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Paired Samples T Test

The paired samples t-test is a statistical method used to compare the means of two related groups to determine if there is a significant difference between them. It requires continuous dependent variables and a categorical independent variable with two related conditions, and assumptions of normality and dependence must be met. The test involves calculating a t-statistic and interpreting the p-value to assess the significance of the results.

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13 views5 pages

Paired Samples T Test

The paired samples t-test is a statistical method used to compare the means of two related groups to determine if there is a significant difference between them. It requires continuous dependent variables and a categorical independent variable with two related conditions, and assumptions of normality and dependence must be met. The test involves calculating a t-statistic and interpreting the p-value to assess the significance of the results.

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Mary queen Paul
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Paired Samples t-Test

The paired t-test (also called the dependent t-test or repeated


measures t-test) is a parametric statistical test used to compare the
means of two related groups. It helps determine whether there is a
statistically significant difference between the two conditions
measured on the same subjects.

When to Use the Paired t-Test


The paired t-test is appropriate when:
1. You need to compare the means of two related groups.
2. The two groups are dependent (i.e., the same participants are
measured twice, such as before and after an intervention).
3. The dependent variable is continuous (e.g., test scores, reaction
times, blood pressure).
4. The independent variable is categorical with two related conditions
(e.g., pre-test vs. post-test, treatment before vs. after).
5. The sample size is small to moderate (often used when n < 30 per
condition, but it can also be used for larger samples).

Variables Required for a Paired t-Test


To conduct a paired t-test, you need:
1. One categorical independent variable with two related conditions
(e.g., pre-test vs. post-test).
2. One continuous dependent variable (e.g., students' test scores,
stress levels, productivity scores).
3. A dependent (paired) sample, meaning the same subjects are
measured in both conditions.
Formula for the Paired t-Test
The formula for the paired t-test is:
d
t=
s d̅ = Mean of the paired differences
√n
s = Standard deviation of the paired differences
n = Number of pairs

Assumptions of the Paired t-Test


Before using the paired t-test, check that your data meet these
assumptions:
1. Normality – The differences between paired observations should
be normally distributed.
2. Continuous Data – The dependent variable must be measured at
the interval or ratio level.
3. Dependence – The two measurements must be dependent (i.e.,
from the same subjects under different conditions).

Normality Test for the Paired t-Test

1. Normality Test (Shapiro-Wilk Test)


- If the p-value > 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis,
indicating that the data is normally distributed.
- If the p-value < 0.05, the normality assumption is violated.

Hypotheses in a Paired t-Test


- Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference between the
two related means (mean difference = 0).
- Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant difference
between the two related means (mean difference ≠ 0).

Decision Rule:
- If p-value < 0.05, reject H0 → significant difference.
- If p-value ≥ 0.05, fail to reject H0 → no significant difference.
Directional Hypotheses for a Paired t-Test
- Two-Tailed Test (tests for any difference, higher or lower):
- Ha: μ_diff ≠ 0
- One-Tailed Test (tests for a specific direction):
- Left-tailed: Ha: μ_diff < 0 (post-test scores lower than pre-test
scores)
- Right-tailed: Ha: μ_diff > 0 (post-test scores higher than pre-test
scores)

Interpretation of t-Statistic in a Paired t-Test

t-Statistics Interpretation
0 to ±1 Very small difference between means, likely due to
chance
±1 to ±2 Small difference, possibly not significant
±2 to ±3 Moderate difference, potentially significant
(t)> ±3 Strong difference, likely significant

Example Application of the Paired t-Test


Scenario: A school administrator wants to determine whether a new
teaching method improves students' math scores by comparing pre-
test and post-test scores.

Data Setup:
- Independent Variable: Teaching method (Pre-test vs. Post-test) →
Categorical (Two Related Conditions)
- Dependent Variable: Exam Scores → Continuous

Steps for Conducting the Paired t-Test:


1. Collect data from the same group of students before and after the
intervention.
2. Check for normality of the differences (Shapiro-Wilk test).
3. If assumptions are met, compute the paired t-test.
4. Interpret the p-value:
- If p < 0.05, there is a statistically significant difference in scores
before and after.
- If p > 0.05, there is no significant difference.

Example Paired t-Test Results:


- t-statistic: -3.25
- p-value: 0.0021

Decision & Interpretation:


- Since p-value (0.0021) < 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis (Ho).
- This means there is a significant improvement in test scores after
using the new teaching method.

Student Pre_Test_Score Post_Test_Score


1 79.97 92.30
2 73.62 77.49
3 81.48 86.81
4 90.23 88.11
5 72.66 74.94
6 72.66 78.21
7 90.79 90.04
8 82.67 89.55
9 70.31 72.30
10 80.43 83.97
11 70.37 72.36
12 70.34 84.60
13 77.42 82.35
14 55.87 55.58
15 57.75 66.86
16 69.38 68.27
17 64.87 70.92
18 78.14 73.34
19 65.92 64.28
20 60.88 66.86
References

1. Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics


(5th ed.). Sage Publications.
2. Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2020). Statistics for the
Behavioral Sciences (11th ed.). Cengage Learning.
3. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate
Statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.

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