Chapter D2 Problem 3 Solution 10/27/08 1:28 PM

MECH 2110 - Statics & Dynamics

Chapter D2 Problem 3 Solution
Page 27, Engineering Mechanics - Dynamics, 4th Edition, Meriam and Kraige

Given: Particle moving along a straight line (s-axis) with velocity, v, given in terms of time, t, by:
v = A - B t + C t 3/2 A = 2 m/s, B = 4 m/s 2 C = 5 m/s 5/2
The position of the particle at time t = 0 is given by s 0 equal to 3 m.

Find: The position, s, velocity, v, and acceleration, a, when the time, t, is equal to 3 s.

0. Observations:
1. Interested in motion only without regard to the forces causing the motion, free body diagram is not of
interest.

2. The motion is along a single straight line. The motion diagram is simple enough that it can be omitted.

1. Mechanical System - Particle during the interval from t = 0 to t = 3 s.

3. Equations
v = A - B t + C t 3/2
Relationship between velocity, acceleration and time:
a = dv/dt = -B + 3/2 C t 1/2
Relationship between velocity, position, and time:
ds/dt = v = A - B t + C t 3/2
Separating variables and integrating:
( s dx = ( t v dt
)s0 )0
s| s0s = ( )0t { A - B t + C t 3/2 } dt
s - s 0 = { A t - B t 2 /2 + 2/5 C t 5/2 }|0 t
s = s 0 + A t - B t 2 /2 + 2/5 C t 5/2

4. Solve
Evaluating each of the three expressions at t equal to 3 s:
v = A - B t + C t 3/2
v(t=3s) = 2 m/s - 4 m/s 2 3 s + 5 m/s 5/2 (3 s)3/2
= 15.98 m/s

a = -B + 3/2 C t 1/2
a(t=3s) = -4 m/s 2 + 3/2 5 m/s 5/2 (3 s)1/2
= 8.99 m/s 2

s = s 0 + A t - B t 2 /2 + 2/5 C t 5/2
s(t = 3s) = 3 m + 2 m/s 3 s - 4 m/s 2 1/2 (3 s)2 + 2/5 5 m/s 5/2 (3 s)5/2

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Chapter D2 Problem 3 Solution 10/27/08 1:28 PM

= 22.2 m

Results
Position = s(t=3s) = 22.2 m
Velocity = v(t=3s) = 15.98 m/s
Acceleration = a(t=3s) = 8.99 m/s 2

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28 Chapter 2 Kinematics of Particles

Sample Problem 2/2

A particle moves along the x-axis with an initial velocity vx  50 ft/sec at the
origin when t  0. For the first 4 seconds it has no acceleration, and thereafter it
Helpful Hints
is acted on by a retarding force which gives it a constant acceleration ax  10
ft/sec2. Calculate the velocity and the x-coordinate of the particle for the condi-  Learn to be flexible with symbols.
 tions of t  8 sec and t  12 sec and find the maximum positive x-coordinate The position coordinate x is just as
reached by the particle. valid as s.

Solution. The velocity of the particle after t  4 sec is computed from


dv 
a dt

dt
vx t
 dvx  10 vx  90  10t ft/sec  Note that we integrate to a general
50 4
time t and then substitute specific
values.
and is plotted as shown. At the specified times, the velocities are

t  8 sec, vx  90  10(8)  10 ft/sec

t  12 sec, vx  90  10(12)  30 ft/sec Ans.

vx , ft/sec
The x-coordinate of the particle at any time greater than 4 seconds is the dis- 50
tance traveled during the first 4 seconds plus the distance traveled after the dis- 1

continuity in acceleration occurred. Thus, –10


ds 
v dt
(90  10t) dt  5t
90t  80 ft

t
x  50(4)
2
0 t, sec
4 0 4 8 12

For the two specified times,

–30

t  8 sec, x  5(82)
90(8)  80  320 ft

t  12 sec, x  5(122)
90(12)  80  280 ft Ans.

The x-coordinate for t  12 sec is less than that for t  8 sec since the motion is
in the negative x-direction after t  9 sec. The maximum positive x-coordinate is,
then, the value of x for t  9 sec which is

xmax  5(92)
90(9)  80  325 ft Ans.

These displacements are seen to be the net positive areas under the v-t graph up
Show that the total distance traveled
to the values of t in question. by the particle in the 12 sec is 370 ft.
Chapter D2 Problem 29 Solution 10/27/08 1:29 PM

MECH 2110 - Statics & Dynamics

Chapter D2 Problem 29 Solution
Page 31, Engineering Mechanics - Dynamics, 4th Edition, Meriam and Kraige

Given: The acceleration of an arrow decreases linearly with distance, s, from a maximum of a 0 equal to
16,000 ft/s 2 upon release of the arrow to zero after a distance of travel L equal to 2 ft.

Find: The maximum velocity of the arrow.

0. Observations:
1. Interested exclusively in the motion of the arrow independent of the forces producing that motion, thus no
free body diagram is of interest.

2. The motion is along a single straight line. The motion diagram is simple enough that it can be omitted.

3. The arrow will travel nearly in a straight line during that brief interval between release of the aroow and
the launch point.

4. As the arrow continues accelerating until it reaches the distance L, the maximum velocity will occur at
that point.

1. Mechanical System - Arrow from release until it has traveled a distance L.

3. Equations
Acceleration, a, is linear with distance, s:
a=ms+b
The acceleration is known at two points:
a(s=0) = -a 0 /L
a(s=L) = 0
The "intercept", b, is the value of the acceleration at s = 0, that is a 0 . The "slope", m, is the change in
acceleration, a, divided by the change in distance, s, between two points where both of those quantities are
known:
m = (0 - a 0 ) / ( L - 0 ) = -a 0 /L
The dependence of the acceleration on position can be expressed as:
a = -a 0 /L s + a 0 = a 0 { 1 - s/L }
The relationship between acceleration, velocity, and position is:
a = v dv/ds
v dv/ds = a 0 { 1 - s/L }
Separating variables and integrating:
( vmax v dv = ( L a { 1 - s/L }ds
)0 )0 0
1/2 v2 | 0 vmax = a 0 { s - 1/2 s 2 /L }|0 L
1/2 vmax 2 = a 0 { L - 1/2 L2 /L }
vmax 2 = a 0 L

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Chapter D2 Problem 29 Solution 10/27/08 1:29 PM

4. Solve
vmax 2 = a 0 L
vmax = (a 0 L) 1/2
= (16,000 ft/s 2 2 ft) 1/2
= 178.9 ft/s

Results
Maximum velocity = vmax = 178.9 ft/s

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Article 2/2 Rectilinear Motion 29

Sample Problem 2/3 s

The spring-mounted slider moves in the horizontal guide with negligible

friction and has a velocity v0 in the s-direction as it crosses the mid-position
where s  0 and t  0. The two springs together exert a retarding force to the
motion of the slider, which gives it an acceleration proportional to the displace-
ment but oppositely directed and equal to a  k2s, where k is constant. (The
constant is arbitrarily squared for later convenience in the form of the expres-
sions.) Determine the expressions for the displacement s and velocity v as func-
tions of the time t.

Solution I. Since the acceleration is specified in terms of the displacement, the

differential relation v dv  a ds may be integrated. Thus,
Helpful Hints

v dv 
k2s ds
C1 a constant, or
v2
2

k2s2
2

C1  We have used an indefinite integral
here and evaluated the constant of
When s  0, v  v0, so that C1  v02/2, and the velocity becomes integration. For practice, obtain the
same results by using the definite
v 
v02  k2s2 integral with the appropriate limits.

The plus sign of the radical is taken when v is positive (in the plus s-direction).
This last expression may be integrated by substituting v  ds/dt. Thus,


v 2
ds
 k2s2

dt
C a constant,
2 or
1
k
sin1
ks
v0
 t
C2  Again try the definite integral here
0 as above.
With the requirement of t  0 when s  0, the constant of integration becomes
C2  0, and we may solve the equation for s so that

v0
s sin kt Ans.
k

The velocity is v  ṡ, which gives

v  v0 cos kt Ans.

Solution II. Since a  s̈, the given relation may be written at once as

s̈
k2s  0

This is an ordinary linear differential equation of second order for which the so-
lution is well known and is

s  A sin Kt
B cos Kt

where A, B, and K are constants. Substitution of this expression into the differ-
ential equation shows that it satisfies the equation, provided that K  k. The ve-
locity is v  ṡ, which becomes

v  Ak cos kt  Bk sin kt

This motion is called simple har-
The initial condition v  v0 when t  0 requires that A  v0/k, and the condition monic motion and is characteristic of
s  0 when t  0 gives B  0. Thus, the solution is all oscillations where the restoring
force, and hence the acceleration, is
v0 proportional to the displacement but

s sin kt and v  v0 cos kt Ans.
k opposite in sign.
c02.qxd 6/8/06 3:28 PM Page 30

30 Chapter 2 Kinematics of Particles

Sample Problem 2/4

Helpful Hints
A freighter is moving at a speed of 8 knots when its engines are suddenly
 stopped. If it takes 10 minutes for the freighter to reduce its speed to 4 knots, de-  Recall that one knot is the speed of
termine and plot the distance s in nautical miles moved by the ship and its speed one nautical mile (6076 ft) per hour.
v in knots as functions of the time t during this interval. The deceleration of the Work directly in the units of nauti-
ship is proportional to the square of its speed, so that a  kv2. cal miles and hours.

Solution. The speeds and the time are given, so we may substitute the expres-
sion for acceleration directly into the basic definition a  dv/dt and integrate.
Thus,

dt
v t
dv dv dv
kv2   k dt  k
dt v2 8 v2 0

1 1 8
 
 kt v  We choose to integrate to a general
v 8 1
8kt
value of v and its corresponding time
10 t so that we may obtain the variation
Now we substitute the end limits of v  4 knots and t  60  16 hour and get
of v with t.
8 3 1 8
4 k mi v Ans.
1
8k(1/6) 4 1
6t
8
The speed is plotted against the time as shown.
The distance is obtained by substituting the expression for v into the defi- 6
nition v  ds/dt and integrating. Thus,
v, knots 4

t s
8 ds 8 dt 4
  ds s  ln (1
6t) Ans.
1
6t dt 0 1
6t 0 3 2

The distance s is also plotted against the time as shown, and we see that the ship 0
6 0 2 4 6 8 10
has moved through a distance s  43 ln (1
6)  43 ln 2  0.924 mi (nautical) dur- t, min
ing the 10 minutes.

1.0

0.8
s, mi (nautical)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
t, min
c02.qxd 6/8/06 3:28 PM Page 46

46 Chapter 2 Kinematics of Particles

Sample Problem 2/5

The curvilinear motion of a particle is defined by vx  50  16t and y 

100  4t2, where vx is in meters per second, y is in meters, and t is in seconds.
It is also known that x  0 when t  0. Plot the path of the particle and deter-
mine its velocity and acceleration when the position y  0 is reached.

t=0
100
1 2
Solution. The x-coordinate is obtained by integrating the expression for vx,
80
and the x-component of the acceleration is obtained by differentiating vx. Thus,
3


dx 
v dt

(50  16t) dt

x t 60

y, m
x dx  x  50t  8t2 m
0 0
40
4
d
[ax  v̇ x] ax  (50  16t) ax  16 m/s2 20
dt
t=5s
The y-components of velocity and acceleration are 0
0 20 40 A 60 80
x, m
d
[vy  ẏ] vy  (100  4t2) vy  8t m/s
dt
Path Path
d
[ay  v̇ y] ay  (8t) ay  8 m/s2
dt

We now calculate corresponding values of x and y for various values of t and vx = –30 m/s ax = –16 m/s 2
plot x against y to obtain the path as shown. – A – A
θ = 53.1°
When y  0, 0  100  4t2, so t  5 s. For this value of the time, we have
a y = –8 m/s 2
vx  50  16(5)  30 m/s a = 17.89 m/s 2

vy  8(5)  40 m/s vy = –40 m/s

v = 50 m/s
v  (30)2
(40)2  50 m/s

a  (16)2
(8)2  17.89 m/s2

Helpful Hint
The velocity and acceleration components and their resultants are shown on the We observe that the velocity vector lies
separate diagrams for point A, where y  0. Thus, for this condition we may along the tangent to the path as it
write should, but that the acceleration vector
is not tangent to the path. Note espe-
v  30i  40j m/s Ans. cially that the acceleration vector has a
component that points toward the in-
a  16i  8j m/s2 Ans.
side of the curved path. We concluded
from our diagram in Fig. 2/5 that it is
impossible for the acceleration to have a
component that points toward the out-
side of the curve.
© 2006 R. C. Hibbeler. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may
be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For the exclusive use of adopters of the Hibbeler series of books.

Problem 12-11

The acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line is given by a = b t + c. If s = s0 and v

= v0 when t = 0, determine the particle's velocity and position when t = t1. Also, determine the total
distance the particle travels during this time period.

m m m
Given: b := 2 c := −1 s0 := 1m v0 := 2 t1 := 6s
3 2 s
s s

Solution:
v t 2
⌠ ⌠ b⋅ t
⎮ 1 dv = ⎮ ( b t + c) dt v = v0 + + c⋅ t
⌡v ⌡0 2
0
t
⌠
⌠
s ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎮
⎮ 1 ds = ⎮ ⎜ v0 + b⋅ t + c⋅ t dt b 3 c 2
s = s0 + v0⋅ t + ⋅ t + ⋅ t
⌡s ⌡ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 6 2
0 0

2
b⋅ t 1 m
When t = t1 v1 := v0 + + c⋅ t1 v1 = 32.00
2 s

b 3 c 2
s1 := s0 + v0⋅ t1 + ⋅ t1 + ⋅ t1 s1 = 67.00 m
6 2

The total distance traveled depends on whether the particle turned around or not. To tell we will plot
the velocity and see if it is zero at any point in the interval
2
b⋅ t
t := 0 , 0.01t1 .. t1 v ( t) := v0 + + c⋅ t If v never goes to zero then
2

d := s1 − s0 d = 66.00 m
40

v ( t) 20

0
0 2 4 6

t
© 2006 R. C. Hibbeler. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may
be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For the exclusive use of adopters of the Hibbeler series of books.

Problem 12-15

A particle travels to the right along a straight line with a velocity vp = a / (b + sp ). Determine its position
when t = t1 if sp = sp0 when t = 0.

2
m
Given: a := 5 b := 4⋅ m sp0 := 5m t1 := 6s
s
s
dsp ⌠p ⌠
t
⎮
( )
a
Solution: = b + sp dsp = ⎮ a dt
b + sp ⎮ ⌡o
dt ⌡s
p0

2 2
sp sp0
b⋅ sp + − b⋅ sp0 − = a⋅ t
2 2

Guess sp1 := 1m

2 2
sp1 sp0
Given b⋅ sp1 +
2
− b⋅ sp0 −
2
= a⋅ t1 ( )
sp1 := Find sp1 sp1 = 7.87 m
© 2006 R. C. Hibbeler. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may
be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For the exclusive use of adopters of the Hibbeler series of books.

Problem 12-39

A freight train starts from rest and travels with a constant acceleration a. After a time t1 it maintains
a constant speed so that when t = t2 it has traveled a distance d. Determine the time t1 and draw the
v-t graph for the motion.

ft
Given : a := 0.5 t2 := 160s d := 2000ft
2
s
ft
Solution : Guesses t1 := 80s vmax := 30
s

( )
1 2
Given vmax = a⋅ t1 d= ⋅ a⋅ t1 + vmax⋅ t2 − t1
2

⎛⎜ vmax ⎞
:= Find ( vmax , t1)
ft
vmax = 13.67 t1 = 27.34 s
⎜ t1 s
⎝ ⎠

The equations of motion

ta := 0 , 0.01 ⋅ t1 .. t1 tc := t1 , 1.01 ⋅ t1 .. t2

( )
s
va ta := a⋅ ta⋅
( )
s
ft vc tc := vmax⋅
ft

The plot

20
Velocity in ft/s

( )
va ta

vc ( tc)
10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

ta , tc

Time in seconds
© 2006 R. C. Hibbeler. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may
be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For the exclusive use of adopters of the Hibbeler series of books.

Problem 12-44

A motorcycle starts from rest at s = 0 and travels along a straight road with the speed shown by the v-t
graph. Determine the motorcycle's acceleration and position when t = t4 and t = t5.

s = 1.00 s

Given:
m
v0 := 5 ⋅
s
t1 := 4s

t2 := 10s

t3 := 15s

t4 := 8s

t5 := 12s

dv
Solution: At t := t4 Because t1 < t4 < t2 then a4 = = 0
dt

( )
1
s4 := ⋅ v0⋅ t1 + t4 − t1 ⋅ v0 s4 = 30.00 m
2

At t := t5 Because t2 < t5 < t3 then

−v0 m
a5 := a5 = −1.00
t3 − t2 s
2

1 t3 − t5
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
s5 := ⋅ t1⋅ v0 + v0⋅ t2 − t1 + ⋅ v0⋅ t3 − t2 − ⋅ ⋅ v0⋅ t3 − t5
2 2 2 t3 − t2

s5 = 48.00 m
© 2006 R. C. Hibbeler. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may
be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For the exclusive use of adopters of the Hibbeler series of books.

Problem 12-48

The velocity of a car is plotted as shown. Determine the total distance the car moves until it stops at
time t = t2. Construct the a-t graph.

Given :

m
v := 10
s

t1 := 40s

t2 := 80s

Solution :

( )
1
d := v⋅ t1 + ⋅ v⋅ t2 − t1 d = 600.00 m
2

The graph
2
( )
s
τ 1 := 0 , 0.01 ⋅ t1 .. t1 a1 τ 1 := 0⋅
m
2
−v
( )
s
τ 2 := t1 , 1.01 ⋅ t1 .. t2 a2 τ 2 := ⋅
t2 − t1 m

0.2
Acceleration in m/s^2

( )
a1 τ 1 0

a2 ( τ 2 )
0.2

0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

τ1 , τ2

Time in seconds
© 2006 R. C. Hibbeler. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may
be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

For the exclusive use of adopters of the Hibbeler series of books.

Problem 12-75

The path of a particle is defined by y2 = 4kx, and the component of velocity along the y axis is
vy = ct, where both k and c are constants. Determine the x and y components of acceleration.

Solution :

2
y = 4⋅ k ⋅ x

2⋅ y⋅ vy = 4⋅ k⋅ vx

2
2⋅ vy + 2⋅ y⋅ ay = 4⋅ k⋅ ax

vy = c⋅ t

ay = c

2
2⋅ ( c⋅ t) + 2⋅ y⋅ c = 4⋅ k⋅ ax

ax =
c (
⋅ y + c⋅ t )
2
2⋅ k