GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AND DIVIDE (WEEK 8)

Development
➢ It is a process, system and procedure
➢ A process and an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation
➢ It is a rise in the level and quality of life of the population, the creation or expansion
of local and regional income and employment without damaging the resources of
the environment (Society for International Development)
Dimensions of Development
1. Economic Development
2. Human Development
3. Territorial Development
4. Sustainable Development
Economic Development
➢ Lucas (91988) and Fieldman, et al (2016) contend that economic growth and
economic development are distinct fields
➢ Growth as a theory is easily quantified and measured like the increase of production
in labor, machineries and capital.
➢ Economic development is focused on the qualitative aspect of change like the
increased quality of life, social improvements and innovations.
➢ Sen (1999) defined economic development as “the expansion of capacities that
contribute to the advancement of society through the realization of individuals’,
firms’, and communities’ potential”.
Human Development
➢ UN Development Program has outlined the three dimensions of human development
1. long and healthy life
2. knowledge
3. decent standard of living
Territorial Development
➢ focuses on the interrelationships of human activities between rural and urban areas
(Bellù, 2011)
➢ includes production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, the
balance and quality features of its norms and practices that support the operation
of man’s social affairs
Sustainable Development
➢ development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs."
➢ Sustainable Development Goals or Global Goals was established as part on the
success of the Millennium Development Goals of 2015.
➢ In the next 15 years, member-countries of UN, rich or poor, developed of developing
are expected to mobilize all efforts to end the global problem of poverty, solve
inequality and address impacts of climate change.
17 Development Goals / SDGs
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere. “NO POVERTY”
Goal 2. End hunger achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture. “ZERO HUNGER”
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. “GOOD HEALTH AND
WELL-BEING”
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote. “QUALITY
EDUCATION”
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. “GENDER EQUALITY”
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
“CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION”
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
“AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY”
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all. “DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH”
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation. “INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFASTRUCTURE”
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries. “REDUCED INEQUALITIES”
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
“SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES”
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. “RESPONSIBLE
CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION”
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. “CLIMATE ACTION”
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development. “LIFE BELOW WATER”
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss. “LIFE ON LAND”
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. “PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS”
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development. “PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS”
How to Implement SDGs?
1. Commitments and willingness with member-states
2. Resource mobilization (manpower, capital, logistics and key infrastructures)
3. Concerted efforts from government, private sector, civil society, and other
stakeholders
4. Efforts of both national and global community.
Global South
➢ refers to countries that are excluded if not deprived from socioeconomic
prominence and reputation like Africa, Middle East, South America, South Asia and
countries within Pacific.
➢ The inequalities and global divide between the rich and poor countries part of
globalization and territorializing is also part on the reality of global south (Lopez, 2007).
Global North
➢ Countries like the United States, Canada, outermost and western parts of Europe,
Japan, Australia and New Zealand are giant economies parts of the global north.
➢ These countries are described as highly industrialized, developed and most
advanced economies in the world.
What’s in the Global South?
➢ Africa: debts, poor infrastructure, education, employment, healthcare and peace
and security are key impediments.
➢ Asia: domestic and regional problems like unstable governments, rule of law and
environmental pollution are continuously affecting the region
➢ Central Asia: consists of countries that have experienced transitioning governments.
✓ These are former territories of the Soviet Union and stabilizing the economy
brought by the damage of the former communist Soviet regime is still evident
➢ West Asia/ Middle East: has its unique social struggle.
✓ The region is confined in a costly conflict involving territorial insecurity, peace
and order, and competing extreme ideological clashes.
➢ Pacific Islands: Natural disasters and the absence of sufficient investment as major
source of the economy make countries in the Pacific Islands a victim of slow growth.
➢ Latin and Caribbean: Countries belonging to Latin America are trapped in a
turbulent economic environment.
✓ Regional matters like unstable democratic governance and fiscal problems
are known challenges facing countries of the region.
DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA (WEEK 9)
Middle East and Africa
2015 Millennium Development Goals
➢ The declaration focuses on the problems of countries that are severely affected by
decades-long problem like poverty and hunger, maternal health, universal access
to education, employment and trade opportunities
8 Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal 4. Reduce child mortality

Goal 5. Improve maternal health

Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development

Economic Reforms in the Region

➢ IMF lending institutions that works with some countries in the region to improve the
management of fiscal policies.
➢ In Nigeria, an amount of $40 billion was found stolen from the national coffer
➢ Microlending or small loans offered to local farmers and entrepreneurs who have no
access to credit were established by multilateral institutions
Political Reforms in the Region
➢ Ethnic groups are highly engaged in local politics in Africa where violence is an
expected result of the involvement.
➢ The overflowing foreign aid in Africa coming from countries like US and Russia was
used by political parties and ethnic groups as part of maintaining its vast network
during election
Women and Health in the Region
➢ AIDS is hardly solved among countries in SSA because of the following obstacles:
1. catching the disease at a high-risk population;
2. education coupled with intense public awareness campaign and
commitment form the government;
3. treatment of AIDS/HIV among African patients
Foreign Aid and Initiatives
➢ Foreign aid or Official Development Assistance (ODA) is an aid or support from
developed and advanced governments to developing or less developing countries.
➢ The pattern of relationship in ‘developed–developing’ and ‘donor–recipient’
became increasingly an interesting facet of policymaking international relations
(Harris, et. al. 2009).
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA)
➢ Countries in this region were once the earliest hubs of industrialization and
development.
➢ The rich oil and natural gas deposit in the area is a fundamental engine of functioning
global economy
ROOTS OF CONFLICT AND COOPERATION
1. External Powers
➢ The “meddling” practice of non-Middle Eastern powers mad made costly
consequences.
➢ Intervention of other countries in the internal and regional affairs of MENA
resulted to a worsening divides and splits of religious communities and ethnic
groups.
2. Adventurism of Regional Leaders
➢ Saddam Hussein, Muammar Qaddafi, and Iran’s Shi’ite leaders are described
as brutal and irrational leaders who are responsible in the conflict (Dillman,
2008)
➢ adventurism as their style of leadership and governance. It is an act to threaten
and destabilize other territory with the purpose of defeating political rival in the
region
3. Blaming the Religion
➢ The public conception every time conflict like suicide bombing arises, radical
Islamist movement is always at the point where public (non-Islam) blame Islam
and religion as political tools in promoting violence.
Transforming MENA
➢ Two main reforms were utilized to address regional development.
1. inter-regional export of fuels was introduced to induce export sector.
2. intra-regional trade in labor was initiated to confront the increasing
demand in the area as some economies are seeing growth.
Barriers in Empowering Women in the Society
➢ The family orientation in most countries in the region has strong belief on the
limited social role of women.
➢ Family as a significant unit of the society believes that a wife or female partner
should devote her time in attending the household affairs.
➢ Religious laws play a very critical role in changing the preferences and interests
of women in MENA.
➢ Religious policies in the region are more important than policies and laws
created by other institutions
➢ The idea of modesty code is traditionally observed in most places where
women’s reputation should be maintained at all times.
➢ The idea of two-income household is unacceptable norm.
➢ A husband is expected to confront with the role as the main provider and sole
breadwinner in the family.
DEVELOPMENT OF LATIN AMERICA ND EAST ASIA (WEEK 10)
THE DEBT CRISIS
➢ The debt crisis of 80s was a result of the financial instability of the global economy in
the 80s.
➢ Financial institutions in the industrialized north became more aggressive brought by
deregulation of global economy and major technological breakthroughs (Balaam
and Veseth, 2008).
➢ Less Developed Countries (LDCs) or a nation with low level of income and
industrialization were encouraged by financial policymakers to borrow money.
➢ This liberal arrangement will fuel economic growth for both the lender and borrower.
➢ Foreign banks continued to offer financial aid and additional loans to LDCs which
resulted to an increase of its debt.
➢ Such condition adds burden to both LDCs and lender because of the inability of the
borrower to pay the amount borrowed from the banks.
➢ In essence, his uncoordinated behavior between the financial institution and LDC
generated a “debt trap” condition.
➢ This happens when a creditor allows a debtor, who is in financial trouble, to borrow
higher amount money.
STAGES OF FINANCIAL CRISIS
1. Displacement
➢ This stage characterized by the occurrence of external shocks or information
that affects the economic outlook of the country.
2. Expansion
➢ Expansion happens when an economy has increase in liquidity or investment
money.
➢ Bank credit and financial innovations are examples of potential sources of
liquidity
3. Euphoria
➢ This stage of financial crisis takes place when the motive of buying becomes to
sell and take the interest or capital gain as the price becomes higher.
➢ This period is also called “over-trading”
4. Distress
➢ Distress could be experienced if there are concerns of the buyers and investors
that the overall environment of the economy is risky and fragile.
5. Contagion
➢ This is the transnational and global effects of crisis, affecting other economies
and countries hurting different industries and sectors.
6. Revulsion
➢ This feature of economic crisis happens when there is a sharp shift of public
behavior on a particular economic event of activity
THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT
➢ The emergence of countries like Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan
signaled the emergence of new global economic powers.
➢ The different state strategies and initiatives employed by these countries were
used as tools also by its neighboring economies in Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand, and the Philippines.
➢ The shift of the economic development in China and India today is explained
as a product of two mechanisms aimed for growth (Park, 2002).
➢ The idea of invisible hand espoused by Adam Smith is considered as a major
engine in the development process of these countries.
EAST ASIAN DEVELOPMENT: ASIAN MIRACLE
➢ The economic development of East Asian NICs (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea
and Taiwan) in the 70s proved to be a miracle of Third World countries in the region.
➢ Its experiences offered contrasting explanations as far as economic conditions of
other Third World countries and Latin America are concerned.
➢ The pattern of developments in East Asia was marked by different internal and
external factors which are important in the rebuilding of Asian economies.
States as Economic Managers
➢ Interventions of government in the economic operation of the state usually happen
when the domestic market and private sector fail to confront economic problems
and are at risks of losing (Johnson, 1987)
➢ The uncontrollable Korean debt problem in the hands of the “Chaebol” was a key
factor in the economic crisis of the country.
➢ Badly managed funds were not restricted by the government leading to the collapse
of its economy.
GLOBAL RELIGIONS (WEEK 11)
Global Religion

➢ The Easter Sunday suicide bombings of April 2019 that killed more than 300 people
were indications of the catastrophic cultural condition in Sri Lanka.
➢ Mahatma Gandhi, before he could fully savor the fresh air of independent India, fell
victim to a Hindu fundamentalist’s bullets.
➢ Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was gunned down by her own Sikh bodyguard in the
aftermath of the Sikh fundamentalist movement that swept through the vibrant state
of Punjab in the early 1980s.
Religion

➢ Relation of human beings to God or the gods or to whatever they consider sacred
or, in some cases, merely supernatural (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia)
➢ a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices;
a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith (Merriam Webster)
➢ Latin religio originally meant 'obligation, bond.' It was probably derived from the verb
religare 'tie back, tie tight' … It developed the specialized sense 'bond between
human beings and the gods.
New Religious Movement

➢ NRM as a special type of communication system (Movement) that gets its form by a
particular form of mobilisation of communication for religious issues (Klenk, 2012)
➢ is usually founded by a charismatic
➢ sometimes with highly authoritarian leader who is thought to have extraordinary
powers or insights.
➢ are tightly organized.
➢ self-proclaimed “alternative” or “outsider” status.
➢ these groups often make great demands on the loyalty and commitment of their
followers
➢ establish themselves as substitutes for the family and other conventional social
groupings.

Roles of Religion in Globalization

➢ Religion, as one of the powerful forces in the past and oldest institutions, had been
used to bind different regions in the world.
➢ It aided in creating a large geographical global system, economic trade and
political empires.
➢ Age of exploration
Religion as Cultural and Political Resource

➢ Religions served as ground that furnishes them with identity and integrity especially if
they are surrounded by strangers.
➢ Migrants depend on their religions as these attended their needs such as in food and
shelter.
➢ Religion helps global connectivity and in global flows as it maintains ties with people’s
place of origin.
Religion as a Globalizing System
➢ Religion as a whole implies that a globally extended religious system is composed of
similar characteristics and widely recognized kinds of religions
➢ the ideas of religion as whole and distinct religions are products of European and
Christian movements
GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY

Technology and Computer Revolutions

➢ The interaction of technological forces is described as the era of “post-post crisis”
➢ Innovation and sustainability are key determinants of the current civilization where
new force will emerge and continue to influence man and his environment in a wider
scale.
Technology

➢ the application of knowledge for practical purposes.

➢ It relates to providing results and solving complex problems of man and his
environment

Advancement of Technology
➢ the internet citizens are too dependent on world wide web.
➢ social networking sites are coming to dominate that machinery of communication
➢ The advent of internet gave rise to cybercrimes

Information Technology 2030

➢ 2030 Expectation: New solutions will continue to emerge in big and large data
processing and analysis
Issue: There is uncertainty of determining big data that are useful to utilize by
organizations like security issues
➢ 2030 Expectation: Larger market base and users of social networking sites
Issue: High potential for security and privacy issues where cybersecurity is a primary
challenge in maintaining confidentiality and privacy of users
➢ 2030 Expectation: More smart and developing cities will implement IT integrated
infrastructure
Issue: There are only few cities that can sustain the vision of smart cities because of
rising costs and complexity of sustaining infrastructure.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

➢ characterized by the fusion of physical, digital and biological spheres (Schwab,
2016).
➢ Developments in telecommunications and computers as well as high-level of
automation in production
➢ the arrival of the Fourth IR is described as the combination of speed, velocity and
systems impact.
➢ The speed of current breakthroughs is evolving at an exponential and not linear pace
(Schwab, 2015; David, et al. 2018).
Opportunities of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
➢ Lower barriers in business transactions
➢ Increasing role of Artificial intelligence (AI)
➢ Integration of different techniques and domain.
➢ The role of robotics
➢ The Internet of Things (IoT) or machine-to-machine

Additional Notes:
➢ The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
✓ Iran,
✓ Iraq,
✓ Kuwait,
✓ Saudi Arabia
✓ Venezuela
➢ Where a country’s exports exceeds it imports
✓ Trade Surplus
➢ 4 Asian Tigers.
✓ Hong Kong,
✓ Singapore,
✓ South Korea,
✓ Taiwan
➢ 5 Tiger Cubs
✓ Indonesia,
✓ Malaysia,
✓ Philippines,
✓ Thailand,
✓ Vietnam
➢ ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
✓ Brunei,
✓ Cambodia,
✓ Indonesia,
✓ Laos,
✓ Malaysia,
✓ Myanmar,
✓ Philippines,
✓ Singapore,
✓ Thailand,
✓ Vietnam
➢ What causes poverty in South East Asia?
✓ D. All of the above
➢ When it comes to religion Jerusalem…
✓ B.
➢ What is the purpose of the World Bank
✓ Provide Financial and Technical Assistance
➢ Which Southeast Asian Country is known for its 17 thousand islands
✓ Indonesia
Quiz No. 1
1. It is a broad concept denoting the idea that societies and countries have differing
levels of economic or human development on an international scale.
➢ International Development or Global Development
2. It is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of
physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.
➢ Development
3. It is an increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services,
compared from one period of time to another..
➢ Economic Growth
4. It is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation,
region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals
and objectives.
➢ Economic Development
5. It the process of enlarging people's freedoms and opportunities and improving their
well-being.
➢ Human Development
6. It refers to integrated multi-sector development across a specific portion of territory,
guided by a spatial vision of the desirable future and supported by strategic
investments in physical infrastructure and environmental management.
➢ Territorial Development
7. It is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
➢ Sustainable Development
8. It as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by
2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
➢ SDG/Global Goals
9. How many SDG’s are there according to the UN?
➢ 17 SDG’s
10. It aims to end poverty in all its forms everywhere.
➢ SDG 1/No Poverty
11. It is aimed to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
➢ SDG 5/Gender Equality
12. It is aimed to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all.
➢ SDG 8/Decent Work and Economic Growth
13. It is aimed to improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional
capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early
warning.
➢ SDG 13/Climate Action
14. It is about promoting peaceful and inclusive societies, providing access to justice for
all and building effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
➢ SDG 16/Peace, Justice and Strong Institution
15. It is aimed to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
➢ SDG 15/Life On Land
 16. It is aimed to strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development.
➢ SDG 17/Partnership For The Goals
17. It is aimed to reduce inequality within and among countries.
➢ SDG 10/ Reduce Inequalities
18. It is aimed to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources
for sustainable development.
➢ SDG 14/Life Below Water
19. It is aimed to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all.
➢ SDG 6/Clean Water And Sanitation
20. BONUS
Quiz No. 2

1. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was founded in which year?
➢ 1967
2. What Middle Eastern country is known for its oil reserves and is a leading member of
OPEC?
➢ Saudi Arabia
3. It is a situation that happens when financial instruments and assets decrease
significantly in value.
➢ Financial Crisis
4. These are countries that have low levels of income and face severe structural
impediments to sustainable development.
➢ Less Developed Countries
5. It is characterized by the occurrence of external shocks or information that affects
the economic outlook of the country.
➢ Displacement
6. These are concerns of the buyers and investors that the overall environment of the
economy is risky and fragile.
➢ Distress
7. It describes the transnational and global effects of crisis, affecting other economies
and countries hurting different industries and sectors.
➢ Contagion
8. It happens when there is a sharp shift of public behavior on a particular economic
event of activity.
➢ Revulsion
9. It takes place when the motive of buying becomes to sell and take the interest or
capital gain as the price becomes higher.
➢ Euphoria
10. It happens when an economy has increase in liquidity or investment money.
➢ Expansion
11. How many Millenium Development Goals were established?
➢ 8 MDG’S
12. The Millenium Development Goals were set to be achieved by the year?
➢ 2015
13. The Millenium Development Goals were a precursor to what?
➢ SDG
14. What year marked the beginning of the Millenium Development Goals?
➢ 2000
15. Which goal aimed to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases?
➢ MDG 6
16. Which international organization is primarily responsible for coordinating global
economic policies?
➢ IMF / International Monetary Fund
17. Which term refers to a situation where a country’s imports exceed its exports?
➢ Trade Deficit
18. What is the meaning of MENA?
➢ Middle East and North Africa
19. What countries are known as the Tiger Cub economies of Asia due to its developing
economies?
➢ Philippines
➢ Indonesia
➢ Malaysia
➢ Thailand
➢ Vietnam
20. Your Favorite
➢ Bonus