IMPORTANT LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS ( SCORE : 3 )

( XI - PHYSICS )
UNIT – 2 UNITS & DIMENSIONS An:
1. With the help of Dimensional Analysis obtain
the expression for time period of a Simple Pendulum.
An :
T ∝ 𝑚 a 𝑙 b 𝑔 c 𝜃 d i.e. T = K 𝑚 a 𝑙 b 𝑔 c 𝜃 d
Taking dimensions on both sides [ M0 L0 T1 ] =
[ Ma Lb+c T-2c ]
Comparing the dimensions on both sides a = 0 , c = -
Position – Time Graph Velocity – Time Graph
½ , b = ½ , and d = 0
So the equation becomes T = K 𝑙 ½ g -½
𝒍
i.e. T = K √𝒈

UNIT – 3 MOTION IN A STRAIGHTLINE

2. Draw the Velocity –Time graph of a body Acceleration – Time Graph
moving with initial velocity ‘u’ and uniform
acceleration ’a’. Obtain the Position – Time relation UNIT – 4 MOTION IN A PLANE
from the graph.
4. Obtain the expression for magnitude of the
An:
resultant of two vectors using Parallelogram law of
vector addition.

An:

OC2 = OD2 + CD2

The area under this curve is = Area of triangle ABC + = OA2 + AD2 + 2.OA.AD + CD2 -- (1)
Area of rectangle OACD = ½ ( v-v0 )t + v0 t AC2 = AD2 + CD2 -- (2)
Area under velocity – time graph is displacement. So, OC2 = OA2 + AC2 + 2OA.AD -- (3)
So, Displacement ( S ) = ½ ( v-v0 )t + v0 t AD = AC cos θ -- (4)
S = ut + ½ at2 So, OC2 = OA2 + AC2 + 2 OA.AC Cos θ
3. Draw the position – time , velocity- time and i.e. R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ Cos θ
acceleration – time graph for a freely falling body
R = √𝑷𝟐 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝟐𝑷𝑸 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 -- (6)

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 1

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

5. Obtain the expression for centripetal 8. Obtain the expression for horizontal range of a
acceleration. projectile
An:
An:

∆𝑣 ∆𝑟 ∆𝑟
= , So, ∆𝑣 = 𝑣
𝑣 𝑅 𝑅
Horizontal range, R = horizontal velocity x time of
Therefore acceleration is given by, flight
∆𝑣 𝑣 ∆𝑟 𝑣 𝒗𝟐 2 u sin θ
ac = = = xv or ac = R = u cos θ x T = u cos θ x
∆𝑡 𝑅 ∆𝑡 𝑅 𝑹 g

6. Obtain the expression for maximum height 𝐮𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛉

reached by a projectile i.e. R =
𝐠
An:
UNIT – 5 LAWS OF MOTION
9. What do you mean by Banking of roads ?
Which are the forces acting on a vehicle on a curved
banked road ?
An:
In order to avoid
skidding, while going round
We have, v2 = u2 + 2 a s
a curved path the outer edge
i.e. 0 = ( u sin θ )2 + ( -2 g Hmax )
of the road is raised above
2 2 𝒖𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
2gHmax = u sin θ or Hmax = the level of the inner edge. This is known as banking
𝟐𝒈

7. What do you mean by time of flight ? Obtain the of curved roads or tracks.
expression for time of flight of a projectile. The
An:
It is the time taken by the projectile to return to the forces are
same horizontal level as the point of projection. given in the
We have, s = u t + ½ a t2 , figure.
i.e. 0 = u sin θ x T – ½ g T2
𝟐 𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
½ gT2 = u sin θ or T = 𝒈

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 2

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

10. Obtain the expression for maximum allowed Newton’s Second Law of Motion ( Law of Force )
speed of a vehicle to negotiate a curved banked It states that the rate of change of momentum of
road with friction. a body is directly proportional to the applied force and

An: takes place in the direction in which the force acts. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭
⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒑
∝ ⃗⃗⃗ = m 𝒂
or 𝑭 ⃗⃗⃗
∆𝒕

Newton’s Third Law of Motion ( Law of Action

and Reaction )
It states that for every action, there is an equal

N cos θ = mg + f sin θ ---------- (1) and opposite reaction. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐹12 = - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹21

The centripetal force is provided by the horizontal UNIT – 6 WORK – ENERGY – POWER

components of N and f. 12. Prove that mechanical energy is conserved in

𝑚𝑣 2 the case of a freely falling body.
N sin θ + f cos θ = --------- (2) But f = μs N
𝑅
An:
Then N cos θ = mg + μs N sin θ ------------- (3)
At the point ‘A’
2
𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
N sin θ + μs N cos θ = ---------- (4) Initial velocity, u = 0
𝑅
Potential energy,
𝑚𝑔
So, N= U = mgh ----- (1)
(cos θ−μ 𝑠 sin θ )
Kinetic energy,
𝑚𝑔 ( sin θ + μ𝑠 cos θ )
Substituting in eq. (4) K = ½ mv2 = 0 ----- (2)
(cos θ−μ 𝑠 sin θ)
2
𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 So total energy
= ---------- (5)
𝑅 E = K + U = mgh ------ (3)
Dividing by cos θ, we get, At the point ‘B’
𝑹𝒈(𝛍𝒔 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝛉 ) Potential energy,
Vmax = √
(𝟏− 𝛍𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝛉 ) U = mg ( h – y ) ------ (4)
When there is no friction (μ 𝑠 = 0 ) , this equation 1
Kinetic energy, K = 2 mv2 = mgy --- (5)
reduces to, Vo = √𝐑𝐠 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 So total energy , E = K + U = mg ( h – y ) + mgy

11. State Newton’s three laws of motion. E = K + U = mgh ----- (6)

At the point ‘C’
An:
Initial velocity ( u ) = 0, Displacement ( S ) = h
Newton’s First Law ( Law of Inertia )
We have, v2 = u2 + 2 aS = 0 + 2gh = 2gh ------ (7)
It states that every object continues to be in the
Then , Potential energy, U = mgh = 0 ------ (8)
state of rest or of uniform motion (constant velocity) 1
Kinetic energy, K = 2 mv2 = mgh ------ (9)
unless there is external force acting on it.
ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 3

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

So total energy , E = K + U = 0 + mgh 15. ( State and explain theorems on moment of
E = K + U = mgh ------ (10) inertia. ) - Deleted
13. Show that in the case of one dimensional elastic An:
collision relative velocity before collision is (i) Parallel axis theorem:
numerically equal to relative velocity after collision.
An: I = I0 + Ma2

(ii) Perpendicular axis theorem:

From the law of conservation of linear momentum,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 or I z= I x + I y

m1 ( u1 - v1 ) = m2 ( v2 – u2 ) ----- (1)
For elastic collision,
----- (2)

After simplifying and rearranging the terms, 16. Show that rate of change of angular
momentum is equal to torque.

An:
----- (3) Angular momentum of a body, L = I ω
Dividing equation (3) by (1) gives, 𝑑𝐿 𝑑 𝑑ω
Differentiating, we get = Iω=I
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ω 𝑑ω
UNIT – 7 SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND is the angular acceleration and so, I = Iα
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
ROTATIONAL MOTION
𝑑𝐿
14. Show that total kinetic energy of a rolling But Iα = τ ∴ τ=
𝑑𝑡
body is given by ½ mv2 [ 1 + ( K2/r2 ) ] UNIT – 8 GRAVITATION
An: 17. State Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
Total energy of a rolling body, An:
KEroll = KE rot + KE tran 1. First Law or Law of orbits:
Each planet moves around the Sun in
= ½ Iω2 + ½ mv2 , But I = mK2 and v = rω
an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one of the
So, KE roll = ½ mK2 v2 / r2 + ½ mv2 foci.

KE roll = ½ mv2 [ 1 + ( K2/r2 ) ]

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 4

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

 2. Second Law or Law of area: 4
𝐺 π 𝑅3 ρ
The radial vector (line joining the Sun 3 4
g= = G π 𝑅 ρ ------- (3)
to a planet) sweeps equal areas in equal 𝑅2 3
intervals of time.
∆𝐴 4
= Constant gd = G π (𝑅 − 𝑑) ρ ------- (4)
3
∆𝑡
3. Third Law or Law of Period:
𝑔𝑑 (𝑅−𝑑) 𝑑
The square of the time period of = , gd = g ( 1 - ) ----- (5)
𝑔 𝑅 𝑅
revolution of a planet around the Sun in its
elliptical orbit is directly proportional to the
20. Obtain the expression for escape velocity
cube of the semi-major axis of the ellipse.
An:
When an object projected upwards reaches a height
18. Discuss the variation of acceleration due to
far away from Earth, beyond the gravitational pull,
gravity with altitude.
𝐺𝑀𝑚
An: KE + PE =0 ie. ½ mve2 - = 0 ----- (1)
𝑅
2𝐺𝑀
ve2 = ------ (2)
𝑅
---------- (1)
𝟐𝑮𝑴
Escape Speed , ve = √ 𝑹 ------- (3)
---------- (2) 𝐺𝑀
but g = so, ve = √𝟐𝒈𝑹 ------ (4)
𝑅2

2
21. Obtain the expression for Orbital velocity
𝑔ℎ 𝑅𝐸
= (𝑅 2 ----------- (3) An:
𝑔 𝐸 +ℎ)
𝒎 𝒗𝒐 𝟐 𝒎 𝒗𝒐 𝟐
We can use Binomial expansion. Taking the terms up Centripetal force, F = = ------ (1)
to first order, 𝒓 (𝑹+𝒉)
---------- (4) 𝑮𝑴𝒎 𝑮𝑴𝒎
19. Discuss Gravitational force, F = = ------ (2)
𝒓𝟐 (𝑹+𝒉)𝟐
the variation of acceleration due to gravity with depth.
For the stable orbital motion,
An: 𝒎 𝒗𝒐 𝟐 𝑮𝑴𝒎
= ------ (3)
(𝑹+𝒉) (𝑹+𝒉)𝟐

𝑮𝑴
∴ Orbital Velocity, vo = √(𝑹+𝒉) ------ (4)

𝐺𝑀 𝑔𝑅 2
But , 𝑔 = , vo = √(𝑅+ℎ) ,
𝑅2

𝐺𝑀 if h << R vo = √𝒈𝑹 ------- (5)

g= ------- (1)
𝑅2
4
Mass of Earth, M = π 𝑅𝐸3 ρ -------- (2) 𝑆𝑜, 𝑬𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = √𝟐 𝑶𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
3

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 5

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

22. Obtain the expression for Gravitational An:
potential energy due to earth.
An:
GMm
U=- ----- (1)
r
𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚
UB = - (𝑅+ℎ) and UA = - 𝑅
Then,
1 1
UB - UA = - GMm [ − ]
(R+h) R
1 1
= GMm [ − ] ------- (2)
𝑅 (𝑅+ℎ) OA – Proportional Limit OO’ – Permanent Set
𝑮𝑴𝒎𝒉
∴ UAB = ------- (3) B – Elastic Limit OB – Elastic Region
𝑹(𝑹+𝒉)
𝐺𝑀𝑚ℎ
If h<< R U = ------- (4) D – Ultimate Stress Point E – Breaking Point
𝑅2
𝐺𝑀 BE – Plastic Region
But, g = ----- (5) Hence U = mgh ---- (6)
𝑅2
UNIT – 10 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
UNIT – 9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
SOLIDS 23. Obtain the expression for excess pressure
23. Explain the three types of modulus of inside a drop.
An:
elasticity.
Work done in expansion = Force x Displacement
An: = Excess pressure x Area x
1. Young’s modulus of elasticity (Y) Displacement
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝐿
Y = =
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝛥𝐿
This work done is equal to the increase in surface
2. Bulk modulus of elasticity (B) energy.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑉 Work done to increase the surface area =
B= =-
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝛥𝑉 Surface tension x Increase in surface area
3. Rigidity modulus or
The work done = extra surface energy
Shear modulus of elasticity (G)
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹
G = =
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝜃

24. Draw the Stress – Strain graph of a solid Work done in expansion
material and mark the following From eq. (1) and (2)
An:
(i) Elastic limit (ii) Yield point
(iii) Elastic region (iv) Plastic region
(v) Ultimate stress (vi) Breaking point

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 6

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

24. Obtain the expression for excess pressure According to Pascal’s law
inside a bubble Pressure at ‘C’ = Pressure at ‘D’
An:
2𝑆
Pa = Pa - +hρg
A bubble has two free surfaces. 𝑅
2𝑆 2𝑆 𝑟
Work done in expansion = Force x Displacement hρg = , h= But Cos θ =
𝑅 𝑅𝜌𝑔 𝑅
= Excess pressure x Area x 𝑟 𝟐 𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽
So, R = Then, h =
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝒓𝝆𝒈
Displacement
It is called ascent formula.
26. Obtain the expression for terminal velocity
Work done to increase the surface area = An:
Surface tension x Increase in surface area

For two free surfaces ∆𝐀 = 𝟐 𝐱 𝟖πrΔr = 16 π r Δr

Work done in expansion = S x16 π r Δr
(𝐏𝐢- 𝐏𝐨) x 4π𝐫𝟐 xΔr = 16𝛑𝐫𝚫𝐫 𝐒 --------------(3)

25. Obtain the expression for capillary rise

( ascent formula )
An:

Pressure at ‘A’ and ‘C’ = Pa

2𝑆 27. Obtain the expression for Bernoulli’s
Pressure at ‘B’ = Pa - theorem.
𝑅
An:
Pressure at ‘D’ = Pressure at ‘B’ + h ρ g
According to Bernoulli’s theorem
= Pa -
2𝑆
+hρg KE + PE + Pr. E = a constant
𝑅

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 7

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

 𝟏
i.e. 𝟐 m 𝒗𝟐 + m g h + P V = a constant An:
1. Conduction
or
Conduction is the process of direct
The force acting on the liquid at A = P1 a1
transfer of heat through matter due to
The force acting on the liquid at B = P2 a2
temperature difference.
Work done per second ( Δt = 1 ) on the liquid at A 2. Convection
= P1 a1 × v1 = P1 V Convection is the process in which heat
Work done per second by the liquid at B transfer is by actual movement of molecules in
= P2 a2 × v2 = P2 V fluids such as liquids and gases.

∴ Net work done per second on the liquid by the 3. Radiation

pressure energy in moving the liquid from A to B = Radiation is a form of energy transfer
P1 V – P2 V ----------- (1)
from one body to another by electromagnetic
Increase in potential energy per second of liquid from waves.
A to B = mgh2 – mgh1 ----------- (2)
The conduction or convection requires
Increase in kinetic energy per second of the liquid =
medium to transfer the heat but radiation does
1 2 1
𝑚v2 - 2 𝑚v12 ----------- (3) not require medium.
2

According to work-energy principle,

UNIT – 12 THERMODYNAMICS
work done per second by the pressure energy =
Increase in potential energy per second + Increase in 29. Obtain the expression for work done in an
kinetic energy per second. Isothermal process.
An:
Suppose an ideal gas goes isothermally (at
temperature T ) from its initial state (P1, V1) to the
final state (P2, V 2).
For an Isothermal process of an ideal gas ,
PV = a constant
Work done to increase small amount of
volume, ΔW = P Δ V

UNIT – 11 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF

MATTER So work done in an isothermal process is given by,
𝑽
28. Explain the three methods of heat transfer. W = 2.303 μRT log 𝑽𝟐
𝟏

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 8

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

30. Obtain the expression for work done in an 1. Isothermal expansion
Adiabatic process 2. Adiabatic expansion
An: 3. Isothermal compression
For an adiabatic process of an ideal gas, 4. Adiabatic compression
γ
PV = constant
The work done in an adiabatic change of an
ideal gas from the state (P1, V1, T1) to the state
(P2, V2, T2) is given by,

32. Derive the expression for efficiency of a

Carnot’s engine.
For an adiabatic process, An:
P1 V1γ = P2 V2 γ = a constant. 1. Work done by the gas in Isothermal
expansion,
Then

----( 1 )

2. Work done by the gas in Adiabatic expansion,

So work done in an adiabatic process is given by,

𝝁𝑹
W= ( T1 – T2 ) -------- ( 2 )
(𝜸−𝟏) 3. Work done on the gas in Isothermal
compression,
31. Discuss about Carnot’s engine and Carnot’s cycle
An:
A reversible heat engine operating in a cycle
between two temperatures in a particular way is called
a Carnot Engine.
The Carnot engine has four parts which are given
------------ ( 3 )
below.
1. Source 2. Sink 3. Insulating Stand 4. Work done on the gas in Adiabatic
4. Working Substance compression,
The working substance ( ideal gas ) is subjected to
four successive reversible processes forming what is
called Carnot’s cycle.
ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 9

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

 -------------- ( 4 )
---------- ( 8 )
Net work done in Carnot Cycle
Using Eq. (8) in Eq. (5), we get

𝑉 𝑉
= 2.303 𝜇 𝑅 𝑇1 log (𝑉2 ) − 2.303 𝜇 𝑅 𝑇2 log (𝑉3 )
1 4
𝑉2 𝑉3
= 2.303 𝜇 𝑅 (𝑇1 log ( ) − 𝑇2 log ( ))
𝑉1 𝑉4
W =𝑸𝟏 − 𝑸𝟐
The efficiency of the Carnot engine is,

UNIT – 13 KINETIC THEORY

33. Obtain the expression for pressure exerted by
a gas
An:
Momentum before collision = mvx
Momentum after collision = − mvx
The change in momentum of the molecule = mvx−mvx
= −2 mvx
By the principle of
conservation of momentum
-------------- ( 5 )
Momentum imparted to wall in
For an adiabatic process,
the collision = 2mvx

Distance travelled by the

molecule in time Δt = vx Δt
-------------- ( 6 ) Volume covered by the molecule = Avx Δt
No of molecules in this volume = n Avx Δt
Similarly, (n is number density of molecules)
On the average, half of these are moving towards the
wall and the other half away from the wall.
So number of molecules move in +x direction
= ½ n Avx Δt
The total momentum transferred to the wall
-------------- ( 7 )

From Eqs. (6) and (7),

The force on the wall,

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 10

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

 𝟏 𝟏
U= 𝟐 m ω2 𝒚𝟐 K = 𝟐 m ω2 ( 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )

Pressure, E=U+K
𝟏
E = 𝟐 m ω2 𝑨𝟐

All molecules in a gas do not have the same velocity;

so average velocity is to be taken,

By symmetry,

35. Obtain the expression for time period of oscillation

Thus of a simple pendulum.
An:
where ρ = nm = mass density ( n is number density)

UNIT – 14 OSCILLATIONS
34. Obtain the expressions for Kinetic and
Potential energies of Simple Harmonic Motion and
draw the variation of energy with displacement.
An:
Kinetic Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

The radial component, mg cos𝛉 is cancelled by the

tension,T.
v = ± ω √𝑨𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 The tangential component, mg sinθ produces a
𝟏 restoring torque,
So, K = 𝟐 m ω2 ( 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) τ = –L (mg sinθ ) -------------- (1)
Or v = A ω Cos (ωt ) For rotational motion we have,
τ = I α -----------------(2) α is angular acceleration.
𝟏
then K = 𝟐 m ω2 𝑨𝟐 Cos2 (ωt ) From eqn (1) and (2)
I α = –L mg sinθ
Potential Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion mgL
α=– sinθ (since θ is very small, sinθ ≈ θ)
I
y = A Sin ( ωt ) mgL
α=– θ ---------------(3)
1 2 1 2 2
I
Potential energy U = 2 k 𝑦 = k A Sin ( ωt ) Acceleration of SHM , a = – ω2 x ------------------ (4)
2

But, k= m ω2
𝟏
U= 𝟐 m ω2 𝒚𝟐 Comparing eqns (3) and (4)

𝟏
U = 𝟐 m ω2 𝐀𝟐 Sin2 ( ωt )

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 11

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

 𝜆3 𝐿
L=3 , λ3 = 2
2 3

We have V = f λ
Period,
So f3 = V/ λ3 = 3V / 2L i.e.
𝟑𝑽
Second Overtone frequency f3 =
𝟐𝑳
UNIT – 15 WAVES 𝜆
In general L = n , 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … .
2
36. Show that all Harmonics are present in the
case of standing waves on a stretched string. And the possible wavelengths are, λ = 2 𝑛 ,
𝐿

An:
𝑛 = 1,2,3 …
Fundamental Mode - First Harmonic
So, the normal modes or the natural frequencies of the
𝒏𝑽
system are, fn = , 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … .
𝟐𝑳

The frequencies are in the ratio ,

f1 : f2 : f3 : ....... = 1 : 2 : 3 : .......
𝜆1 37. Show that all Harmonics are present in the
L= , λ1 = 2 L
2 case of standing waves in an open pipe.
We have V = f λ , So f1 = V/ λ1 = V / 2L An:
Fundamental ( First ) Mode - First Harmonic
𝑽
i.e. Fundamental frequency f1 =
𝟐𝑳

Second Harmonic – First Overtone

𝜆1
L=2 , λ1 = 4 L/2 = 2 L
4
We have V = f λ , So f1 = V/ λ1 = V / 2L
𝑽
i.e. Fundamental Frequency f1 =
𝟐𝑳
Second Mode (First Overtone)
𝜆2
L =2 , λ2 = L
2

We have V = f λ 𝜆2
L=4 , λ2 = L
4
So f2 = V/ λ2 = V / L i.e. We have V = f λ , So f2 = V/ λ2 = V / L
𝑽 𝟐𝑽 𝟐𝑽
First Overtone frequency f2 = = i.e. First Overtone Frequency f2 = = 2 f1
𝑳 𝟐𝑳 𝟐𝑳
It is called Second Harmonics.
Third Harmonic – Second Overtone Third Mode (Second Overtone)

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 12

Downloaded from hssreporter.com

 𝜆3 𝟓𝑽
L=6 , λ3 = 4 L / 6 f5 = = 5 f1
4 𝟒𝑳
We have V = f λ , So f3 = V/ λ3 = 6V / 4L
𝟑𝑽 It is called Fifth Harmonics
i.e. Second Overtone Frequency f3 = = 3 f1
𝟐𝑳 ( Three times fundamental frequency)
It is called Third Harmonics
𝜆 𝜆
In general L = n , 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … . In general L = (2n-1) , 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … .
2 4
𝐿
And the possible wavelengths are, λ = 2 𝑛 , 𝐿
And the possible wavelengths are, λ = 4 (2𝑛−1) ,
𝑛 = 1,2,3 … .
𝑛 = 1,2,3 … .
So, the normal modes or the natural frequencies of the
𝑛𝑉 So, the normal modes or the natural frequencies of the
system are, fn = , 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … .
2𝐿 (𝟐𝒏−𝟏)𝑽
The frequencies are in the ratio , system are, fn = , 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … .
𝟒𝑳
f1 : f2 : f3 : ....... = 1 : 2 : 3 : .......
The frequencies are in the ratio ,
38. Show that only odd Harmonics are present in f1 : f2 : f3 : ....... = 1 : 3 : 5 : .......
the case of standing waves in a closed pipe.
An:
Fundamental ( First ) Mode - First Harmonic
𝜆1
L= , λ1 = 4 L
4

We have V = f λ , So f1 = V/ λ1 = V / 4L
𝑽
i.e. Fundamental Frequency f1 =
𝟒𝑳

Second Mode (First Overtone)

𝜆
L = 3 43 , λ3 = 4 L/3

We have V = f λ , So f3 = V/ λ3 = 3V / 4L
i.e. First Overtone Frequency
𝟑𝑽
f3 = = 3 f1
𝟒𝑳

It is called Third Harmonics

( Three times fundamental frequency)
Third Mode (Second Overtone)
𝜆
L = 5 45 , λ5 = 4 L/5

We have V = f λ , So f5 = V/ λ5 = 5V / 4L
i.e. Second Overtone Frequency

ANOOP NAVAHGAR, HSST-PHYSICS, SVHSS - PALEMAD 13

Downloaded from hssreporter.com