to bearing point)

[Twin-Path®
PIN| VRC [Wide] Pin|We|
3” |4.5” |0.31
| TPxc 1500 | 15,000 | 3” |1.5” |0.40|
20,000 | 3” |1.5" |0.55
| TPxc 2500 | 25,000 | 4” |2” |0.65)
30,000 | 4” |2” | 0.80
| TPxc 4000 | 40,000 | 5” | 2.5" |1.12]
| TPXC 5000 | 50,000 | 5” | 2.5”| 1.50
| TPxc 6000 | 60,000 | 5” [25 |1.60]
| TPxC 7000 | 70,000 | 6” |3” | 1.66
| TPxC 8500 | 85,000 | 6” |3”_ |1.85)
| TPXC 10000 | 100,000 | 6” |3” |2.20]
| TPXC 12500 | 125,000 | 8” |4” | 3.00]
| TPXC 15000 | 150,000 | 8” |4” [3.36]
| TPXC 17500 | 175,000 | 10”| 5” | 4.00
| TPXC 20000 | 200,000 | 10”| 5” [4.37|
| TPXC 25000 | 250,000 | 11” |5.5” |5.50|
| TPXC 27500__| 275,000 | 11” |5.5” |6.90]
| TPxc 30000 | 300,000 | 13” |6.5” |7.50]
| TPXC 40000 | 400,000 | 14”] 7”
500,000 |16”[ 8” | 11.0
Data for the TWIN-PATH® EXTRA SLING WITH COVERMAX®
and K-SPEC® Core Yarn TPXC has been provided by:
SLINGMAX® Rigging Solutions (www.slingmax.com)
Telephone: 610-485-8500
The pin area of a shackle can cause synthetic
slings to be cut, and placing synthetic slings
on the pin should be avoided.

There is usually a
sharp edge where
the threaded pin
goes through the
shackle ear.

If the sling is exposed to this area under a

load, the sling may be cut and fail.

If you must rig on the pin,

you must protect shackle
areas that are in contact
with the sling.

SLINGMAX® makes a
Shackle Pin Pad (shown
above) designed for this.

Shackle pin pads available at: SLINGMAX? Rigging Solutions

(www.slingmax.com) Telephone: 610-485-8500
7) 56
aa eens

Zz
‘)) Twin-Path® Inspections
v)
Twin-path slings are supplied with Tell-Tails and
a Fiber Optic that assist in sling inspections.

Overload Tell-Tail indicators

<—aperopuS ”
The Tell-Tails are overload indicators and will
retract and eventually disappear if the sling is
overloaded.

Tell-Tails should extend past the tag area of each

sling. If the Tell-Tails are not visible, remove
the sling from service. Send the sling to the
manufacturer for repair evaluation.

The Fiber Optic determines ifthe interior core of

the sling has suffered chemical, heat or crushing
damage. If light does not pass from one end to
the other, remove the sling from service and send
to the manufacturer for repair evaluation.

pa
In addition, these sling are considered a
roundsling by ASME and the inspection criteria
listed on page 60 should also be followed when
inspecting these high performance slings.
 57

OSHA
Safe operating practices (OSHA 1910.184) -
Whenever any sling is used the following prac-
tices shall be observed:

1. Slings that are damaged or defective shall

not be used.
NO .
Slings shall not be shortened with knots or
bolts or other makeshift devices.
3. Sling legs shall not be kinked.
4. Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their
rated capacities.
5. Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the
loads balanced to prevent slippage.
6. Slings shall be securely attached to their
loads.
|ae Slings shall be padded or protected from the

sharp edges of their loads.

8. Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all
obstructions.
9. All employees shall be kept clear of loads
about the be lifted and of suspended loads.
10. Hands or fingers shall not be placed
between the sling and its load while the
sling is being tightened around the load.
11 Shock loading is prohibited.
12. A sling shall not be pulled from under a
load when the load is resting on the sling.

Inspections - Each day before being used, the sling and all
fastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage
or defects by a competent person designated by the em-
ployer. Additional inspections shall be performed during sling
use where service conditions warrant. Damaged or defec-
tive slings shall be immediately removed from service.
SONITS BSS

Wire Rope Slings (ASME B30.9) - A wire rope

sling shall be removed from service if conditions
such as the following are present:

|. Missing orillegible sling identification.

2. Broken Wires:
e For strand-laid and single-part slings, ten
randomly distributed broken wires in on
rope lay, or five broken wires in one strand
in one rope lay.
e For cable-laid slings, 20 broken wires per
lay.
e For six-part braided slings, 20 broken wires
per braid
e For eight-part braided slings, 40 broken
wires per braid.
Go . severe localized abrasion or scraping.

4. Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or any other

damage resulting in damage to the rope
structure.
3. Evidence of heat damage
6. End attachments that are cracked, deformed,
or worn to the extent that the strength of the
sling is substantially affected.
7. Severe corrosion of the rope, end attach-
ments, or fittings.
8. for hooks, removal criteria at stated in ASME
B30.10.
9. Other conditions, including visible damage,
that cause doubt as to the continued use of
the sling.
Nylon Web Slings (ASME B30.9) - A synthetic
webbing sling shall be removed from service if
conditions such as the following are present:

) . Acid or caustic burns.

3. Melting or charring of any part of the sling.
4. Holes, tears, cuts, or snags.
5. Broken or worn stitching in load bearing
splices.
6. Excessive abrasive wear.
7. Knots in any part of the sling.
8. Discoloration and brittle or stiff areas on any
part of the sling, which may mean chemical
or ultraviolet/sunlight damage.
9. Fitting that are pitted, corroded, cracked,
bent, twisted, gouged, or broken.
10. For hooks, removal criteria as stated in
ASME B30.10
11. Other conditions, including visible damage,
that cause doubt as to the continued use of
the sling.
 60

SONS

Polyester Round Slings (ASME B30.9) - A syn-

thetic round sling shall be remov ed from service
if conditions such as the follow ing are presen t:

eee eONINRnessnert CD
_ Acid or caustic burns.
_ Evidence of heat damage.
_ Holes, tears, cuts, abrasive wear, or Snags
that expose the core yarns.
_ Broken or damaged core yarns.
. Weld splatter that exposes core yarns.
_ Round slings that are knotted.
_ Discoloration and brittle or stiff areas on any
part of the slings, which may mean chemical
or ultraviolet/sunlight damage.
_ Fitting that are pitted, corroded, cracked,
bent twisted, gouged, or broken.
10. For hooks, removal criteria as stated in
ASME B30.10
11. Other conditions, including visible damage,
that cause doubt as to the continued use of
the sling.
 61

SLI
(Csesce<_)
Alloy Steel Chain Slings(ASME B30.9) - An alloy
steel chain sling shall be removed from service if
conditions such as the following are present:

|
es
3. Excessive wear, nicks, or gouges.
4. Stretched chain links or components
3. Bent, twisted, or deformed chain links or
components.
6. Evidence of hear damage.
7. Excessive pitting or corrosion.
8. Lack of ability of chain or components to
hinge (articulate) freely.
9. Weld splatter.
10. For hooks, removal criteria as stated in
ASME B30.10
11. Other conditions, including visible damage,
that cause doubt as to the continued use of
the sling.
Wire Mesh Slings (ASME B30.9) - A metal mesh
sling shall be removed from service if conditions
such as the following are present:

cen weld or a broken brazed joint along

the sling edge
3. Broken wire in any part of the mesh.
4. Reduction in wire diameter of 25% due to
abrasion or 15% due to corrosion.
0. Lack of flexibility due to distortion of the
mesh.
6. Distortion of the choker fitting so the depth
of the slot is increased by more that 10%
7. Distortion of either end fitting so the width
of the eye opening is decreased by more
than 10%
8. A 15% reduction of the original cross-
sectional area of any point around the hook
opening of the end fitting.
9. Visible distortion of either end fitting out of
its plane.
10. Cracked end fitting.
11. Slings in which the spirals are locked or
without free articulation shall not be used.
12. Fitting that are pitted, corroded, cracked,
bent, twisted, gouged, or broken.
13. Other conditions, including visible damage,
that cause doubt as to the continued use of
the sling.

For additional information, please refer to the

OSHA and ASME standards.
 63

Here are some typical prices for different types of

slings. They have been grouped as close to the same
rated capacity and length as possible. Prices were
obtained in May 2007 and represent a typical cost,
although many rigging dealers may have different
prices on certain items.

SLING Size VRC Price

2600 Ibs |$ 16.00

Mesh Sling 2300 Ibs | $ 280.00
Note: All slings are 4 feet in length

TwinPath® Slings
|
Size(weight)
| VRC | Price |

3/4" dia (26 Ibs 11,200 Ibs |$ 112.00

1-1/4" dia (83 lbs 30,000 Ibs |$ 355.00
Note: All slings are 20 feet in length
VRC = Vertical Rated Capacity teastan
64

Basic Terminology

Sling - an assembly which connects the load to

the lifting equipment.

Kye - a fabricated loop, normally at the end of a

sling, used as an attachment or choke point.

Leg - the extending portion of a sling used in a

basket hitch or one extension of a sling with
multiple parts.

Fitting - a general term for a piece of lifting hard-

ware such as a hook, oblong, pear link, coupling,
ere:

Reach - the working length of a lifting sling when

pulled taut. It is measured from the load bear-
ing point at one end of the sling, to the load bear-
ing point at the opposite end.

Hitch - the way the sling is fastened to or around

a load.

Sling Angle - the horizontal angle between the

sling leg and the load, when pulled taut.

Working Load Limit - the maximum static load

permitted by the manufacturer. (The terms “rated
capacity’ and “working load limit” are commonly
used interchangeably.)
 65

HARDWARE Lu
<
=
ee)
aoe
<<
a

The hardware used with rigging applications is

just as important as the slings and wire ropes
being used. Just as with slings, hardware that is
used in angular rigging situations will experience
additional loads.

All hardware is rated as if a straight, linear ten-

sion is applied. The Working Load Limits (W.L.L.)
are reduced drastically when equipment is used
improperly or at angles other than designed and
rated for.
66 HARDWARE
 67
Shackles
Common Types

Anchor Shackles ee
ee cc
cee S

fo | at nal te ox

Screw pin type Gs type Round Pin type

Chain Shackles (m
/

©
LI
aa| | |)y
1
Qty
(|h
»

Screw pin type

Synthetic Sling Shackles

a
© Ear Shoulder
 Swivel Hoist Rings
Common Types

ne Side pull
>
=) swivel
E
>
)
m

Chain swivel Webbing

swivel

Swivel
Bushing
 69
Hooks
Common Types

Some commonly used hooks for lifting/rigging operations

HAR

Eye Hook Eye Hook

Self-Locking w/latch for web slings
Eye hooks - The wire rope or a shackle is attached to
the hook through the hook’s eye.

Clevis Grab Hook Clevis Hook Clevis Hook

Self-Locking

Clevis hooks — Designed to be attached to chain, the

link is secured by the pin in the clevis design.

Shank hooks — Shank hooks are

specifically design to swivel 360°.
The one shown has a Self-Closing Gate
Latch (sometimes called a Bullard hook).

Refer to ASME B30.10 "Hooks" for additional information.

 Identification
Per ASME B30.26

mE in
> NEW shackle bodys shall be marked to show: / ~~
eS) (a) name or trademark of manufacturer
2 (b) rated load we
> (c) size Oo} fa

m NEW shackle pins shall be marked to show:

(a) name or trademark of manufacturer
(b) grade, material type, or load rating
/ “ee. \

Swivel hoist ring shall be marked to show:

(a) name or trademark of manufacturer J—\)
(b) rated load ‘hr fe
(c) torque value a

Turnbuckles, eyebolts, and eye nuts shall be —

marked to show: Ne
(a) name or trademark of manufacturer i
(b) size or rated load ¥ —).
(c) grade for alloy eyebolts im) SS

NEW wedge socket body and wedge shall be

marked to show: \
(a) name or trademark of manufacturer Pr
(b) size pee
(c) model, if required to match wedge to body \V/

NEW Wire rope clip saddles sha!l be marked to show:

(a) name or trademark of manufacturer
(b) size

Identification can only be done by the manufacturer.

Markings should be forged, cast, or die stamped into
the equipment as appropriate. Identification shall be
legible for the life of the hardware. Refer to ASME
B30.26 for additional information.
ASME Consensus Standards are usually more rigorous than state and federal
OSHA requirements, compliance is voluntary unless otherwise required.
i el

Hardware Inspection
Per ASME B30.26
Initial Inspection*:
Prior to use, all new rigging hardware shall be inspected.

Frequent Inspection*:
A visual inspection shall be performed each day before
the rigging hardware is used.

Periodic Inspection*: HAR

A complete inspection of the rigging hardware shall be
performed by a designated person at an interval not to
exceed one year. The frequency is be based on; the
frequency of use, service conditions, and other
experience gained.
*Written records are not required.
Removal Criteria
Rigging hardware shall be removed from service if
damage such as the following is visible:
@ missing or illegible identification or markings
@ heat damage, weld spatter, arc strikes, excessive
pitting, corrosion, nicks or gouges
@ bent, twisted, distorted, stretched, elongated,cracked,
or broken load-bearing components
@ reduction (stretching) at any point around the body
or pin, incomplete pin engagement, or excessive
thread damage
@ oF any other conditions that cause doubt as to the
continued use of the rigging hardware
Hardware temperature limits:
Swivel hoist rings: MAX 400°F (204°C) MIN -20°F (-29°C)
Carbon steel eyebolts: MAX 275°F (135°C) MIN 30°F (-1°C)
Shackles: MAX 400°F (204°C) MIN -40°F (-40°C)
Wire rope clips: MAX 400°F (204°C) MIN -40°F (-40°C)
Wedge sockets: MAX 400°F (204°C) MIN -4°F (-20°C)
Steel links & rings: MAX 400°F (204°C) MIN -40°F (-40°C)
Rigging blocks: MAX 150°F (66°C) MIN 0°F (-18°C)

Requirements shown are abridged and DO NOT

address all the specific requirements for each type
of rigging hardware. Refer to ASME B30.26 for a
complete listing of these requirements.
 72
CAUTIONS & WARNINGS
The Capacity tables shown in this
book are only intended to provide
we typical hardware capacities for pre-
>>|
S) job planning activities.
=>
eS)
Be aware than the hardware capacities
m
are different depending on each sling
manufacturer!
For example: the capacity for a 1" shackle can
range from 8.5 tons to 16 tons depending on
the type, grade and manufacturer.

Never assume that all

rigging hardware is the
same!
Always select_and use all rigging
hardware by the rated capacity (WLL
as provided by the manufacturer.
 73
Wedge Socket Installation
The construction industry uses wedge sockets
extensively because they attach easily to a wire
rope. In applying the socket, the live rope should Lu
lead out of the socket in a straight line. <
=
Q
ja
<
as

“live
rope”

The tail length of the dead

end of the wire rope
should never be less than 6
inches. For standard wire
rope the tail length should
be a minimum of 6 wire
rope diameters. For
rotation resistant ropes the
minimum length should
be 20 rope diameters.
 74
Wire rope clips used in conjunction with wedge
sockets shall be attached only to the unloaded
(dead end) of the rope - ASME B30.5-2004
Live end

Dead end
HARDWARE

NOTE: Rotation Resistant Rope (not shown)

requires additional precautions. Ensure that the
dead end is brazed or seized before inserting into
the wedge socket to prevent core slippage.
 75
When using wedge sockets:

e Make sure that a sudden jolt or impact does

not dislodge a wedge.
Lu
¢ When installing wire rope, always pre-load the
wedge with wire rope in place.
<
e
=
Check frequently to re-tighten or re-position a)
cc
as necessary. <=
¢ Make allowance for the crimping effect 2
common with all types of wedge sockets.
Experience shows that it will reduce the
Working Load of a line by 20 percent.

Inserting line into the wedge socket

Make sure that the wedge is correct for the

wire rope size! Generally the size is shown
on the side wedge and the socket body.
/auVMCYVH

Socket
Body

Components
Warnings:

e [Loads may slip or fall if the wedge socketis

not properly installed.
e Read and understand the manufacturer's
instructions before installing the wedge
socket.
e Do not side load the wedge socket.
e Do not interchange one manufacturer's wedge
socket, wedge, or pin with another
manufacturer's product.
e §=Apply the first load to fully seat the wedge and
wire rope in the socket. This load should be of
equal or greater weight than loads expected
during use/lifting.
e Do not interchange wedges between metric
and U.S. devices or between sockets of
different sizes.
e Before installing a wedge socket on plastic
coated or plastic impregnated wire rope,
consult the wedge socket manufacturer, wire
rope manufacturer, or a qualified person.
 77
Eyebolts
ANSI B1i8.15*
Forged Alloy Shoulder Machinery Eyebolts
\ valid for hardware that was manufactured to Lu
meet ANSI/ASME B18.15 Standards oc

0° 30° =
Eyebolts from an QO
60° unknown manufacturer x
should NEVER be used aa
90° for overhead lifting!

ALWAYS VERIFY WLLs with the

equipment manufacturer before use.

180
7/16" | 1.380
RS a a ee Oe er eee

| am 7,880 |” 3.850 |" 2.6301] 2.320]

24,700
2m 32500
WLL values shown in pounds

* ANSI/ASME B18.15-1985 (Reaffirmed 1995, 2003)

 EyeboltsCrosby® S-279

as These Working Load Limits 0°

are to ONLY be used with hy es
>
=) Crosby® S-279 Forged ratec ioda 45°

E
>
Machinery Eyebolts!

25% of
eS)
m rated load

Eye bolts and Hoist Rings

should be threaded into the
surface a minimum of 1.5
times the thread diameter
(ASME B30.26-2.9.4.2)

a ee
a/a"x20 | 650] 195] 163 |
5/16"x 18
3/8"x16 | 1550] 465 | 388 |
a/2"x13_ | 2,600] 780] 650 |
3/4"x10 | 7,200] 2,160] 1,800 |
a"x8 | 13,300] 3,990] 3,325 |
-1/4" x7
Lod-1/2" x6
|

Angular lifts will significantly lower working load

limits and should be avoided whenever possible.
If an angular lift is required, a properly seated
eye bolt must be used. Loads should always be
applied to eye bolts in the plane of the eye, not at
an angle to this plane. Contact the manufacturer
for detailed information.
 (4)
Eyebolts
Machinery Eye Bolts by Chicago Hardware

Straight
Straight
Pull
pull
ONLY WLL
| 1 |1/4"x20[500 |
| 2 |5/16"x1s{
900 |
| 4 |7/16"x 14] 2,000 | HA
| 5 |1/2"x13| 2,600 |
| 6 |9/16"x12| 3,200 |
5/8"x 11
| 8 |3/4"x10| 6,000 |
S17) BUX:9 1027,000)|
1 |12,000 |
| 12 |1-1/4"x7] 15,000 |
| 14 |1-1/2"x6] 21,000
Working load limits for eye bolts are based on a straight vertical lift in a gradually
increasing manner. Angular lifts (Shoulder Pattern only) will significantly lower
working load limits and should be avoided whenever possible. Angular lifts
(Shoulder Pattern only) must never be more than a 45° pull.
* Reprinted from the Chicago Hardware 2003 catalog,
St ral ght available online at: www.chicagohardware.com
pull
45° pull Straight} 45°
Pull Pull
SIZE| DiaxTPI | WLL | WLL
1/4"x20| 500 |
| 22 |5/16"x18| 900 |
| 23 |3/8"x16| 1,400| 350 |
| 24 |7/16"x14| 2,000 | 500 |
| 25 |1/2"x13| 2,600 |
| 26 |9/16"x12] 3,200 |_750 |
Shoulder | 27 |5/8"x11| 4,000 |1,000 |
| 28 |3/4"x10| 6,000 |1,500 |
| 29 | 7/8"x9 | 7,000 |4,750 |
[|30 | 1"x8 | 9,000 |2,250 |
1-1/8" x7] 12,000 |2,500 |
| 32 4-1/4" x7] 15,000 |3,750 |
| 34 [1-1/2"x 6] 21,000 |4,900 |
 Eyebolts
Operating Practices

JYVMCYVH

Spacers or washers vertical VES

Ono
SHALL NOT be used
between the bushing
flange and the

«&®
mounting surface

Eye bolts and Hoist

Rings should be I
threaded intothe Y ___
surface a minimum of
1.5 times the thread 1-1/2"
diameter* .

Only Shoulder Eyebolts

can be side loaded

* per ASME B380.26-2.9.4.2

“when used in a tapped blind
hole, the effective thread
length shall be at least 1-1/2 in-line
times the diameter of the bolt loading

for engagement in steel ... For

other thread engagements or
in other materials, contact the Eye Nuts
eyebolt manufacturer or a
qualified person.”
 81
Eyebolts
Alignment

Lu
<
=
a)
cc
<=
ata

Shim Thickness
Eye Bolt Required to change
size (inches) rotation 90 degrees
(inches)

1" x 8 tpi 0.0312

tpi = threads per inch

0.0417
When a shouldered eyebolt needs to be turned to
align with the rigging, a shim is added to reposi-
tion the eyebolt and maintain tightness.
 82
Swivel Hoist Rings
Same WLL
regardless of the
Ae angle!
, >
=)

=
=
2)
mii es ye

ed
sae

Key issues when using Hoist Rings:

e The threaded holes must be clean, and not

damaged.
e The hoist ring must be fully seated with all the
threads of the bolt fully engaged.
e Always torque hoist rings to the proper value.
e Tightening torque values shown are based
upon threads being clean, dry and free of
lubrication
e Bolt specifications are typically Grade 8 Alloy
socket head cap screw (per ASTM A-574
standard) All values are based on threads that
are UNC.
e When a Hoist Ring is installed with a nut, the
nut must have full thread engagement and
must meet the meet the manufacturers
requirements.

Certain manufacturers may list different

working load limits for this type of lifting
equipment. Always consult the manufacturer
for specific installation and use recommen-
dations when using this type of equipment.
 83
Swivel Hoist Rings

HARD
|
SS 360 degree rotation
with 100% loading at
any direction or angle

sre x14|4000) 60

Tightening torque values shown are based upon

threads being clean, dry and free of lubrication
ae
> The Working Load Limit and torque
20
=
value are typically stamped on the
top of most hoist rings.
>
20
m

Ssnaan®

“Spacers or washers
SHALL NOT be used
between the bushing
flange and the mounting
surface”
ASME 830-26 j

Eye bolts and Hoist Rings should be threaded into the

surface a minimum of 1.5 times the thread diameter*

* per ASME B30.26-2.9.4.2 “when used in a tapped blind hole,

the effective thread length shall be at least 1-1/2 times the
diameter of the bolt for engagement in steel ... For other
thread engagements or in other materials, contact the
eyebolt manufacturer or a qualified person.”

Always consult the manufacturer for specific installation and use recommenda-
tions when using this type of equipment.
 85
End Termination
strength efficiency

Wire rope attachments develop less than full

strength of the wire rope. Always consult the
manufacturer for the exact values of the equip-
ment. These examples are based on typical equip-
ment and installations.
HARD
Wedge Sockets — Spelter Sockets
he ad up to100%
Y‘4
'Y | G
V

Wire Rope Clips

approximately 80%
efficiency if properly
installed

U-bolt double
type saddle type
 86
Wire Rope Clips

x |

=|

This common phrase is a way to help

remember the correct way to install a wire
rope clip. ean

It tells you that the U-bolt goes

on the dead end of the rope —
where crushing will not affect
the strength ofthe rope. Visor

SSIS

Even one incorrect clamp will reduce

the capacity of the end termination.
 87
Wire Rope
Connections

HAR
shall not be used to fabricate wire rope
e the application of slings prevents
preiabrica ted slings and where the specific
ication is designed by a qualified person."

ASME B30-9

What does this mean?

Basically, that you shouldn’t fabricate wire rope
slings for general repetitive daily use.
However - for special or one-time unusual lifts wire
rope clips may be used to fabricate rigging including
slings. This method should only be used in special
cases, provided the wire rope clips’ manufacturer's
recommendations are followed explicitly.
Refer to AMSE B30 for additional information

a
PD \
(Af) DyAYE
(( OVER se OS ~

ae SGTSS BSS
L = Woe
Vv wy

"Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, or bull wires shall not be

formed by wire rope clips or knots."
OSHA 1926.251(c)(4)(iii)
 Wire Rope Clips

ae
> Determine the amount of turn back
eS) STEP 1 required from the tables shown on
E
>
the next page.
Apply first clip one base width from the dead end of
DF
ai the rope. Tighten nuts evenly and torque at the
recommended value.

Apply the second clip as near to the

STEP 2 loop as possible. Tighten nuts evenly
and torque at the recommended value.

EZ LLL?
LLL SZ

Apply the rest of the clips as

STEP 3 indicated in the tables. Space clips
accordingly and torque.

ZZ LZ LE
LLL
LLL Zz ZZ

Apply light tension and tighten all

nuts evenly to specified torque

Recheck and re-tighten nuts after the

initial load. This load should be at
least equal to loads expected in
general use.

Wire rope will stretch slightly causing a reduction in

diameter which will slacken the clips. Nuts should be
checked at frequent intervals for proper tightness.
 89
U-bolt type
fa Wire rope clips {

Consult the equipment manufacturer for

Lu
<
specific installation requirements

Wire Rope Clips - Installation data =

Q
Number Hebe : ie
of clips Torque in <x
(minimum) | Turnback | Foot-lbs 3E

3/8" 6-1/2" 45
7/16"

5/8"
3/4" 130
25
es es ar eo ee

re [6 [38 [205
ie [8 [ee 360
se [8 [se | 400
Tae [3 for | 00
oars
ima
 Dou ble Saddle

JYVMGYVH Number
of clips Torque in

Tae fe | «
(minimum) Foot-ibs

%
Cee fe [ee fe
Pref a[oe
Poe [3s[eer [0
ie [es
 91
Crosby® Shackles

Source: Crosby®
G-209 CARBON STEEL Shackles
G-209A ALLOY STEEL Shackles HA.

Tone
[Carbon] Alloy |
ES Clee Gee
2s |
CS eee
Siam
142 2 2/3 |
ost | 2 | 3123
s/s" |0.75"| 1.00)314] 5|
|<3 4 OBES25"
27 [8° 4 7.00" [1.44" |
Sl ae isa S0428-694
1-1/8" |1.25" 881" 99112) 15
[a-aja" | 1.36"|2.03712
4-3/8" | 1.5"
tan 263" fee” 917 |
7-3/4" | 2". | 288" 828
ae neta 3.25"
|2-1/2" | "| 443" |. 55° |
* Gro.
osby* shackles
are rated in METRIC TONS

Always select and use the shackle by the rated

capacity (WLL) that is shown on the shackle.
These tables are for reference only - NEVER
assume that all shackles are rated the same!
 Shackle Side Load
MULTIPLE SLINGS
fo
in shackle body

—S
MAXIMUM
included
JYVMCYVH angle

“Multiple slings in the body of a shackle shall

not exceed 120 degrees included angle”
ASME B30.26-1.9.4(k)

If the shackle is to be side loaded, the rated load shall be

reduced according to the recommendations of the
manufacturer or a qualified person per ASME B30.26

SINGLE 20°
SLING
in shackle body
CAR 5
30% Reduction

0° to 5° | 6° to 45° |46° to 90°

100% | 30% 50%
| ton | 2,000] 1,400 _1,000 |
| 2ton | 4,000] 2,800] 2,000 |

Generic reductions shown in Ibs

NOT APPLICABLE TO ROUND PIN SHACKLES
 93

| CYVH
Web Sling Shackles

JYVM
Crosby® S-253
Web Sling Shackle
Wis

COS
a3
£ ie:
O n>

=
opt)Be

@
U
_
 94
Wide Body Shackles

Crosby ® Wide Body Shackl es G-2160

= -!ol

SO] Oo} 0)] 0

HARDWARE
its)

i oa

SaadoO _

wo] O;]Ol1o;o
NL O]O;]oO;o
es ol-l=

[o} Moe) O}] O}] ©

WEL ARG a5 2G: Dre Ke] SG 2)

| 30_| 7.73 |2.37 | 1.63 | 7.00
| 40 _|9.32 |2.88 | 2.00
}] 9] F] wo] co
SSH hase od FS SA le
rey)
N
oe)
NI
N

* Working Load L imi t (metric tons)

 95
Slingmax® Twin-Path®
Shackle Sizes

WLL's are based on a MINIMUM straight pin

HARD
diameter, one-half the width ofthe sling
From the Slingmax® Tech Bulletin #3 "Pin Sizes
for Twin-Path® Extra Slings" (December 2003)
Approx.
Twin-Path® Vertical Body
Rated Width
Stock No. Capacity i
(inches)

| TP 200 |2,000)
| TP 300 |3,000)
| TP 450 |4,500)

|TP 1200 |12,000)

__

| TP2200 |22,000

Shackles must have the same or greater rated capacity as the sling
being used. The shackle openings must be of the proper shape and
size to assure that the sling will seat properly without bunching

Twin-Path® information provided by:

SLINGMAX® Rigging Solutions (www.slingmax.com)
Telephone: 610-485-8500
 96
oe a I

Slingmax® Twin-Path®
Shackle Sizes

fo Suggested shackles based on a straight pin

> diameter that is one-half the sling width.
es)

=
>
Sling
Width} SHACKLE SIZE, TYPE, WLL
PIN |STOCK
D IA
DF 7/8" Screw Pin Anchor (9.5t) | 1.000
rT |
1" Screw Pin Anchor (12.5t 1.130} 1.000

1-1/2" Bolt Type (30t 1.660} 1.530

1-3/4" Bolt Type (40t
30 ton Wide Body Shackle 1.630] 2.500

se Bolt Type (85t 2.710| 2.710

75 ton Wide Body Shackle 2:750 | 2.550

pe Bolt Type (120t 3.300] 3.120

125 ton Wide Body Shackle 3.150] 3.150
Note: It’s a good practice to always use as large of a diameter as
possible. Since shackle pins are usually larger than the body
diameter, selecting the shackle based on the body or stock diameter
will result in a larger load bearing surface area for the sling.

When using a shackle that has exposed

threads on the pin, cover or protect this
area to prevent the sling from being
forced into this area when loaded.

All slings are subject to cutting when lifting

on load edges. All edges in contact with
the sling must be padded with material of
sufficient thickness or strength to prevent
damage to the sling
 97
Alloy MasterCrosbyLink
A-342

HARD
|

Based on Single leg slings

(in-line load) or resultant
load on multiple legs with an
included angle less than or
equal to 120 degrees.

Improper
Loading The capacity or WLL is NOT
the same for all equipment.
The data shown above is
only valid when using A-342
Alloy Master Links manufac-
tured by The Crosby Group.

Links by other manufacturers will have different, and

usually lower, Working Load Limits.

DO NOT USE THE VALUES SHOWN ABOVE WITH

UNKNOWN MANUFACTURERS EQUIPMENT!
 98
Alloy PearCrosby
LinkA-341

AYVMGYVH | 7/8" | 14,000 |3.75] 6.38

| 4" |24,360] 3.5] 7_|
}1-1/4"| 36,000 |4.38] 8.75
}1-1/2"| 54,300 [5.25] 10.5
|1-3/4"| 84,900] 6 | 12 |
| 2" |102,600| 7 | 14 |
|2-1/4"| 143,100] 8 | 16 |
The data shown above is only valid when using A-341
Alloy Pear Shaped Links manufactured by The Crosby
Group. WLL Data taken from Crosby 2006 catalog

Based on Single leg slings (in-line

load) or resultant load on muitiple
legs with an included angle less
than or equal to 120 degrees.

Correct Loading

Improper
Loading

DO NOT USE THE VALUES SHOWN ABOVE WITH

UNKNOWN MANUFACTURERS EQUIPMENT!
 99

Turnbuckles

HARD
|

HOOK EYE & JAW

end fitting end fitting

0
type types
40 p
500

Tze
J

7,500 _| 1-1/2" | 21,400 _

WLL values shown in pounds
 100
Weldless Rings
Crosby S-643

et
>
m2)
=
> 1" Dia X 4" ID
2
m
1-1/8" Dia X 6" ID

1-3/8" DiaxX6"ID | 19,000)

The data shown above is only valid when using Crosby
S-643 Weldless Rings manufactured by The Crosby
Group. WLL Data taken from Crosby 2006 catalog

DO NOT USE THE VALUES SHOWN ABOVE WITH

UNKNOWN MANUFACTURERS EQUIPMENT!

Just because they may look similar

DOES NOT mean they are the same!

Use caution when selecting and using any link or

ring. These useful pieces of rigging hardware
vary widely between manufacturers. Some mas-
ter links are made for use with chains and have a
different WLL than a standard master link. Com-
ponents manufactured for use with chains may
only have a 4:1 Design Factor instead of the 5:1
required for other types of slings and rigging hard-
ware.
 AYVMCYVH
101
102 FORMULAS
 103

FORMULAS

%
<x
aa
cD
=
ce
12)
nr

OSHA 1910.184 states that "slings shall not be

used with loads in excess of their rated capaci-
ties".

The weight of the object to be lifted must be es-

tablished before you can select the rigging and
rigging hardware.
104

Standard weights of typical materials

Material Cu. ft Cu. Inch

Wood, pine 0.0174

 105
Cube or rectangle

3 Determine the volume of the object

axbxc=volume

Determine the approximate

weight of the object
volume x weight (per Cu)

a ee

EXAMPLE:
a=12inches cz=5 inches
b=24inches Material: Steel

> find the volume:

12 X 24 X 5 = 1440 Cu inches

4) find the weight:

1440 X .2836 = 408.38 Ib
106
Round Shapes

Es Determine the volume of the object

VOLUME = 0.7854 XD XDXH
2) Determine the approximate
weight of the object
WEIGHT = Volume X Weight (per Cu)
i D i

<>
I I

EXAMPLE:
D = 18 inches
H = 42inches Material: Steel

) find the volume:

0.7854 X 18 X 18 X 42 = 10687.72 Cu in

} find the weight:

10687.72 X .2836 = 3031.03 Ibs

 107
Round & Hollow (Pipe)

& Determine the volume of the object

VOLUME =T x (D-T) x 3.141 xH
©) Determine the approximate
weight of the object
WEIGHT = Volume x Weight (per Cu)

VY)
<=
ae
=)
Ee
cc
‘e)
ire

D = outside diameter
H = overall length of pipe
T = wall thickness

EXAMPLE:
D = 18 inches Material: Steel
T = 1.5 inches
H = 48 inches

3731.5 x 22836 = 1058.25 Ibs

» 1058 pounds
108
Frustum of a cone

€ Determine the volume of the object

VOLUME = 0.2618 X h X ( D*+ Dxd + d*)
Determine the approximate
weight of the object
WEIGHT = Volume x Weight (per Cu)

d = OD of small end
D h = overall length
D = OD of large end
EXAMPLE:
d = 6 inches Material: Steel
D = 18 inches
h = 32 inches

find the volume:

0.2618 x 32 x ((18x18)+(18x6)+(6x6))= 3920.71 Cu in
also expressed as:
0.2618 x 32 x (468) = 3920.71 Cu in

ae)
find the weight:
3920.71 x .2836 = 1111.91 Ibs

1112 pounds
 109
The four shapes covered on the previous pages
Will allow you to determine the approximate
weight of almost any object. For example exam-
ine the illustration of a valve bonnet below, no-
tice that if you visualize it as separate shapes
you Can easily determine its approximate weight.

When in doubt, estimate on the HIGH side.

It is always better to OVER RIG than UNDER
RIG.

The following applies to the illustration of the

valve bonnet shown below.

1.) Is considered round & hollow.

2.) Is a frustum of a cone.

3.) Is the hole in the center.

(figure the hole as a solid round shape, then

subtract its weight from the fustum.)

© pire
4.) Is eansidered round & hallaw

—— 5 fustum

Remember, establishing the weight of an

object is one of the most important steps in
determining what type of rigging equipment to
use for a safe lift!
110
Tension Basics
Sling Angles

Each sling yx
carries half the \ /
load weight in
5,000 Ibs this — —
of force configuration { 5,000 tbs }
ats offorce }

90°

At 60 degrees the
force on each sling
is slightly higher # i 5,775 Ibs)
than if they were at f \ of force }
90 degrees 5 v4 :
5,775 Ibs
of force 60°

At this low angle

EACH sling has
more tension than ,
the load itself ae A oT
weighs .
11,820 Ibs ad \ offorce
“A of force 25 ty ‘s

Load Weight = 10,000 Ibs

 111
Quick Check
Sling Angles

A If you can lay the sling down i

{ and it touches the other
hal attachment point, then the
Th angle is ~ 60 degrees

ll FOR
If the sling is shorter lan
than the attachment >» /.
points, then the angle is 4
less than 60 degrees. vt

If the sling is
12 foot long longer than the
attachment
points, then the
angle is greater
than 60 degrees.
gla7
Leg Loading
1 Leg: 2 Legs:
1leg carries the 2 legs share the
entire load entire load

It’s recommended you consider that

only 2 legs will carry the load, even
when using 4 legs, since it is difficult to
assure that all the legs will carry an
equal share of the load.

3 Legs:
3 legs share the
entire load

4 Legs:
2 legs carry a majority of
the load, the other 2 legs
help balance the load
 Angular Tension
)07 Jerry Klinke

Remember:
“low angles ALWAYS increase the tension”

Gap Cae

& af b 8

UMMMMIUUUUUA, 1000 >: SAMMLLAATTD DG

It’s best to try to maintain a 60

degree horizontal sling angle if
possible
At 60 degrees the
force on each sling :
is slightly higher | “575 Ibs |
than if they were at / \_of force
90 degrees Es
75 Ibs
BIDICS

Load Weight 1000 Ibs

 114
SS EEE

Tension Calculation
Using Horizontal Sling Angle

To determine the amount of Horizontal

tension on a sling used at angles Angie L.A.F.

other than 90 degrees (vertical), ee 11.49
use the table at the right to obtain 10° §.75
the Load Angle Factor (L.A.F.) and 1 3.861
following formula:
20° 2.924
ie (Weight + No of legs) x L.A.F. 2 2B
oe) 30 ° 2.00
=)
ns Example: If the load weight is 4,000 Ibs, She 1.742
=
G and two (2) slings are used at a 40
degree angle each. 40° 1:555
>
nH 45° 1.474
(4000 +2) x 1.555 = 3,110
es Th 1.305
Therefore, each leg will have 3,110 lbs
of tension. 55° 1.221
60 ° 4.155
It is recommended that you consider
65 1.104
only 2 legs will carry the load, even when
using 3 and 4 legs, since it is difficult to 70 1.064
assure that all legs will carry an equal
LEDESEIIES
ELLE
share of the load. ho 1.035
80 ° 1.015
85° 1.004
90° 1.00

Horizontal
Angle

Center . ,
f Gravity > 2

When the load is NOT donibited equally on all slings, the tension
on each leg must be calculated individually by a qualified person.
 115
Angle Finder
On the back of this book
You can determine the
horizontal angle by using the
Angle Finder that is on the
back ofthis book. All you need
is a short piece of string, a nut
or washer and your thumb!

) Attach a weight (nut or washer) to a short piece of string.

) Place the edge of the book against the sling.
} Hold the string in place with your thumb and forefinger.
} Let the string hang freely and read the angle on the scale.
 116
Tension Calculation
Using measurements

It's hard to determine the exact angle when

working in the field unless you have a protractor
handy. The following formula provides accurate
calculations by using only measurements taken
in the field:

(Weight ~ No of legs) X (S + H)
i Example: The load weight is 6,000 Ibs and two (2) slings are
(2) used. You measure up the sling 36" (this is the "S" dimension)
D then measure straight down and obtain a 24" measurment
= (this is the "H" dimension).
Cc
a (6000 + 2) x (36 + 24)
= 6,000 Ibs
= 36 inches
>
in y y = 24 inches

3000 x 1.5 = 4,500 Ibs of tension per leg

Center a
of Gravity » 4,

It is recommended that you consider that only 2 legs will carry

the load, even when using 3 and 4 legs, since it is difficult to
assure that all legs will carry an equal share of the load.

"For multiple-leg slings used with nonsymmetrical loads, an

analysis by a qualified person should be performed to prevent
overloading of any leg" ASME B30.9
 Bis
Tension Calculation
Using measurements
Instead of measuring the sling length, you can also
obtain the “S” & “H” dimensions by creating an
“invisible triangle” with a tape measure (remember that
all measruements must be in INCHES).

Was)
i110)
3
mO

Center
of Gravity >» 4,

IMPORTANT: Make sure when measuring the

“H” dimension that the tape is perfectly plumb
(straight down) otherwise it will not be a true
right angle triangle.

Tip: Use 36” for the “S” dimension, because it’s

easy to remember.
 118
Drifting Loads
with chainfalls

To determine how much tension will be

placed upon chainfalls used in angular
rigging situations, use the following formula:

Tension on Chainfall "A" =

(Load weight x D2 x LA) + (H x D3)
Po
Tension on Chainfall "B" =
o |
(Load weight x D1 x LB) + (H x D3)
D §
<a
ci
a> §
ni

i \., |NOTE: This formula assumes that

fpe sea ri
sREESEE),
' both chainfalls are positioned at
sense q the same elevation.
 119
Drifting Loads
EXAMPLE

Values used in this example:

D1=48" D2=96" D3 = 144"

LA=60" LB=102.5" H=36"
Weight of load = 2,000 Ibs

(Load x D2 x LA) = (Hx D3) =

2000
et a
x 96 x 60= 11,820,003 =a 136 x 144 = 5,184 4 FORM|
11,520,000 + 5,184 = 2,222

Chainfall "A" will carry 2,222 Ibs of tension

(Load x D1 x LB) + (H x D3) =

ulesom
9,840,000 + 5,184 = 1,898

Chainfall "B" will carry 1,898 Ibs of tension

 120
Seen

| Tightlines
To determine how much tension will be placed
upon slings used in angular rigging situations, use
the following formula:
Tension on the Left Sling (LS) =
(Load x D2 x LS) + (H x D3)
Tension on the Right Sling (RS) =
n (Load x D1 x RS) + (H x D3)
\e)
=
ES) ie

NOTE:
cc This formula is based on
fa both sides being attached
>
n at the same elevation."

(Tension)

Professional
engineering evalua-
tions should always
be obtained before
using tightlines.

Tightlines can create tremendous forces on structures and rigging

equipment. This formula only considers the additional tension placed
upon the slings. Considerations must also be made for the shackles,
attachments, and building members used to rig from. Professional
engineering evaluations should always be obtained when using
tightlines.
 121
Tightlines
EXAMPLE

Values used in this example:

D1=40" D2=105" D3 = 145"
ES stamens 120: H=26°

Weight of load = 1,000 Ibs

e
x
ae |

Gat a
(Load x D2 x LS) +(H x D3) a
ee a g®
PF LL

The RIGHT sling will have 1,182 Ibs of tension

 122
LS

Tension Calculation
Unequeal Legs

FORMULA

Sling "A" Tension

(Load x D2 x SA) + H x (D1 + D2)

Sling "B" Tension

(Load x D1 x SB) + H x (D1 + D2)

| SVINWHOS
a SN
123
Unequal Legs
EXAMPLE

Values used in this example:

DiL=40"- D2.= 63" H = "

SA 5bGne (So=70: ya
Weight of load = 10,000 Ibs

Crew
Load x D2 x SA) + H x (D1 + D2)
FOR

Sling “A” will have 6,728 Ibs of tension

 124
r
Seen eee e

Tension Calculation
Unequeal Legs & Heights

Calculating the stress on non-symmetrical bridle

hitches is more complex that the normal sling
formula. Because of the imbalance of load weight,
you must determine the center of gravity first.
Then the sling tensions can be determined using
the formulas listed below.

FORMULAS

Sling "A" Tension

(Load x D2 x SA) + [(D2 x H1) + (D1 x H2)]

INWYOS
sv Sling "B" Tension
(Load x D1 x SB) + [(D2 x H1) + (D1 x H2)]

\
€ Center
of Gravity

When the load is NOT distributed equally on all slings, the tension
on each leg must be calculated individually by a qualified person.
 125
Unequeal Legs
EXAMPLE

Values used in this example:

Bi 65) "F227" H1 = 60"

SA=81" SB=36" H2 = 24"

Weight of load = 6,000 Ibs

(Load x D2 x SA) = [(D2 x H1) + (D1 x H2)]

a eee FOR
S\GOO) % 27x 81 = 13122000 — ‘27
x 60 = 1,620 T4155 x 24 = 1,3204

13122000 + 2,940 = 4,463

“Answer:
Sling "A" will have 4,463 Ibs of tension

(Load x D1 x SB) + [(D2 x H1) + (D1 x H2)]

ae

11880000 + 2,940 = 4,040

Sling "B" will have 4,040 Ibs of tension

 126

Center of Gravity
( .
\,
A simple way to determine the center of ~=

gravity (CG) is to weight both ends using a ew

load cell or crane scale. And when you add

the weight of the two ends together it will
give you the total weight of the load*

*it may be slightly heavier than actual, but very close

Step 1:
Lift each end (about an inch) and record the weights
Step2:
AS(OE
SATAY
Ee Measure the distance between the lifting/support points
Step 3:
Calculate the CG (From end "A" towards end “B”)

CG =B+(A+B)XD
Vertical
Vertical Weight
Weight
 ihe

Center of Gravity
15,000 Ibs
5,000 Ibs

A=5000
B= 15000
D = 20 feet
1
i (CG) is feet I i
I i
‘Co
Joon

15000 + (5000 + 15000) X 20= 15

The CG (from end "A" towards end “B”) is 15 ft

|FOR

This method will provide you with the

location of the CG for the side of the load.
You can perform the same calculations from
the end of the load, then intersect the 2 CG's
to find the total of the entire object.
 128
Block (Pulley) Loading

Block Loading

A single sheave block used to

Total Load
change load line direction
can be subjected to total
loads greatly different from
the weight being lifted or
pulled. The total load value
varies with the angie
between the incoming and
departing lines to the block.

INWdYOs
sv a
(>-—>

NOTE: The total load at the

pulley attachment point is
always greater than the weight
of the load being lifted!
A
1000 Ibs
Line pull
requires
1000 Ibs

.
Line pull
NS
requires 1000 Ibs
1000 ibs
 129

Block Loading
Totai Load = Line Pull x Angle Factor
Example: 5000 Ibs line pull at 40° (5000 x 1.87) a total load of 9,350 ibs

FOR

Mechanical Advantage
Weight to be lifted
Pull Required = -
Mechanical Advantage

1 part of line 2 parts of line

Mechanical _ Mechanical _
Advantage — Advantage

wee :
/ ONLY the parts of \,
/ line supporting the \
' load are considered. |
Never include the
\ “pulling end” of
\\ the fine (@) Ig
\ we

Line pull
geal atIbs
Line pull
500 Ibs
1,000
 130

Block Loading
Since the block "A" is a traveling block, the mechanical
advantage is 2 because two parts of load line support the
1,000 Ibs load (Block bearing friction NOT considered).

To determine line pull (force required to lift load):

1000 + 2=500 Ibs

To determine load on block "A":

(line pull) x (factor of 0 degrees)
500 Ibs x 2.00 = 1,000 Ibs

To determine load on block "B":

500 Ibs x 1.87 + 500 Ibs = 1,435 Ibs
INWdOS
sv
To determine load on block "C":
500 Ibs x .84 = 420 Ibs

To determine load on block "D":

500 Ibs x 1.41 = 705 Ibs

1000 Ibs
 131

Pulling Force
To move a load on a LEVEL plane

F (Force) = CF x W

WY
<
oe
=
To move a load on =
2
an UPHILL incline
joO

F= [CF x W x(R=L)] + [(H=L) x W]

To move a load on a DOWNHILL incline:

F= [CF x W x(R=L)] - [(H=L) x W]

LEGEND Surfaces CE
Force required
7 ed ea Concrete on concrete 0.65
Coefficient Metal on concrete 0.60
of friction
fengtivel rams Steel on steel 0.20
HEIGHT Cast ironon steel 0.25
(Vertical distance in feet)
RUN Load on wheels 0.05
ats ae distance in feet) Load on ice 0.01

W= Weight of load
Wood on wood 0.50
Wood on metal 0.30
Wood on concrete 0.45
Continuous Lubricated Surface 0.15

These coefficient of friction values apply to hard, clean surfaces

sliding against each other. These may not directly relate to
your application due to actual surface conditions.
 132
Equipment update

Digital Dynamometers
(sometimes called load cells)
are an invaluable tool to
safely and conveniently
es eliminate guesswork
2) and risks associated
D
4 with lifting loads of
c
e unknown weight.
>
rn

They can be used to weight objects, and

to measure force on slings or other lifting
situations. They are available as a stand
alone measuring unit,or they can transmit
a wireless signal to a small handheld
device that can monitor several units at
the same time. Relatively inexpensive
compared to typical rigging equipment,
these units are also available for rental
from many rigging shops and suppliers.
 133

EXAMPLES

ph dg

EXA
 134
Softeners |

WEAR PROTECTION
"Sharp edges in contact
with the sling should be
m
Pas padded with material of
> sufficient strength to
=
U protect the sling."
A
m
n ASME B30-9 )

L,

~>
CORNER PROTECTION
Best practice: change the
profile of a corner in contact
with a sling to a radius.
 Sharp corners can
cut and damage
Slings and result in
Sling failure.

WY
Ww
pe
a.
=
~s
=<
fr

damaged!

Applies to all types of slings!

But synthetic slings especially
need protection from load\\_ |
edges - even if the edge is not \\ /
"razor" sharp. i,
An edge without adequate );\\
protection may result in a ||
catastrophic sling failure. te
 Y
SS
SS

WWWwaeEU-

These magnetic edge protectors are made

m 3 out of nylon and can be used with both
~< synthetic and wire rope slings.
> |
<a
=
BS)
m
7,

Available through Lift-It

Manufacturing Company, Inc.
Phone: (323) 582-6076
website: www.lift-it.com
 Misc Hazards
Graphics ©200.

Wide WEB Sling

Hazard

} 4
Low sling angles with bee o
wide nylon slings will 1 SJ ae
result in tearing ofthe 1° “~s-=.—-7 a
material at the contact /

EXAM

L
OU
First, make sure the grading will structurally
support the load (engineering analysis may
be required) then use a piece of wood,
metal pipes or rods to distribute the load
and protect the sling from damage against
the sharp edges of the grading.
 138

Eyebolts —
Eyebolts should be
threaded into the
surface a minimum of
1.5 times the thread 1
diameter, this also ai
applies to hoist rings. 1-1/2"

Insufficient thread
engagement may
cause the threads
to fail

| SaIdWVX4
The condition of the threads is a key issue
when using eyebolts. This applies to BOTH
the eyebolt and the threads in the
equipment being hoisted.
Body is
ap in good
Always make sure the threads \ \ condition
are clean and in good
condition.

Inspect eye bolts before each No damaged

use for defects that may effect <— threads
proper thread engagement.

a Straight -
NO bends

° Inspect and clean the eye bolt threads and the hole.
* Screw the eye bolt on all the way down and properly seat.
e Ensure the tapped hole in the body has a minimum depth of one-and-a-
half times the bolt diameter.
° The shoulder should be in full contact with the surface of the object
being lifted.
 139
Eyebolts
YES Only shoulder eyebolts can be used
for angular lifting*. The shoulder
must be flush and securely
i tightened against the load.

Jer eyebolts are used for angular lifting

YE 5. Eyebolts not shouldered shall

only be used for in-line loads

NO!
©)
»
2
a)

t >
eS jee

<x
a ~<
Lu
Vertical Ont

Be alert for situations that may leave the threaded

shaft without side support and that would allow the
shaft to bend. Some examples are when a counter-
bored hole or multiple washers are used under the
shoulder of the eyebolt.
 0° to 5°
100%

of rated
capacity

¢ Values shown are per

m
Pas ASME B30.26 (2004)
>
=
“U0
ES Shouldered eye bolts should only be used for angular
PR lifting if rated by the eye bolt manufacturer.

When using shoulder eyebolts for angular

lifts, the plane of the eye MUST be aligned
in the direction of loading.
Flat washers may be used under the shoulder to adjust
the position ofthe plane ofthe eye (see page 81)
 141
“Reeving” rry Klinke

This illustration shows an extremely EXA

POOR rigging practice. By running or
"reeving" a single sling through the eye
bolts will immensely amplify the force on
the eye bolts due to the resulting force.

Eyebolts will bend or

break because of this
tremendous force
applied to them, this
practice should
ALWAYS be avoided!

force diagram
 142
Shackle Use —

Never load
|
shackles
ey unevenly Ss
Load the shackle ;424
Load
ears

|“STawvxa

S MAXIMUM ZB
Included Angle a

Load Load

Only the bow of a

shackle is designed
for angular loading
 143
Shackle Use
Graphics ©2007 Jerry Klinke

SaTdWvxa
|
"When a shackle is used in a choker hitch, the pin
shall be connected to the eye of the sling"
=f mf
<x “ m
fF
lo oFuewo
BE
|

5S
 144
Seen

Shackle Use

NOT a

<8) direct pull

Too small of a I
shackle size

<0)

X4
WV
Id
SA RIGHT Designed and rated
for in-line loading

The shackle size must

be larger than the
wire rope size
 145
Shackle Use —
How tight should you tighten a
shackle pin?
"The screw pin shall
NO GAP!
be fully engaged,
with the shoulder
(of the pin) in
contact with the
shackle body"

ASME B30-cb )

Hand tighten only!

Don't back off the pin!

Point Loading
ofshackles: A EX
“Point loading of Crosby®
shackle bows and pins is
acceptable as long as the
load is reasonably centered”
®@
Note: Point loading is
not specifically covered
in the ASME standards.
Contact other shackle
manufacturers before
point loading _ their
shackles.

Pad Eyes should fill 80%

or more of the space
between shackle ears
 146
Shackle Use

WEB slings and shackles

Avoid bunching or
pinching of
synthetic slings

To avoid bunching use a

STIdWVXa larger shackle

Or use a special shackle

designed for web slings

Crosby® Sling
Saver shackle

These shackles protect the sling

from bunching, and allow the
slings to be used at full capacity.
 147
Shackle Use

When a SINGLE leg sling is placed into a shackle, the

shackle can be oriented with the pin up or down.
EXA

When MULTIPLE slings are

placed into a shackle,the
pin must always be UP.
 148

ASME B30.10 divides hooks into 2 groups:

Direct-pull
Hooks supporting aloadina
direct-pull configuration, with the
load carried in the base of the hook

a
See
>
=
U
rm
m
Wn
NOT in direct-pull
Hooks that do not support a load
ina direct-pull configuration

Grab Hook

Choker Hook \

Sorting Hook
Not a comprehensive listing, refer to ASME B30.9 for specifics.
 149

Hooks (in direct pull) are designed for

in-line loading. This is a condition
where the load is applied through the
centerline of the hook in a straight
pull.

Working Load Limits are based

on this method of loading.

ASME B30.10 states

"Loads shall be centered Y
tu
ced
in the base of the hook a
to prevent point loading" =
<<
><
of rating fr
The illustration below shows how quickly the
capacity of the hook decreases with point loading.

of rating

DO NOT POINT LOAD HOOKS!

 150
Hooks « Angles

@ Cj

The recommended safe MAXIMUM included

angle of a hook with 2 slings is 90°
m™m
x |
>
=
=
Be
mZa) |

included
angle

“Multiple slings in the body of a shackle shall

not exceed 120 degree included angle”

ASME B30.49
 194

"an object in the eye of a

(synthetic) sling should not be
wider than one-half the length of
the eye"
ASME 830-9 )

Don't force the eye on the

hook - get a larger sling!

EXA

“the width of the hook should

not be wider than one half the
length of the eye” Duplex hooks should be loaded
equally on both sides

a. v ee fe)
\0
AE ;(2
|Pr

width of
y
the hook oy the eye y
 mm
| x<
>
=
me)
re
m
—N
 155

zs
y.
Sg a

~~

we X3x
5a ‘ NS

(Cc
Cs
{Pac HYBPP

lsees
oie(Seo “Hooks shall be equipped
een with latches unless the
: TP : use of a latch creates a
YI hazardous condition”

If the hook has a latch - it MUST function properly!

in
ASME B30.9 does not specifically require latches on slings Ww
J
with hooks. It DOES require latches, if present, must function a.
and seat properly. =
<x
~<
Gi

If it didn’t come
If it comes WITH a with a latch - it’s
latch - it’s required NOT required
 152
nnecting Slings
esl
tie slings

Never attach a
sling directly to a
m
>< lifting eye or lug
>
=
U
fay
m
n

Always choke below

the threads when
using flat web slings.

to connect
them

RIGHT
 155
Rigging Concerns

C-Clamps should NEVER be used

for overhead lifting applications!

EXA

Lifting
Clamp
Beam Clamp

Use the proper lifting devices that are rated

and approved for this type of lifting.
 156

Hand Hoists —
LEVER HOISTS (Come-a-longs)

e This equipment should only be operated and maintained by

a competent person
e Do not exceed the rated capacity of the lever hoist
e Do not use the load chain as a sling
e¢ Do not extend the operating lever
e Do not use undue effort to operate the lever hoist
e Do not use for lifting people
e Do not place people or body parts under the load

om
~< Come-a-longs are designed so that ONE
> average sized person can use it WITHOUT
=|
es any cheaters or pipes. Most come-a-longs
re are designed and rated this way, so if any
m
ea) additional leverage is used - the hoist will be
used beyond its safe rated capacity. i

Use a larger capacity

hoist instead!
 157

“the hoist body must be directly

in line with the direction of
loading to avoid side pull"

TL NO 1
aa e

ASME B30.21 - 1.8.3(h)&(i)

"the hoist body or frame shall

not bear against any object or
the supporting structure”

——

Lever Hoists EXAM

“come-a-longs”

NO!
“ The hoist chain shall
not be wrapped
around the load”.

ASME B30.21 - 1.8.3(a)

 158
Rigging Concerns
Tall loads not properly supported can shift suddenly.
Be aware of soft,
unstable ground
surfaces.

m Always use proper cribbing and

x<
> bracing to prevent load shifting.
=
U
Pe.
m
a) If the load has a potential for binding
during the lifting process, the use of a
load cell to measure the force applied
will help identify when the load has
become stuck. This will prevent the
overloading of the rigging and lifting
equipment.
Monitor the force applied to
the load cell and stop the lift Coy
when the force approaches
the WLL of the rigging
equipment being used and/or
the capacity of the crane.
 159

i
[E

Tp)
Lu
CORRECT UNSTABLE! ~
Center of Gravity is Center of Gravity =
below the lift points is above the lift <=
points os

The center of gravity is one of the most important con-

cepts the rigger must understand.

The center of gravity is the point at which all of the

weight of a load can be considered to be concentrated.
It always acts vertically downward to bring the load to
a position of equilibrium.

As long as the center of gravity is below the lift points,

the object being lifted will be stable.

But when the center of gravity is placed above the lift

points, gravity will take over and shift the load in an
effort to move the center of gravity below the lift points.

THIS MEANS THE LOAD WILL MOST

LIKELY BE DROPPED.
 160
Center of Gravity

», Adjusting the
y center of gravity
4 Zi x
i fs \

m
~<
>
=
mo)
c
mi. Make sure the hoist
17)
being used will not be
overloaded by the
increased tension
created by this angle.

In order to make a level lift, the crane hook must

be directly above the center of gravity, and the
slings being used are of the proper length AND
attached on or above the center of gravity. Hoists
or come-a-longs are sometimes used to adjust
the CG, but caution must be exercised to avoid
exceeding the WLL of the hoist. Refer to the sec-
tion in this book on calculating tension on slings.
Using the trial and error method for finding the
center of gravity.

This is the LEAST desirable method to use; ex- EXA

treme caution must be taken to ensure that the
slings and hardware are not overloaded.

Lift 1: Raise the load and use a plumb line to

mark a vertical line directly below the hook.

Lift 2: Change the sling lengths and raise and

mark another vertical line directly below the hook.

The intersection of the two lines will indicate the

center of gravity. Move the hook directly over
the center of gravity, then attach the proper length
slings.

In this book we only present a few basic concepts on the center of

Difficult lifts should be analyzed by a competent engl-
g professional prior to lifting.
 162
Single Hook Turning

Some key points to follow are:

1. Determine both the location and the effect of

the center of gravity.

2. Always attach the slings ABOVE the center of

gravity.

3. Try to visualize the entire lift and turning op-

eration.

4. If you are not confident about the procedure,

consult with a competent engineer

Referring to the illustration on the right, at the

start of the lift make sure the attachment is as
m i high above the center of gravity as possible. Try
~x< F
> fi to keep the sling tight against the load.
= :

—
Step 2 requires the hoist to be raised SLOWLY
mi)
Wr
and moved slightly towards the known center of
eravity. When the block is tilted, the center of
gravity is moved between the point of contact and
the point of attachment.

To avoid having the load "fall" the attachment

points must be carefully positioned. The hitch
must always be as high as possible above the
center of gravity. The attachment point should
be located as close to the vertical line of the cen-
ter of gravity as possible to minimize the turning
moment. One edge of the load acts as a pivot
point, around which the turn is made.

When the load is turned, the crane is moved to

prevent sliding the pivot edge along the floor.
 163
Single Hook Turning
©2007 Jerry Klinke Ss

Point
of
contact
P Lu
SR |
Ee
=
<C
~x<
F Lu

Turning is often necessary to position a component to obtain the

best setup for working, or to position it for assembly.
Unfortunately, more trouble is encountered when turning with a
single hook because few loads offer ideal attachment points, or
have uniform center of gravity as shown in the example above.
 164
Two Hoist Turni ng
Graphics ©200.

1dWVX4
SA

Detach and
rotate load

Two Hoist turning is used for turning loads freely

in the air while supported. This is the most diffi-
cult type of rigging operation and should be done
only after carefully planning the operation. You
must also be aware that one hoist must have suf-
ficient capacity to lift the entire load, because at
one point in the move the load must be freely
suspended from only one hoist.
 165
Two Hoist Turning
Graphics ©2007 Jerry Klinke

WY)
Wu
a
a.
=
i
><
fo

One sling on the main hoist supports the load

and acts like a pivot around which the turn is
made. A second sling on the auxiliary hoist is
used to provide load control.
Note: It will be necessary to disconnect the auxiliary hoist prior
to turning in the air, and then to reconnect it after the turn has
been made. Also be aware, and plan for any changes that may
be required to the attachment points during this operation. The
hardware (eye-bolt, shackle, etc.) on the main hoist must be
rated to handle the drastic changes in tension that will occur
 166

When turning with a choker hitch, it is extremely

important to remember that the eye of the cable
must be placed so it faces in the opposite direction
of the turn. If this is not done, the load will be
turned in a loose cable.

m
~<
>
—
Ui
os
cS
vy,
Remember that the capacity of the sling will be reduced
because of the “tight” choke angle formed when the load is
turned.
 §

167 TM

Shock Loading

STATIC DYNAMIC SHOCK

When the load is suspended and not moving it is called a static

load. When the load begins to move, additional stresses are
imposed on the rigging, this is called a dynamic load.
Shock Loads (considered a Dynamic load) act suddenly upon the
rigging. Their effects can be quite disastrous because of the
tremendous additional tension to the rigging. Unless the rigging
was considerably larger than what was needed for the static
load, failure of the rigging is possible.

When lifting a load, the crane hook should be

started very slowly until the sling becomes taut.
Then continue lifting slowly until the load is sus-
pended. The speed with which you lift or lower
the crane hook should increase or decrease
gradually. Any sudden starts or stops place a
much heavier load on the slings. How much the
load is increased on the slings is impossible to
tell. It could be from 2 times the actual load
weight, or 100 times the actual load weight.

!WARNING!

Once any sling has been shock loaded it MUST

be removed from service, re-inspected and re-
tested to determine if it has been damaged.
 Knots ¥ § ©2007 Jerr

BOWLINE
A bowline is a very secure knot
which won't slip, regardless of the
load applied.

IMPORTANT: These knots are

for rope only. NEVER tie ANY
knots in rigging used for
industrial rigging and
overhead lifting applications.

CLOVE HITCH
The clove is a popular knot for securing to
posts, bars, and other round objects.

SHEET BEND A useful knot for tying two

ropes together, even if the
rope sizes and materials
differ greatly.

DOUBLE
SHEET BEND
This knot provides greater security, especially in
plastic rope. Its the same as the sheet bend but
with an extra coil around the standing loop.

Many years ago, before the advent of high strength synthetic

materials, ropes were commonly used to rig and lift heavy
equipment. Knots became a very important part of rigging
knowledge because an improperly tied knot would reduce the
capacity of the rope by as much as 90%.
 169

KTR ss
SH ees
z Gi

CRS

SSSSSSYG
BSS EXAM

LW Pd
SxS HYAJ

RTS
meeé
g
Ree —
J

Two Half Hitches

Today in construction and industry rope is mainly used for tag

lines, or lifting lighter items by hand. However, rope is still
used today by rescue crews and mountain climbers. The
examples shown are just a few of the hundreds of knots that
have seen generations of use.
 170

To improve a choker or basket hitch, consider

using a double wrap. This has better control of the
load and does not change the rated capacity of
the hitch. Make sure that the wraps do not overlap
at the bottom of the hitch when using this type of
hitch. Be aware that it may also crush the load if
the load does not have structural integrity.

Standard Double Wrap

Choker Choker
Control: ee
AVERAGE Goop

mf
< |
>i
=
7 Ff
mi §
ni

Standard Double Wrap

Basket Basket
Control: C :
AVERAGE ontrol:
GOOD
 171

REFERENCE

REFE
172
REFERENCE
Se) 173
Reference

To find an unknown side of a right angle triangle:

a
C
b=/c’- a’

b
UNITS OF MEASURE
1 US ton (short) 2000 Ibs
1 US ton (short) .91 metric ton
1 US ton (short) 907 kgs
1 metric ton 2204.62 Ibs
1 metric ton 1.102 US tons
1 metric ton 1000 kgs
1 US pound (Ib) 16 ounces Lu
1 US pound (Ib) .45 kg U
1 kilogram (kg) 2.2 Ibs =
Lu
1 kilogram (kg) 35 ounces aa
LL
1 kilogram (kg) 1000 grams Lt.
1 US (liq) gallon 4 quarts gm
fcc
1 US (liq) gallon 3.8 liters
1 liter .264 gallons (US)
1 liter 1.06 quarts
1 US gallon water 8.3 Ibs
1 cubic ft of liquid TT
a
SN
aea 7.5 US gallons
 174

5
Schedulepipe weight
40 chart

art
Pana:
Weight
Size per foot

0.851
1.131

i 1.679

ealliel
ae
2.273
2.718
2.067 3,653
2.469 5.793

Di
m
mi §

m
ay
Dw

Te [oats [600s |sro

2
OT

Te [anes [781 [sso

 175
Schedule 80
pipe weight chart

Nominal
Size

[2 [ears |1909|502]
[=| 2500|2000|1025|
T «| as00 |9825 |1400|
Ts [ssc [«ei |2070 aseaaa
Te |eces |sre |aasr_
[ef oe [rs [0
ie]
Te_|
 |
Solid round stock

Diameter

1/2"
Steel only

foot

5 t

2)
4" 42.730
“TT
m
Poe

Zz
CO)
mi |

Fb

1 0"
 t
We
Sheets / Plates
Steel only

10.21
12.76
15.32
17.87
20.42
29.97
25.53
11/16" 28.08
3/4" 30.63
7/ Lu
U
z
LL
[eg
Lu
pas
Lid
COC
122,52
163.36

245.04
285.88
326.72
Flat Strips
Steel only
 179
SAREE

Timber Beams
Capacity of Yellow Pine beams

Load concentrated 2
at center of span 5

t Vert.
E
Se

t——-_ Q ae :
Span, in feet

SIZE
of
ese G |be) 10|]hazfiat] ey
Timber Support load in Ibs

f= [lll =
1530 | 1010 750 590 480 400 340

ele[=[=l=l=[=l=
efl=[=l=l=
lel
Flat lll=l=
poll l=
bale
 180
Timber Column
Yellow Pine
:
LOAD
These charts are based on yellow
pine of fir timber in first class
ou condition.
ee
er Weight transfer is based
on the post bearing surface
eas
distribuded over a greater area of
yellow pine or other suitable
material. Dimensions are for rough
lumber, not surfaced.

LENGTH

Tele «[s[e[=
Length, in feet

Load in TONS
 181
Rebar
Weight Estimator

Diameter| Weight_|
No
eae ete) 290.975 75|sn0876"|
semen 90.500 «| 06682
see 80.625 gl 1-043 ©|
BE ee
aa .875=3|" 2.044" |
a. Bie Re BOOS 2.670\._|
fe 9 72828] 3400: |
Eee |ee 4-270 be | 4303". |
et 1410 | 5.313 |
eer Lr eee
Sarees [P2257 13.6005

REFE
|
182
Steel S-type I-Beams

cn
aa Dimensions

number (Ibs)

[res [a |eae|ore|
Tse [ves |e |ase|oe
_avas[ = [ase | 0
Tse [vee] e | « |me!
ee
ose a
fs fe [oie |one
a
ee
Data supplied for reference only. Dimensions and weights may be
approximated, contact your steel supplier for specific details.
 183
Steel S-type I-Beams continues

DeeY Dimensions

|
e
5/8

Nhca

& ee) — = orefo»)

“alle 15/16
= is
NO(=) aE

REFER
||
Da [7 7
Pa[aa Pn
EEE

121 als)
 184
Wide Flange I-Beams

E l e fe [=
|
Dimensions
Section

Pwe [10 [me |«| ane

Ts [ee | +| ae|
fe [ave [sim |sre
=.)
ee Ec
Pf [are [eve |36
m
71
m
=)
m
za
iain Be 3-1
Pe [ore [+ [ow
ey
m

approximated, contanct steel supplier for specific details.

 185
Wide Flange I-BeaMS continues
Dimensions
Sockbn Wt. Per
pe foot a5
(Ibs)

40

REFE
||
 Dimensions

3/8

~ [ae Laer 7/16

Ps few 9/16

5/8

Ca 7 1/8 11/16

ual 10 1/4 11/16

ual 10 1/4 3/4

<= 10 3/8
es
Siro
en eedlslbae--
[cones
ae CT
TT]§
nS
m
WO
m
Pe fete
Ze
an
13/16
Tee 11/16
mm §

Ta [eels
=

13/16
15/16
101 13/16
 187

|<—@—» Wide Flange I-Beams

ea Continued

ae‘

pa
i | =a
eC
ee
ee
rae
Eat rise [as |ve[oe
wer Tes [aaa |10|50
co Tan [ae7e |10|om
[ee [arve[0
[ra Parse[0ve ss| REFE

[me [oraefie [1
CK
i | 124 | 301/8 10 1/2 | 15/16
oe Pore 4 30 5/8 | 10 1/2 1 3/16
iets
 188
Weight Estimator
Estimated weight of single part wire rope slings
with pressed mechanical type sleeve connectors.

Sling
Length
feet
in

=o

| 27 | 49 | 119 | 230] 400 | 600_ |e

ee enael
esate ie AE ee SE
[35 | 42 |77 | 182 [341] 574 | 849 | 1,251 |1,769 |
| 40 [48 | 86 | 202 | 378| 632 | 932 | 1,364 |1,917 |
[45 | 53 | 95 | 223 |415| 690 | 1,015 |1,478 |2,065 |
| 50 | 58 |104] 244 |452] 748 | 1,098 |1,591 |2,213 |
| 63 | 114| 265 | 489] 806 | 1,181 | 1,705 |2,364 |
| 60 | 68 |123| 286 |526| 864 | 1,264 |1,818 |2,509 |
$8 __is |132 S08 S05 822 SAT eae 28
70 Mra Prat|327P60|980 [1.430|2.085 ToBoS,
7s [aa |t51|3a [637[4038] 1513[2159|2.959
| 89 |160| 369 |674| 1,096 |1,596 |2.272 |3,101 |
| 94 |169| 390 |711 |1,154 |1,679 | 2,386 |3.249 |
|100 |178| 410 |748] 1,212 |1,762 |2,499 |3,397 |
|105 |188 |431 |785] 1,270 |1,845 |2,613 |3,545 |
D Ff
|110 |197 |452 | 821 |1,328 |1,928 |2,726 |3,693 |
mi §
a weights shown are in Ibs
mi §
Shackle Weight Estimator
OT
mM #

CY I ne
to}
Mm J ve
2DVv
oS
a
a
SOS

R=)
De
vO
S =
gs
iS
oO shackle.
size
each
ees
5
us
€
 189

STANDARDS

WV
a)
cc
<
Disclaimer
a)
The information contained in this publication was obtained from sources believed
reliable at the time this publication was written.
to be
The publisher and author make no z
be
representation or guarantee as to the correctness or sufficiency of any information Ta)
and
contained herein, nor a guarantee of results based upon the use of this information,
without limi-
disclaims all warranties whether implied, express or statutory, including
a particular
tation, implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for use and fitness for
purpose. You assume the entire risk as to the use of this information, and The publisher
and the author assumes no liability in connection with either the information presented
or use of the suggestions made in this publication
STANDARDS
190
 ot
Hardware Inspection
Per ASME B30.26

Initial Inspection:
Prior to use, all new rigging hardware shall be inspected.
Written records are not required.

Frequent Inspection:
A visual inspection shall be performed each day before
the rigging hardware is used. Written records are not
required.

Periodic Inspection:
A complete inspection of the rigging hardware shall be
performed by a designated person at an interval not to
exceed one year. The frequency is be based on; the
frequency of use, service conditions, and other
experience gained. Written records are not required.

Removal Criteria
Rigging hardware shall be removed from service if
damage such as the following is visible:

@ missing or illegible identification or markings

@ heat damage, weld spatter, arc strikes, excessive
pitting, corrosion, nicks or gouges
@ bent, twisted, distorted, stretched, elongated,cracked,
or broken load-bearing components
@ reduction (stretching) at any point around the body
or pin, incomplete pin engagement, or excessive
thread damage
@ or any other conditions that cause doubt as to the
continued use of the rigging hardware

Requirements shown are abridged and DO NOT

VY
address all the specific requirements for each type
a)
of rigging hardware. Refer to ASME B30.26 for a cc
complete listing of these requirements. <x
(a)

Refer to ASME B30.26 for additional information. ASME Consensus

<
Lo
WY
Standards are usually more rigorous than state and federal OSHA
requirements, compliance is voluntary unless otherwise required.
 192
Leen eee eee ee

General requirements for slings

Safe operating practices (OSHA 1910.184) -

Whenever any sling is used the following prac-
tices shall be observed:

1. Slings that are damaged or defective shall

not be used.
2. Slings shall not be shortened with knots or
bolts or other makeshift devices.
3. Sling legs shall not be kinked.
4. Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their
rated capacities.
5. Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the
loads balanced to prevent slippage.
6. Slings shall be securely attached to their
loads.
7. Slings shall be padded or protected from the
sharp edges of their loads.
8. Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all
obstructions.
9. All employees shall be kept clear of loads
about the be lifted and of suspended loads.
10. Hands or fingers shall not be placed
between the sling and its load while the
sling is being tightened around the load.
11 Shock loading is prohibited.

a
12. A sling shall not be pulled from under a
> | load when the load is resting on the sling.
za
iw)
> |
Inspections - Each day before being used, the sling and all fasten-
Pom
ings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by
Wa) a competent person designated by the employer. Additional in-
spections shall be performed during sling use where service con-
ditions warrant. Damaged or defective slings shall be immediately
removed from service.
 193

Wire rope inspection chart

The inspection criteria for wire rope depends

entirely on the intended use, and the applicable
regulatory code that the inspection is based on.
The following table lists some of the more com-
mon standards that address inspection criteria.

Number of Broken wires j

Rope Replacement Running Ropes Standing Ropes

based on the number
of Broken Wires
In one: In one:

ASME Overhead & Gantry ms

ASME Hammerhead Tower Ze

B30.3 Cranes 3 2

ASME Portal, Tower,

B30.4 PillarCranes

ASME Crawler, locomotive,

B30.5 Truck cranes

ASME
B30.6 Derricks rea

ASME Base Mounted Drum

B30.7 Hoists
Yn
a)
ASME Floating Cranes and 3 >
cc
B30.8 Derricks
<
eS
ASME
10 5 not
;
specified
x
ed
Ta)
hada fe |=|eee

This information is provided as an overview of the subject matter covered. The

user of this book must understand that the publisher is not engaged in render-
ing legal, engineering, or other professional services. If legal or other expert
assistance is required, the services of a certified professional person should be
sought.
 194

Alloy Steel Chain Slings(ASME B30.9) - An alloy

steel chain sling shall be removed from service if
conditions such as the following are present:

1. Missing or illegible sling identification.

2. Cracks or breaks
3. Excessive wear, nicks, or gouges.
4. Stretched chain links or components
5. Bent, twisted, or deformed chain links or
components.
6. Evidence of hear damage.
7. Excessive pitting or corrosion.
8. Lack of ability of chain or components to
hinge (articulate) freely.
9. Weld splatter.
10. For hooks, removal criteria as stated in
ASME B30.10
11. Other conditions, including visible damage,
that cause doubt as to the continued use of
the sling.

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 195
OSHA Requirements
Alloy steel chain slings - OSHA 1910.184

Sling identification.
¢ Alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently
affixed durable identification stating size, grade,
rated capacity, and reach.
e Makeshift links or fasteners formed from bolts or
rods, or other such attachments, shall not be used.

Safe operating temperatures.

e Alloy steel chain slings shall be permanently re-
moved from service if they are heated above 1000
deg. F. When exposed to service temperatures in
excess of 600 deg. F, maximum working load lim-
its shall be reduced in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations.

Inspections
e Each day before being used, the sling and all fas-
tenings and attachments shall be inspected for
damage or defects by a competent person desig-
nated by the employer.
e A thorough periodic inspection of alloy steel chain
slings in use shall be made on a regular basis.
e The employer shall make and maintain a record
of the most recent month in which each alloy steel
chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and shall
make such record available for examination.
e The thorough inspection ofalloy steel chain slings
shall be performed by a competent person desig-
nated by the employer, and shall include a thor-
ough inspection for wear, defective welds, defor-
mation and increase in length. Where such de-
fects or deterioration are present, the sling shall STAND
(iam
be immediately removed from service.
 Nylon Web Slings (ASME B30.9) - A synthetic
webbing sling shall be removed from service if
conditions such as the following are present:

. Missing or illegible sling identification.

. Acid or caustic burns.
. Melting or charring of any part of the sling.
. Holes, tears, cuts, or snags.
. Broken or worn stitching in load bearing
splices.
. Excessive abrasive wear.
. Knots in any part of the sling.
. Discoloration and brittle or stiff areas on any
part of the sling, which may mean chemical
or ultraviolet/sunlight damage.
9. Fitting that are pitted, corroded, cracked,
bent, twisted, gouged, or broken.
10. For hooks, removal criteria as stated in
ASME B30.10
11. Other conditions, including visible damage,
that cause doubt as to the continued use of
the sling.

> |
=
O
>
ES)
oO
”n

This information is provided as an overview of the subject matter covered.

The
user of this book must understand that the publisher is not engaged in
render-
ing legal, engineering, or other professional services. If legal
or other expert
assistance is required, the services of a certified professional
person should be
sought.
 nn 197
OSHA Requirements
Synthetic web slings - OSHA 1910.184
Sling identification.
¢ Each sling shall be marked or coded to show the
rated capacities for each type of hitch and type of
synthetic web material.

Safe operating temperatures.

¢ Synthetic web slings of polyester and nylon shall
not be used at temperatures in excess of 180 deg.
F. Polypropylene web slings shall not be used at
temperatures in excess of 200 deg. F.

Removal from service.

Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from
service if any of the following conditions are
present:

e Acid or caustic burns

e Melting or charring of any part of the sling sur-
face
e Snags, punctures, tears or cuts
e Broken or worn stitches
° Distortion of fittings

Environmental conditions.
When synthetic web slings are used, the following pre-
cautions shall be taken:

e Nylon web slings shall not be used where fumes,

vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of acids or phe-
nolics are present.
e Polyester and polypropylene web slings shall not
be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liq-

e
uids of caustics are present.
Web slings with aluminum fittings shall not be used STAND
|
where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of
caustics are present.
 Polyester Round Slings (ASME B30.9) - A syn-
thetic round sling shall be removed from service
if conditions such as the following are present:

1.Missing or illegible sling identification.

2. Acid or caustic burns.
3. Evidence of heat damage.
4. Holes, tears, cuts, abrasive wear, or snags
that expose the core yarns.
5. Broken or damaged core yarns.
6. Weld splatter that exposes core yarns.
7. Round slings that are knotted.
8. Discoloration and brittle or stiff areas on any
part of the slings, which may mean chemical
or ultraviolet/sunlight damage.
9. Fitting that are pitted, corroded, cracked,
bent twisted, gouged, or broken.
10. For hooks, removal criteria as stated in
ASME B30.10
11. Other conditions, including visible damage,
that cause doubt as to the continued use of
the sling.
vn
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WF
 199

Wire Mesh Slings (ASME B80.9) - A metal mesh

sling shall be removed from service if conditions
such as the following are present:

!. Missing or illegible sling identification.

2. Broken weld or a broken brazed joint along
the sling edge
3. Broken wire in any part of the mesh.
4. Reduction in wire diameter of 25% due to
abrasion or 15% due to corrosion.
o. Lack of flexibility due to distortion of the
mesh.
6. Distortion of the choker fitting so the depth
of the slot is increased by more that 10%
7. Distortion of either end fitting so the width
of the eye opening is decreased by more
than 10%
8. A 15% reduction of the original cross-
sectional area of any point around the hook
opening of the end fitting.
9. Visible distortion of either end fitting out of
its plane.
10. Cracked end fitting.
11. Slings in which the spirals are locked or
without free articulation shall not be used.
Va)
12. Fitting that are pitted, corroded, cracked, a)
bent, twisted, gouged, or broken. a
<x
13. Other conditions, including visible damage, OQ
<
that cause doubt as to the continued use of <
the sling. Va)

For additional information, please refer to the

OSHA and ASME standards.
 Wire Rope Slings (ASME B30.9) - A wire rope
sling shall be removed from service if conditions
such as the following are present:

fr Missing or illegible sling identification.

ae Broken Wires:
For strand-laid and single-part slings, ten
randomly distributed broken wires in on
rope lay, or five broken wires in one strand
in one rope lay.
For cable-laid slings, 20 broken wires per
lay.
For six-part braided slings, 20 broken wires
per braid
For eight-part braided slings, 40 broken
wires per braid.
. Severe localized abrasion or scraping.
. Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or any other
damage resulting in damage to the rope
structure.
. Evidence of heat damage
. End attachments that are cracked, deformed.
or worn to the extent that the strength of the
sling is substantially affected.
. Severe corrosion of the rope, end attach-
n ments, or fittings.
>
z . for hooks, removal criteria at stated in ASME
Oo B30.10.
>
2) 9. Other conditions, including visible damage,
1)
a) that cause doubt as to the continued use of
the sling.
 201
Wire rope slings - OSHA 1910.184
OSHA Requirements

Safe operating temperatures.

Fiber core wire rope slings of all grades shall be
permanently removed from service if they are ex-
posed to temperatures in excess of 200 deg. F.
When nonfiber core wire rope slings of any grade
are used at temperatures above 400 deg. F or
below minus 60 deg. F, recommendations of the
sling manufacturer regarding use at that tempera-
ture shall be followed.

Removal from service.

Wire rope slings shall be immediately removed from

service if any of the following conditions are
present:
e Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope
lay, or five broken wires in one strand in one rope
lay.
e Wear or scraping of one-third the original diam-
eter of outside individual wires.
e ~=-Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other dam-
age resulting in distortion of the wire rope struc-
ture.
e Evidence of heat damage.
e nd attachments that are cracked, deformed or
worn.
e Hooks that have been opened more than 15 per-
cent of the normal throat opening measured at
the narrowest point or twisted more than 10 de-
grees from the plane of the unbent hook.
e Corrosion of the rope or end attachments.

This information is provided as an overview of the subject matter STAND

covered. The user of this book must understand that the publisher
is not engaged in rendering legal, engineering, or other profes-
sional services. If legal or other expert assistance is required, the
services of a certified professional person should be sought.
 202

CRANE REQUIREMENTS
WITH MANBASKETS
All the requirements are NOT shown here,
refer to OSHA 1926.550 for complete listing

Load lines shall be at least seven

times the maximum intended load.
Rotation resistant rope shall be at
least ten times the maximum
intended load.

The total weight of the

loaded personnel
platform and related
rigging shall not exceed
50% of the rated capaciy
for the crane.

n All brakes and locking devices shall be engaged

when the occupied personnel platform is in a
>
= stationary working position.
Oo Cranes that have live booms are prohibited !
>
wv
OF This information provides a generic, non-exhaustive overview of the OSHA stan-
17) dard on suspended personnel platforms. Standards and interpretations change
over time, you should always check current OSHA compliance requirements for
your specific requirements.

29 CFR 1926.550 addresses the use of personnel hoisting in the construction

industry, and 29 CFR 1910.180 addresses the use of personnel hoisting in
general industry
 203
SUSPENDED
PERSONNEL PLATFORMS
This illustration
provides a generic,
non-exhaustive
overview of the OSHA
standard 1926.550 ee Hooks must be closed
and locked to prevent
opening
Note: “Mousing” is prohibited
Legs of bridles meat 7
be connected to a
master link or shackle

Bridles and associated

rigging for attaching the
personnel platform to the
hoist line must not be used
for any other purpose

All eyes in wire rope

must be fabricated Overhead protection is
with thimbles required when there is a
danger of falling objects
Attachment from above
assemblies must
capable of being
locked to prevent
opening
Guardrail, midrail,
d toeboard system.
Inner grab rail is also
Permanent required
marking for
weight and rated

NA 3
capacity on f

: i If equipped with an
| 2 access gate it MUST
not swing outward and
Kwst have a lock to
keep door closed

Must be designed by a qualified engineer, or a qualified

person competent in structural design, and fabricated
and welded by a qualified welder.

The OSHA rules on crane suspended personnel platforms contain many spe-
cifics that are not covered in this book. Refer to 29 CFR Part 1926.550 for the
current OSHA compliance requirements.
 204
LL

API RP 2D Overview

A QUALIFIED OPERATOR is a person so designated by the em-

ployer. Who has appropriate offshore experience and training,
documented training in both classroom and "hands on" is required.
There are two levels of proficiency, non-mechanical and mechani-
cal. The qualified operator should be qualified to perform pre-use
and monthly inspection. A qualified operator is also considered a
qualified rigger.

THE QUALIFIED OPERATOR WILL:

¢ Be responsible for the operations under direct control
¢ Stop and refuse to handle loads as safety dictates
¢ Bea ware of crane's operating characteristics
e Be familiar with the equipment and its care
e Never start machine movement unless load or signal person is within range of
vision
¢ Respond to signals only from appointed signal person
¢ (bey an emergency stop signal given by any person a t any time
¢ Verify that appropriate load charts are in place for the crane configuration in
use
e Secure the crane against swinging when not in use
e Will not operate crane in proximity of helidecks while helicopter is landing or
taking off
¢ Insure there is sufficient lighting when cranes used at night
¢ Will not allow field welding on load hooks or sling hooks
¢ The operator will maintain log of pre use inspection.

Qualified Rigger
A qualified rigger is a person with training and experience that
has successful y completed a rigger training program.

A rigger is anyone who attaches or detaches lifting equipment to

loads or lifting devices.

Qualified Inspector

A qualified inspector is a person so designated by the employer

who has appropriate experience and training. In addition to meet-
vn
>
ing the requirements of a qualified operator, has attended formal
training on crane maintenance and troubleshooting. Documented
a training, both classroom and "hands on" is required.
Oo
>
aD
O
17a)

This information is provided as an overview of the subject matter covered. The

user of this book must understand that the publisher is not engaged in render-
ing legal, engineering, or other professional services. if legal or other expert
assistance is required, the services of a certified professional person should be
sought.

=_
 SN 205 Semeriin
Offshore Rigging Ss

API RP 2D requires before starting to lift, verify:

¢ Ifthere is a slack rope condition, the rope is properly seated
on the drum and
in the sheaves.
¢ The correct slings have been selected for the weight
to be lifted.
¢ The load is free to be lifted.
¢ Multiple part lines are not twisted around each other in such
a manner that
all of the lines will not separate upon application of load.
¢ The hook is brought over the load in such a manner to minimize
swinging.

API RP 2D requires that during lifting. care should be taken

that:
¢ Acceleration or deceleration of the moving load is accomplished in
a smooth
manner.
¢ That load, boom, or other parts of the machine do not contact ‘
any obstruc- :
tion. The operator should engage the controls smoothly to avoid
excessive
stress on the crane.
¢ When rotating the crane, sudden starts and stops should be
avoided.
¢ Rotational speed shall be such that the load does not swing out beyond
the
radius at which it can be controlled.

API RP 2D requires that during personnel transfer:

¢ All hooks used for support of personnel will have a safety latch. (latch with
redundant locking)
¢ When making personnel lifts, the load will be under control in both up
and
down directions.
¢ All personnel to be lifted will use approved personnel flotation devices.
¢ Personnel riding on net type carriers should stand on outer rim facing inward.

Offshore Slings
API RP 2D requires that:
e Wire rope slings should not be field fabricated.
¢ If circumstances require field fabrication qualified inspectors should perform
this function using accepted practices.
¢ Zinc or resin poured sockets shall be fabricated in accordance with API rec-
ommended practices
¢ Slings of all types will be proof loaded by the sling manufacturer per industry
recommendations.
¢ All slings will be labeled with manufacturer and pertinent working load limits,
proof test certification number, length, diameter, and date of proof test.
¢ Rated loads of a sling are different for each of the three basic methods of
rigging (vertical, choker, basket).
¢ Rated loads of a sling is different for each of the methods of rigging based on
construction of the rope, web material and width, ete.
¢ The rated loads will be indicated on the heavy duty tags attached to each type
ofsling at the time it is fabricated.
¢ Slings of other than wire rope construction will be used, inspected, and tested
in accordance with the. Sling manufacturer and industry recommendations

Qualified Crane Operator

American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practices for

Operations and Maintenance of Offshore Cranes.
STAN
This information is provided as an overview of the subject matter covered. The
user of this book must understand that the publisher is not engaged in render-
ing legal, engineering, or other professional services. If legal or other expert
assistance is required, the services of a certified professional person should be
sought.
 206
OSHA's Rule on Steel Erection

Effective Date: 1/18/02

This new rule is intended to protect employees from

the hazards associated with steel erection. Any em-
ployees involved in the construction, alteration and/or
repair of single and multi-story buildings, bridges and
other structures where steel erection occurs fall un-
der this rule. It does NOT cover electrical transmis-
sion towers, communication and broadcast towers or
tanks.

Steel erection activities include hoisting, connecting,

welding, bolting and rigging structural steel, steel joists
and metal buildings; installing metal deck, siding sys-
tems, miscellaneous metals, ornamental iron and simi-
lar materials; and moving point-to-point while perform-
ing these activities.

§1926.753 Hoisting and Rigging requires:

e A Pre-shift visual inspection of cranes by a com-
petent person
e A certification that this pre-shift visual inspec-
tion was done shall be available
e The operator is responsible for those operations
under the operator's direct control
e¢ A qualified rigger shall inspect the rigging prior
to each shift
¢ Cranes may hoist employees with a personnel plat-
form meeting the requirements of .550(g)
e¢ Working under loads, routes must be preplanned
> | to assure no employee required to work under a
hn suspended load except:
O
> | - Connectors
Oo - Employees responsible for hooking/unhooking
—N the load
Se RE ER OE OSS
207
e When working under suspended loads: ¥
- Routes shall be pre-planned :
- Materials shall be rigged to prevent unintentional
displacement
- Hooks shall have self-closing latches
¢ Multiple lift Rigging procedure can be used only
if:
- Maximum of 5 members
- Only structural members
- All employees have been trained
¢ Components shall be designed with a 5 to 1 safety
factor
e Total load shall not exceed the rated capacity of
the hoisting equipment or the rigging equipment
e Rigging assembly shall be rigged with the mem-
bers attached at their center of gravity and main-
tained reasonably level; rigged from the top down;
rigged at least 7 ft. apart.

Pertinent Definitions

Competent Person - means one who is capable of identifying

existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working
conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous or dangerous to Ee
employees and who has authorization to take prompt corrective :
measures to eliminate them.

Connector - means an employee who, working with hoisting ;

equipment, is placing and connecting structural members and/ 4
or components. ia

Qualified person - means one who by possession of a

recognized degree, certificate or professional standing, or who
by extensive knowledge, training and experience has
successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve
problems relating to the subject matter, the work or the project.

This information is provided as an overview of the subject matter

STAND
covered. The user of this book must understand that the publisher
is not engaged‘in rendering legal, engineering, or other profes-
sional services. If legal or other expert assistance is required, the
services of a certified professional person should be sought.
 208
References
ards is
The following list of regulations and stand
gener al
not exhaustive, but is intended to give a
idea of the key points addressed with them.
for most rigging
The ANSI/ASME standards are the foundation
ds. These "volunta ry" standards are
requirements and standar
often "rolled into" OSHA requirements.

and rigging:
Listed below are the volumes related to cranes

B30.1 Jacks
B30.2 Overhead and Gantry Cranes
B30.3 Construction Tower Cranes
B30.4 Portal, Tower, and Pedestal Cranes
B30.5 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes
B30.6 Derricks
‘commen! B30.7 Base Mounted Drum Hoists
| 830.8 Floating Cranes and Floating Derricks
B30.9 Slings
B30.10 Hooks
B30.11 Monorails and Underhung Cranes
B30.12 Handling Loads Suspended From Rotorcraft
B30.13 Storage/Retrieval Machines
B80.14 Side Boom Tractors
B30.15 Mobile Hydraulic Cranes (withdrawn see B30.5)
B30.16 Overhead Hoists (Underhung)
B30.17 Overhead and Gantry Cranes
B30.18 Stacker Cranes
B30.19 Cableways
B30.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices
B30.21 Manually Lever Operated Hoists
B30.22 Articulating Boom Cranes
B30.28 Personnel Lifting Systems
n B30.24 Container Cranes*
> B30.25 Scrap and Material Handlers
a
B30.26 Rigging Hardware
iw)
> B30.27 Material Placement Systems
a) B30.28 Balance-Lifting Units*
Oo
1a)
*in the developmental stage
 Oe 209
The following is a listing of various Industry Stan-
dards and where to obtain them:

Global Engineering Documents

15 Inverness Way East
Englewood CO 80112
303-397-7956
www.global.ihs.com
They carry most worldwide standards. including ANSI/ASME

OSHA
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
200 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20210
Www.osha.gov

ASME International
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5990
800-843-2763
www.asme.org

American Petrojeum Institute

1220 L Street NW
Washington, DC 20005
Phone 202-682-8000
Www.api.ore

INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION REFERENCES

WIRE ROPE TECHNICAL BOARD

P.O. BOX 14921
SHAWNEE MISSION, KS 66285
They have the "WIRE ROPE USER'S MANUAL" and the "WIRE
ROPE SLING USERS MANUAL"

WEB SLING AND TIE DOWN ASSOCIATION

710 E. OGDEN AVENUE. SUITE 600
NAPERVILLE. IL 60563
They reccommend standards for manufacturing and using
synthetic web and round slings. STAND
|
= &
210
Le
Eas

i CANADIAN REFERENCES
g

odi ONTARIO MINISTRY OF LABOUR.

OPERATIONS DIVISION
j 400 UNIVERSITY A VENUE
| TORONTO, ONTARIO M7A 1T7

= i They have the "OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT &

5 = REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS for
INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS"

WORKERS' COMPENSATION BOARD OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

PO BOX 5350, STN TERMINAL
VANCOUVER BC V6B 5L5
They have the "OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
REGULATIONS"

Association of Crane & Rigging Professionals

They promote lifting equipment safety standards, and provide the

latest methods in the development and delivery of technical
information and provide a new understanding of effective training
techniques . Open to anyone that is involved in lifting and rigging
activities in all industries. More information available on-line.

http://www. acrp.net

‘ The publisher and author of the Rigging Hand-

7) _ book are proud supporters and members of ACRP
 211

EXTRAS
212
Ee
Wire Rope types
Wire Rope is made of steel wires laid together
to form a strand. These strands are laid
together to form a rope, usually around a
central core of either fiber or wire.

Wire Rope

rd
In a numerical classification of rope construction, the
first number is the number of strands; the second is
the number is the number of wires. Thus, 6x19 means
six strands of nineteen wires per strand.

FIBER CORE
A fiber core is composed of a synthetic
fiber such as polypropylene, ora
natural fiber like jute or hemp.

IWRC IWRC is the abbreviation for independent

wire rope core. This wire core adds to the
overall strength. This is the most
common construction used today.
 213
Wire Rope grades

Ropes are available in all 3 grades, Improved Plow

Steel (IPS), Extra Improved Plow Steel (EIPS) and
Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel (EEIPS).
Strand Classification

Strands are grouped according to the number of

wires per strand and is related to the typical
strength of the wire rope. The first number indi-
cates the number of strands in the rope, the sec-
ond number indicates the number of wires within
each strand. The number of wires is nominal
and can vary, as shown in the table below.

number
of wires

Wire Rope Lay Length

The lay length of a wire rope is the straight lin-

ear distance of one strand as it makes a com-
plete revolution.
|One Lay Length |
214
Strength of wire rope

Breaking Strength "The strength at which new,

unused wire rope will break under a station-
ary load." As a wire rope wears over time, the
breaking strength is naturally reduced.

Breaking strength should never be considered the

wire rope’s work load limit. The work load limit
depends on application and the method used to
create a finished assembly, and is always sig-
nificantly lower than the breaking strength.

Measuring Rope Diameter

The correct diameter of a wire rope is the diam-

eter of a circumscribed circle that will enclose
all the strands. It's the largest cross-sectional
measurement. You should make the measurement
carefully with calipers.

%
Correc

Incorrect
ice
ieeeae
215
Wire Rope "Lay"

"Lay" has three meanings in rope design. The

first two meanings are descriptive of the wire
and strand positions in the rope. The third mean-
ing is a length measurement used in manufac-
turing and inspection.

The direction strands lay in the rope -- right or

left. When you look down a rope, strands of a
right lay rope go away from you to the right. Left
lay is the opposite. (It doesn't matter which di-
rection you look.)

The relationship between the direction strands

lay in the rope and the direction wires lay in the
strands. In appearance, wires in regular lay ap-
pear to run straight down the length of the rope,
and in lang lay, they appear to angle across the
rope. In regular lay, wires are laid in the strand
opposite the direction the strands lay in the rope.
In lang lay, the wires are laid the same direction
in the strand as the strands lay in the rope.

The length along the rope that a strand makes

one complete spiral around the rope core. This
is a measurement frequently used in wire rope
inspection. Standards and regulations require
removal when a certain number of broken wires
per rope lay are found.

The lay of a rope affects its operational charac-

teristics. Regular lay is more stable and more
resistant to crushing than lang lay. While lang
lay is more fatigue resistant and abrasion resis-
tant, use is normally limited to single layer spool-
ing and when the rope and load are restrained
from rotation.
EXTR
216
IWRC Breaking Strength

IWRC
Standard 6 x 19 and 6 x 37 classification ropes
SARANI\
Approx. | Minimum Breaking Force
Diameter | wt./ft.
(in.) (Ibs.) IPS |EIPS| EEIPS

“YsuaN
GuUIYeI
adod
SaN[ea
JOY
[eNIOB
Jaamo
yNsuo
aly.
adi

Ajdde
adou
[eoIdA)
BANVRI
0)
pue
op
jou
auim
JO
UMOYS
auRe
Breaking strength should never be considered the wire
Tope’s work load limit. The work load limit depends on
application and the method used to create a finished
assembly
and is always significantly lower than the breaking adod
[[P
adm
strength. i.
 217
Fiber Core Breaking Strength

APPrOX. | Minimum Breaking Force

Diameter | wt//ft.
(in.) (Ibs.) IPS EIPS

shown
typical
of
representative
do
and
apply
all
are
not
to
wire
rope

= Breaking strength should never be considered the wire

5 rope’s work
=
the
onsult
manufacturer
for
breaking
actual
wire
rope
values
strength, load limit. The work load limit depends on
“a application and the method used to create a finished assembly,
Eand is always significantly lower than the breaking streng eth.
218
See eee

Strength of 7x7 aircraft cable

7 X 7 Strand Aircraft cable - Has high

strength and rugged construction. Excel-
lent for transmitting mechanical power.
Commonly used for applications such as
euying, control, and light hoisting or sup-
porting.

7 X 7 Aircraft Cable

Wire
Rope
Diameter

900" 920

"| 1,700"
a6] 3,700
Breaking strength should never be considered the wire
rope’s work load limit. The work load limit depends on
application and the method used to create a finished
assembly
and is always Significantly lower than the breaking
Strength. ‘ DANeIUAa
FUPYBIIq
‘YGUAIS
OdOd
SABATY
adod
[POIdA)
Aydde
‘adod
YNSUOD
SANjeA
UMOYS
JoUMIOe|
JO}
[NIK
OY
adJA\
aulm
Jo
Ie
pue
op
you
0)
[2
OUI
 SSSa ST A TS EET
219
ETS)

Strength of 7x19 aircraft cable

7 X 19 Strand Aircraft cable - Has good

strength and resistance to crushing loads.
More flexible than the 7 X 7 construction.

7 X 19 Aircraft Cable

Diameter| Galvanized Steel

G
4,200

he
manufacturer
wire
for
breaking
actual
shown
values
strength,
typical
of
rope
do
and
apply
all
representative
not
to
wire
are
rope
= Breaking strength should never be considered the wire
2 rope’s work load limit. The work load limit depends on
2 application and the method used to create a finished assembly,
2 and is always significantly lower than the breaking strength.
 220
Installing wire rope

When loading the drum, extreme care must be

taken to ensure the drum is properly loaded, and
each wrap is wound tightly against the preced-
ing wrap.

|
E R \\
|
|
I \
hoo
Log i Overwind
Left Lay| Right to Left
Overwound Use Left Lay Rope

wy L R

iti Start rope

at Right Flange |

ai,
| j
, u Underwind
Right Lay Right to Left
Underwound Use Right Lay Rope

i: R

\ Underwind
Left Lay Left to Right
Underwound Use Left Lay Rope

| L R
Start rope
at Left Flange

Overwind
Right Lay Left to Right
Overwound Use Right Lay Rope
ene 221
When installing new wire rope from a reel it is
important that the rope be wound top-to-top or
bottom-to-bottom. The illustration below shows
how to properly load the new spool while keep-
ing tension on the reel.

Reel
(with bulk rope)

Reel
(with bulk rope)

(with bulk rope)

a
bt
222
3

Hand Signals
Communicating with
the crane operator

The signaler must always:

Be in clear view of the crane operator
Have a clear view of the load and the equipment at all times
Keep people outside the load travel path
Ensure the load does not pass above people
Keep the crane away from power lines
Watch for other overhead hazards that could endanger the
load or people nearby

Duties of the Signalman

Only one person shall be designated as a signalman.

The signalman AND operator must be familiar with the
Hand Signals being used.
The signalman must be able to observe the load and other
workmen at all times.
The signalman must always be in plain view of the crane
operator.

Multiple Signalers

There should be only one designated signaler at a time -

more than one will only confuse the operator.
If signalers are changing frequently, the one in charge
should be clearly visible as the person with signaling
authority
Wearing a bright vest, or different colored hard hat
will help
the crane operator quickly identify who is currently
in
charge of signaling.
 223
Radio Use

Radios in place of hand signals

The use of radios is gaining popularity in today's workplace.
Reliable voice activated headsets are preferred because they
keep hands free for both the crane operator and signaler.

Cautions regarding radio use may include the following:

¢ Awareness of any explosive devices in general area
(radio transmissions have been known to cause premature detonation of
explosives that use electric detonators)
¢ Other electronics (potential for interference)

Standard Voice Signals

Voice signals contain 3 elements stated in the following order:
(1) function and direction
(2) distance and/or speed
(3) function stop

some examples of voice signals:

(a) swing right, 15 ft, 10 ft, 5 ft, 2 ft, swing stop
(b) load down 40 ft, 30 ft, .. . 2 ft, load stop
(c) load up slow, slow, slow, load stop

Audible Travel Signals

(a) STOP: one short audible signal
(b) GO AHEAD: two short audible signals
(c) BACK UP: three short audible signals

e Once lift has begun the signaler should never break

communication with the operator - this is referred to as
“constant communication”
e If signaler breaks communications (unkeys mic.) the
operator should stop immediately.
e The crane operator should only continue when regular
communications with signaler is re-established.
e [f the operator needs to talk with the signaler, he should
stop and give 1 blast of the horn to alert the signaler.
e The signaler can then unkey the mic so the crane operator
can talk with him.
224
Hand Signals
Mobile Crane
Hand Signals

SLOWLY
HOIST LOAD Raise LOAD

| t

LOWER SLOWLY
CY) LOAD LowER LOAD

py
USE MAIN HOIST

USE WHIP LINE

Refer to ASME B30.5 and OSHA

B 1926.550 for additional
EVERYTHING information

These hand signals were created using ASME

B30.5 as the guideline and basis of development.

Some special operations may require adaptations

of these basic signals.
 225
Hand Signals

CD a

RAISE BOOM '

& LOWER LOAD ose

oe LOWER BOOM
LOWER BOOM & RAISE LOAD

SWING oy

c
{or 3

Arm extended, point with finger the

direction of swing of boom.

Voice Commands when using a radio:

e When giving the "Swing" command:

e Give diréctions to the operators right or left
e Give approximate length of swing
 226
Se eee

Hand Signals
OVERHEAD CRANES
<> BRIDGE
ms TRAVEL

oe
TROLLEY
TRAVEL

Hit)
ya

ee

Signals adapted from ASME B30.2-2005

(Overhead and Gantry Cranes)

Special operations may require additions

or modifications of these signals.

Crane Operator ONLY

Spread both hands apart, palms up.

MULTIPLE TROLLEYS
Hold up ONE finger for the block marked "1" and TWO fingers for
the block Marked "2". Then follow with regular hand signals.
 227

STOP

Right arm extended ,palm

down and open, move arm ‘
back and forth horizontally

EMERGENCY STOP
An emergency stop signal must be accepted from any person.

It is important that the crane operator immediately react to this

signal, because the person giving this signal may recognize a po-
tentially hazardous situation that the crane operator or signal-
man is not aware of.
228
a
FRACTION/DECIMAL/MILLIMETER
CONVERSION CHART
[fraction [decimal |__mm__
33/64 [ 0.5156] 13.0969

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0.578mg (Ca osaS top)(ee)
0.593
Jule
lo]
W]e
LO
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WOLO
las]w
|
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IDIAIN 0.609
AINMIAIN
DIW i n BSSNSCO

ah
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un(ws) oydb AB oO(as)

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re N
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1.906 OJ WwW= ioe)N
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2.303 ronw aD Ilo

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Multiplication Table
230

Phonetic Alphabet
Letter Pronunciation
A Alpha (AL fah)
Bravo (BRAH VOH)
Charlie (CHAR lee)
Delta (DELL tah)
Echo (ECK oh)
Foxtrot (FOKS trot)
Golf (GOLF)
Hotel (hoh TELL)
India (IN dee ah)
Juliett (JEW lee ETT)
Kilo (KEY loh)
Lima (LEE mah)
Mike (MIKE)
November (no VEM ber)
Oscar (OSS cah)
Papa (pah PAH)
Quebec (keh BECK)
Romeo (ROW me oh)
Sierra (see AIR rah)
Tango (TANG go)
Uniform (YOU nee form)
Victor (VIK tah)
Whiskey (WISS key)
X Ray (ECKS RAY)
Yankee (YANG key)
ae
este
ire
NES
Mots
ia
inser
isrifa
leo
cole
eben
Waka
BN Zulu (ZOO loo)
Note: The syllables printed in capital letters are to be stressed
Se
FB
231
Changes made in this printing

We try to be diligent when proofing the Rigging Handbook but we

still overlook some mistakes — sorry. When we find a mistake or
typo we correct these prior to a new print run, and sometimes
update pages to provide better illustrations at the request of our
readers.

Changes made in the April 2008 printing:

Page Change/revisions £2 j=I2%bead2S

AySuud

OSE
UPDATED - Clarified cautions and warnings about using the ca- rn

pacity table values vs actual WLL

TYPO - Changed HS to HT (to represent Hand Tucked)
KS
Combined previous content with page 71, added WLL cautions
tj
UPDATED - Revised and included alternate methods (turned tail rN
for securing wire rope ends on wedge sockets
Clarified the use of wire rope clips for rigging
GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION ERROR - Corrected illustration to show
the wire rope clips properly installed
NEW - Added carbon steel shackle WLL's, revised illustration to :ef
incorporate both Carbon and Alloy G%
4
Clarified sling side loading with new examples
UPDATED- Modified formulas for inclined planes (old formula
was conservative) to provide better results
Revised and expanded illustration for the eyebolts used with an-
gular lifting
UPDATED - revised illustrations to include AMSE B30.26 values
for angular lifting with eyebolts
UPDATED - Clarified maximum included angles use for hooks
and Shackles with new illustrations
Moved some hook use examples previously on page 150 to the
bottom ofthis page
Improved upper graphic on lever hoist use to show the hoist (in-
correctly) touching the obstruction
TYPO - Glarified that the loads shown indicate the typical load
weight that a timber beam can support ‘
TYPO - Updated the table on wire rope classifications (previous
columns were incorrectly labeled)

Changes made in the December 2008 printing: a

mi.
Page Change/revisions Ba
|

;
56 Revised descriptions of Tell-tails and optical fiber use
Added "Data courtesy of SLINGMAX® Rigging Solutions"
:
52-56
TYPO - changed stand to strand
L.
:—
58
63 UYPOR changed VCR to VRC
 232
Rigging Training presented at your location!
~ {t's easy to see why on-site training is our most requested service! We
can assemble a customized training program specifically for your
company, or offer several of our standard training programs:
| es @® Basic Rigging Safety ® Advanced Rigging Workshops
® Rigging Fundamentals @ Overhead Crane Operation

With their many years of on-the-job AND classroom experience,

our Training Instructors skillfully cover the training topics to
provide an exceptional learning experience for your employees.

We can also offer

advanced hands-on
training using our
portable = drifting
frame equipment. |

Training programs can range from 4 hours to several days, depending on

the topics and activities. We offer on-site training programs for domestic
and international locations. We have classroom and workshop programs
that include hands-on activities for participants to perform proper rigging
practices. Since class content and your location may influence the training
costs please contact us for a quote for your specific training needs.

ACRA Enterprises, Inc. - “Training and Publications”

2769 West Glenlord - Stevensville, Michigan 49127
Toll free: 800-992-0689 - Office: (269) 429-6240
or visit our website: http://www.acratech.com
 Hold or attach a weighted string here,

Angle
Finder
With only a short piece of
string and a nut or washer,
you can determine the
horizontal angle of any
sling by using this handy
“do-it-yourself”field
inclinometer.

i i
9 "781888' 724028
4th printing (2010)