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Linear Algebra Paper Solution

The document provides step-by-step solutions to a Linear Algebra final exam, covering topics such as vector spaces, linear transformations, eigenvalues, linear dependence, basis, change of basis, and the Gram-Schmidt process. Key definitions, examples, and calculations are included to illustrate concepts like linear independence and the computation of determinants. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding fundamental linear algebra principles and problem-solving techniques.

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Kumail Raza
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38 views3 pages

Linear Algebra Paper Solution

The document provides step-by-step solutions to a Linear Algebra final exam, covering topics such as vector spaces, linear transformations, eigenvalues, linear dependence, basis, change of basis, and the Gram-Schmidt process. Key definitions, examples, and calculations are included to illustrate concepts like linear independence and the computation of determinants. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding fundamental linear algebra principles and problem-solving techniques.

Uploaded by

Kumail Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Step-by-Step Solutions to Linear Algebra Final

Exam

Question 1: Short Answers


(a) Definition of a Vector Space:
A vector space is a set V along with two operations: vector addition and scalar
multiplication, satisfying the following axioms:
• Associativity of addition: (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)
• Commutativity of addition: u + v = v + u
• Existence of additive identity: There exists 0 such that v + 0 = v
• Existence of additive inverses: For each v, there exists −v such that v +
(−v) = 0
• Associativity of scalar multiplication: a(bv) = (ab)v
• Distributivity: a(v + w) = av + aw and (a + b)v = av + bv
Example: The set R2 with standard addition and scalar multiplication is a
vector space.
(b) Example of a Non-Linear Transformation:
A transformation T : R2 → R2 is linear if it satisfies additivity and homogeneity.
Consider T (x, y) = (x2 , y). We check:

T (a(x1 , y1 ) + b(x2 , y2 )) = T (ax1 + bx2 , ay1 + by2 )


= ((ax1 + bx2 )2 , ay1 + by2 )
̸= aT (x1 , y1 ) + bT (x2 , y2 )

Thus, it is not linear.


(c) Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors satisfy Av = λv. Given A, solve det(A − λI) = 0.
(d) Dimension of a Vector Space:
The dimension is the number of basis vectors. Example: dim(R3 ) = 3.
(e) Inner Product and Example:
An inner product is a function ⟨u, v⟩ satisfying linearity, symmetry, and positive
definiteness. Example: ⟨u, v⟩ = u1 v1 + u2 v2 in R2 .

1
Question 2: Linear Dependence and Basis
(a) Checking Linear Dependence:
Construct matrix A with given vectors as rows:
 
5 −2 4
A= 2  −3 5 (1)
4 5 −7

Compute det(A) using cofactor expansion:

−3 5 2 5 2 −3
det(A) = 5 − (−2) +4
5 −7 4 −7 4 5
= 5((−3)(−7) − (5)(5)) + 2((2)(−7) − (5)(4)) + 4((2)(5) − (−3)(4))
= 5(21 − 25) + 2(−14 − 20) + 4(10 + 12)
= 5(−4) + 2(−34) + 4(22)
= −20 − 68 + 88
=0

Since det(A) = 0, the vectors are linearly dependent.


(b) Showing a Basis:
To show {(1, −1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)} is a basis, check linear independence by
forming matrix B:  
1 −1 0
B = 1 1 0 (2)
1 1 1
Compute determinant:
1 0 1 0 1 1
det(B) = 1 − (−1) +0
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1(1 − 0) + 1(1 − 0) + 0(1 − 1)
= 1 + 1 + 0 = 2 ̸= 0

Since det(B) ̸= 0, the vectors are independent and form a basis.

Question 3: Change of Basis and Linearity


(a) Finding Change of Basis Matrix:
Given B = {(1, 2), (3, 4)} and C = {(7, 3), (4, 2)}, find matrix PB→C = C −1 B:
 
1 2 −3
C −1 = (3)
det C −4 7
Multiply C −1 with B.
(b) Checking Linearity:
Verify T (u + v) = T (u) + T (v) and T (αu) = αT (u).

2
Question 4: Eigenvalues and Column Space Di-
mension
(a) Finding Eigenvalues:
Solve det(A − λI) = 0.
(b) Finding Column Space Dimension:
Rank of A gives the dimension.

Question 5: Gram-Schmidt and Least Squares


(a) Gram-Schmidt:
Apply algorithm to {(1, −1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 2)}.
(b) Least Squares Solution:
Solve AT Ax = AT b.

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