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Unit1 6

The document outlines the curriculum for the 'Structures III' module at the Institut d'Enseignement Supérieur de Ruhengeri, focusing on the design of steel structures, connections, and timber design. It includes detailed information on trusses, their applications, design concepts, loads, and tension capacity calculations. The lecturer for the module is MEng. Abdou Niyitangamahoro.

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TUYIZERE Emmanuel
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8 views28 pages

Unit1 6

The document outlines the curriculum for the 'Structures III' module at the Institut d'Enseignement Supérieur de Ruhengeri, focusing on the design of steel structures, connections, and timber design. It includes detailed information on trusses, their applications, design concepts, loads, and tension capacity calculations. The lecturer for the module is MEng. Abdou Niyitangamahoro.

Uploaded by

TUYIZERE Emmanuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTITUT D’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR DE RUHENGERI

B.P. 155, Ruhengeri, Rwanda

T : +250 788 90 30 30, +250 788 90 30 32, W : www.ines.ac.rw, E : info@ines.ac.rw

Module Title: Structures III (Emerging Technology and


Disaster Prevention)

Module Code: ARC 80739

Year: IV Semester:

Lecturer: MEng. Abdou NIYITANGAMAHORO


Indicative content
Unit 1: Design of steel structures
Unit 1.1: Introduction
Unit 1.2: Design methods and actions on structures
Unit 1.3: Materials properties and steel sections
Unit 1.4: Beams
Unit 1.5: Columns
Unit 1.6: Trusses
Unit 2: Connections
Unit 3: Timber design
Unit 1.6

Roof Trusses
Introduction

A truss is a triangulated framework of members in


which loads are primarily resisted by axial forces in
the individual members. The most commonly used
truss is single span, simply supported and statically
determinate with joints assumed to act as pins.
• Joints in structural steelwork are invariably bolted
or welded, and although such joints will in fact
transmit some moments from member to
member, However the moments are usually
ignored in the determination of the forces acting
in the frame.
• Thus when a triangulated frame is loaded at the
joints, the internal forces developed in its
members are axial tension or compression.
Degree of determinacy
• For statically determinate plane frame
n=2j-3
Where n is the members in a plane frame and j
number of joints,
• If n is less than 2j – 3 then the frame is
deficient and it will collapse under loading.
This type of plane frame is known as a
mechanism (fig.a).
• To turn truss in (a) into a statically determinate
frame, another member must be added, as
shown in Fig.(b)

• If n is more than 2j – 3 the frame is redundant


and cannot be analyzed by statics alone. These
frames are called statically indeterminate or
hyperstatic frames.
Typical roof structure
Typical uses

 A common application of pitched trusses is for


roofs;
 Lattice girders have a wider variety of uses
including support of roofs and floors particularly
with longer spans or heavier loads;
Lattice

Lattice

Lattice girders
Spans
• The most efficient form of truss to be employed
in any given situation is usually controlled by the
span to be covered;
• For spans in excess of the values shown in the fig.
given below, lattice girders may be more
practical;
• However, lattice girders are used for a whole
range of spans(greater than approximately 7 m).
**

Typical roof trusses and associated spans


Design concept
• The spacing of the purlins: range from as little as
900 mm to over 3.5 m;
• If the purlins are only located at points where
internal members meet, (the panel points) then
the truss members will be subjected primarily to
axial forces;
• However, if the spacing is such that the purlins are
supported between the panel points, then rafters
will need to be designed for combined axial load
and bending.
Purlins at or between panel points
In case where the purlins are not located at the
nodes of the truss, the top chord is now analyzed
as a continuous beam loaded with the normal
component of the purlin loads as shown in the
figure below. The continuous beam is taken as fixed
at the ridge and simply supported at the eaves. The
beam supports are the internal truss members
Loads on trusses
The main types of loads on trusses are :
Dead;
imposed (BS 6399-3:1988)and
 wind load (BS 6399-2:1997)
1997
s.
Ties
The tension capacity Pt of a tie is given in
Clause 4.6.1 as:
Pt = py Ae
where:
Ae is the effective net area of the member
and it is found by the addition of the effective
net areas ae of all the elements in the cross-
section.
where:
ae is the net area of the element allowing for
bolt holes
ag is the gross area of the element
Ke is a factor depending on the grade of steel,
being 1.2 for S275 ,1.1 for grade S355 and for
grade S 460 Ke = 1.0.
Simple tension members

Angles, channels or T-sections subject to


tension with moments caused by eccentric
end connections can be designed as ‘simple
tension members’ using the provisions of
Clause 4.6.3. Other members subject to
tension and bending should be designed using
Clause 4.8.2
Members that are under both tension and moment
must be checked to ensure that the combined
actions may be safely resisted. For this case a cross-
section capacity check is done as given in Clause
4.8.2.2 and as reproduced below:
Example

A 200 x 200 x 16 mm angle section in grade S275 is


to be used as a tie. Firstly the connection will be
made by a welded gusset plate and secondly by
two M24 bolts of hole diameter D=26mm, in a line
across the width of the member. Determine the
tension capacity in each case.
Solution
From section tables: Ag = 61.8 cm2
Tmax is ≤ 16mm; therefore py = 275 N/mm2.
Determine a1 and a2,
Gross area of connected leg a1 = 200 *16 = 3200
mm2
for unconnected leg a2 = 6180 – 3200 = 2980mm2.
Connection using a welded gusset
Tension capacity from Clause 4.6.3.1
Pt = py (Ag – 0.3a2) = 275 (6180 – 0.3 *2980 ) 10–3 =
1454 kN
Connection using bolts.
For connected leg, the net area an1 is given by
an1 = a1 – 2 *Dh*t = 3200 – 2*26*16 = 2368 mm2
ae1 = Ke an1 but ≤ ag = 1.2 *2368 ≤ 3200 = 2842 mm2
Ae = ae1 + a2 = 2842 + 2980 = 5822 mm2
Tension capacity from Clause 4.6.3.1
Pt = py (Ae – 0.5a2) = 275 (5822 – 0.5*2980 ) 10–3 =
1191 kN
Note: As members of trusses some are ties and others
struts, their design is done by applying the procedures

Seen in the previous chapters.

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