DOI: 1053477/2971-8813-23-33

COGNITIVE SUPERIORITY
AN EMERGENT ASPECT OF HYBRID WARFARE

Mr. Daniel-George GABOR

Battalion Commander at „Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy,
Sibiu, Romania, email: gdanielgeorge40@gmail.com

Abstract: Cognitive superiority emerges as a new aspect to be considered in the context of hybrid warfare.
Whether from an individual perspective or a social standpoint, relevant aspects can be identified through which
cognitive superiority/inferiority can reveal advantages/disadvantages that can be exploited in a multidimensional
hybrid war. We aim to explore how cognitive superiority can be used in hybrid warfare, addressing various aspects
such as analysis and anticipation, countering disinformation and manipulation, techniques of influence and
psychological aggression, the use of technology and artificial intelligence, data mining and what it can reveal about
various aspects of society, as well as the importance of collaboration and information exchange.
We will also identify ways to increase resilience to aggression and policies for achieving cognitive superiority.
Who are the actors and what relevant policies can be implemented to enhance the ability to withstand knowledge-
based aggression? We will emphasize the role of education and the influence of media and social media, the protection
of critical infrastructures, especially in the cyber domain, collaboration and information exchange. We also highlight
critical thinking and resilience to manipulation, research, innovation, ethics in the use of disruptive technologies, and
the legislative framework in which they can operate.
The multidimensionality of hybrid warfare requires decision-makers and stakeholders involved in
maintaining and developing security to consider the extensive implications of competitive advantages that can be
derived from the exploitation of cognitive superiority, as well as the vulnerabilities that can be identified in the area
of interest in the context of cognitive inferiority compared to a presumed hostile actor.
Keywords: cognitive superiority, hybrid warfare, foresight, manipulation, data mining, artificial intelligence,
critical thinking.

Introduction

In a rapidly changing world, where knowledge and technology are expanding, cognitive
superiority has become a crucial subject of interdisciplinary research. The ability to process
information, learn rapidly, and cope with complex cognitive challenges is more valuable than ever,
whether in academic or professional performance, or in the broader context of societal security
and stability. Hybrid warfare, characterized by a combination of conventional military tactics and
non-military operations such as disinformation, propaganda, and subversive cyber and economic
maneuvers, has emerged as a major challenge in the contemporary world.
Initially, we aim to explore the concepts of hybrid warfare and cognitive superiority. We
will examine cognitive superiority from three complementary perspectives: as an individual
attribute of cognitive excellence, as a collective aspect of it, and as a vital instrument within the
context of hybrid warfare.
Hybrid warfare is a concept that describes a complex form of conflict, integrating both
conventional and unconventional methods in a multifaceted and multidimensional approach. This
type of warfare involves the simultaneous use of political, economic, military, informational, and
psychological tools to gain strategic advantages and undermine the adversary. Key characteristics
of hybrid warfare include the utilization of asymmetric tactics, disinformation and propaganda,
cyber-attacks, infiltration and destabilization of institutions, and manipulation of public opinion.
Individual-level cognitive superiority represents superior performance in a variety of
cognitive tasks, including thinking, reasoning, learning, memory, and attention. At the societal and
strategic level, cognitive superiority within the context of hybrid warfare entails the ability to
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understand, anticipate, and effectively respond to the complex and often hidden threats posed by
this type of conflict.
We intend to highlight the possibilities for improving cognitive abilities, both at the
individual and societal levels, to meet emerging challenges. We will explore how different
institutions - governments, media, educational organizations - can contribute to the cultivation and
promotion of cognitive superiority.
Ultimately, the goal of this presentation is to underscore the importance of cognitive
superiority and stimulate further discussions and research in this fascinating and critically
important field.

1. Conceptual framework and terminology

Hybrid warfare
Hybrid warfare refers to a modern form of conflict in which a combination of conventional
and unconventional tactics and strategies is used to gain advantages in the fight against the
adversary. The term has become more frequently used in recent decades as we have witnessed the
evolution of threats and technologies in the military and informational spheres. The characteristics
of hybrid warfare include the use of both traditional war tools and tactics, such as military forces
and their striking power, along with unconventional tactics such as information warfare,
disinformation, propaganda, cyber-attacks, and influencing public opinion. The goal of hybrid
warfare is to undermine the opponent, gain strategic advantages, and obtain control over desired
territories or resources. In hybrid warfare, the enemy can employ asymmetric methods to exploit
the vulnerabilities of its opponent and avoid direct confrontation. These methods include cyber-
attacks on critical infrastructure, information manipulation and disinformation, influencing
political and economic processes, and the use of non-state or paramilitary forces. An important
aspect of hybrid warfare is the use of information technologies and tools to influence public
opinion, manipulate perceptions, and create divisions within society. Disinformation and
propaganda play a key role in this strategy, aiming to undermine trust in the institutions and values
of the opponent, create confusion, and manipulate the feelings and attitudes of the population. It
is a complex and subtle form of warfare that requires innovative and multidimensional approaches
to address its challenges. It is important to adapt and prepare for hybrid warfare in the
contemporary world by developing superior cognitive abilities, promoting resilience against
cognitive aggressions, and implementing policies and strategies that ensure the effective
acquisition and use of cognitive superiority. Through these efforts, we can protect society as a
whole and generate factors that enhance security and social stability in the face of hybrid warfare
challenges.

Cognitive superiority – individual perspective

We will approach cognitive superiority from an individual perspective, predominantly
defensive, and focus on highlighting an individual's ability to process, understand, and use
information more efficiently and effectively than others. This includes abilities such as reasoning,
memory, attention, and problem-solving. Additionally, it may involve a deeper understanding of
human behavior and society, as well as the ability to learn rapidly and adapt to new situations or
information. Regarding resilience against hybrid aggressions, it has become increasingly relevant
in the digital era. Resilience to these types of aggressions requires not only technical skills but also
advanced cognitive abilities.
First and foremost, individuals need to be able to discern between real information and
misinformation. This requires well-developed critical thinking and information evaluation skills.
Secondly, they need to be able to adapt quickly to new threats and situations. This may involve
learning new technical skills or finding new ways to counter manipulation tactics. Thirdly,
emotional resilience is targeted. This means individuals' ability to manage the stress and anxiety
that come with hybrid aggressions and not be demoralized or intimidated.
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 Therefore, cognitive superiority and resilience to hybrid aggressions are closely related.
The better a person's cognitive abilities, the more likely they are to be resilient in the face of hybrid
aggressions.

Cognitive superiority – collective perspective

Societal-level cognitive superiority in the context of hybrid warfare encompasses a
complex mix of educational, technological, informational, and institutional factors. It involves not
only individual abilities but also how these abilities are amplified and widely used to counter
threats. Many collective aspects can be considered when addressing cognitive superiority at the
social level, but we believe that disinformation, critical infrastructure protection, and ensuring
economic resilience to manipulation tactics are enough to build the conceptual framework that
portrays the importance of building superior cognitive capacity.
Societal-level cognitive superiority can be demonstrated through the collective capacity to
recognize and expose disinformation and propaganda. This requires the large-scale education of
citizens, enabling them to distinguish facts from fiction and critically evaluate the information
presented to them. Additionally, robust and independent media institutions are essential for
providing accurate and verified information.
If we take into account critical infrastructure, another major aspect of interest can be
identified. Cyber-attacks can disrupt a society's essential infrastructure, such as electricity, water,
healthcare systems, and transportation networks. Cognitive superiority in this context involves
advanced skills in cybersecurity and a deep understanding of how these systems are vulnerable to
attacks. It also requires effective governance and clear rules to ensure the protection and resilience
of critical infrastructure.
Another aspect that can be addressed collectively is economic resilience. Cognitive
superiority can contribute to economic resilience through a solid understanding of economic
mechanisms and potential vulnerabilities. This includes the ability to anticipate and counter
economic manipulations such as sanctions, economic dumping, or currency manipulation.
Additionally, it involves promoting transparency and integrity in the financial system to prevent
corruption and money laundering, which can be used as weapons in hybrid warfare.
In conclusion, societal-level cognitive superiority in hybrid warfare requires not only
advanced individual skills but also strong, transparent, and responsible institutions. It also involves
widespread and continuous education to equip citizens with the skills and knowledge necessary to
address emerging threats.

Cognitive superiority in the context of hybrid warfare

Hybrid warfare, a phenomenon of the 21st century, represents a complex form of conflict
that integrates both conventional and unconventional methods in a multifaceted and
multidimensional approach1. It reflects the realities of an interconnected world where the lines
between war and peace, combatants and non-combatants, and physical and digital domains are
increasingly blurred. In such an environment, victory is not merely a matter of military or
economic superiority but also of cognitive superiority - the ability to understand, interpret, and
effectively anticipate the fluctuating and often ambiguous realities of conflict.
Cognitive superiority is not a simple concept, it is a multidimensional notion that refers to
much more than raw intelligence or knowledge. It involves advanced cognitive abilities such as
critical thinking, analysis and synthesis, problem-solving, understanding complexity, adaptability,
and creativity2. These skills allow for a deeper understanding of available information, critical
evaluation, and the ability to adapt and respond rapidly to challenges and threats.

1
Gerasimov, V., Value of science is in foresight: New challenges require rethinking the forms and methods of carrying
out combat operations. Military Review, 2013.
2
Kahneman, D. Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan, 2011.
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 In the context of hybrid warfare, cognitive superiority becomes essential in countering
enemy tactics and manipulations3. By using superior cognitive abilities, one can analyze and
anticipate the actions and intentions of the enemy, identifying potential threats and vulnerabilities.
This allows for the development of appropriate strategies and strategic preparedness, providing a
significant advantage over the enemy.
Countering disinformation and manipulation is also a crucial aspect of cognitive
superiority. The skills of critical evaluation and discernment enable the detection and rejection of
manipulative messages, exposing disinformation and influence strategies. The ability to analyze
and evaluate information objectively and rationally helps protect the population and one's own
interests against enemy manipulation.
The increasingly heated discussions from the public space regarding artificial intelligence
and its impact on all sectors of life. The use of advanced technologies such as data analysis and
artificial intelligence amplifies the processing and interpretation capacity of information for
achieving cognitive superiority4. These technologies provide a deeper understanding of the
opponent and the situation, allowing for the identification and exploitation of real-time
opportunities. The use of superior cognitive abilities in psychological techniques of influence can
manipulate the opponents’ behavior, undermining their position and facilitating the achievement
of one's own objectives.
In addition to these aspects, cognitive superiority also involves other crucial elements. One
of them, which we consider noteworthy, is the development of an organizational culture that
encourages and promotes critical thinking, innovation, and continuous learning5. By creating an
environment that values ideas and contributions from all members, the development of superior
cognitive abilities among personnel is stimulated, laying a solid foundation for achieving cognitive
superiority in the context of hybrid warfare.
Furthermore, collaboration and knowledge sharing are essential aspects in achieving
cognitive superiority. By collaborating with other actors in the field of security and exchanging
information and expertise, diverse perspectives and additional resources can be leveraged. This
collaboration and knowledge exchange enable the development of more effective strategies and
tactics that can enhance the capacity to respond and adapt to the specific challenges of hybrid
warfare.
Indeed, cognitive superiority in hybrid warfare also requires a deep and nuanced
understanding of information and informational manipulation, disinformation and propaganda,
mass psychology, and geopolitics. It requires the ability to navigate and accurately comprehend
concepts in an information-saturated environment where reality can be constructed and
deconstructed, manipulated and distorted. It requires the capacity to decode subtle signals and
comprehend complex and often ambiguous connections between events, ideas, and individuals.
Cognitive superiority, in this sense, is to some extent an art - the art of finding truth amidst chaos,
of discerning patterns in complexity, of extracting meaning from noise. But it is also a science -
the science of data analysis, artificial intelligence, social psychology, cryptography, and many
other disciplines that enable the collection, processing, and interpretation of information.

2. Using cognitive superiority in hybrid warfare

Within the context of hybrid warfare, one of the essential elements for gaining strategic
advantages and countering enemy tactics is cognitive superiority. The ability to effectively employ
superior cognitive abilities in both offensive and defensive maneuvers becomes crucial for success
in this complex and unconventional type of conflict6. In this chapter, we aim to explore how

3
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H.. Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy
making. Council of Europe, 2017.
4
Kitchin, R. The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures and their consequences. SAGE, 2014.
5
Pink, D. H. - Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us. Riverhead Books, 2009.
6
Sternberg, R. J. - Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
322
cognitive superiority can be used in hybrid warfare, addressing various aspects such as analysis
and anticipation, countering disinformation and manipulation, techniques of influence and
psychological aggression, the use of technology and artificial intelligence, data mining, and the
importance of collaboration and knowledge sharing.

Analysis and foresight

One of the pillars of efficiently using cognitive superiority in hybrid warfare is the ability
to analyze and anticipate enemy actions and intentions. By applying superior cognitive skills, one
can examine and interpret available information to identify patterns, trends, and clues that provide
a clearer perspective on the enemy's behavior and strategies. This type of analysis and foresight
facilitate informed decision-making and the development of effective strategies. The ability to
understand and interpret gathered information enables the development of appropriate tactics and
provides a competitive advantage by anticipating enemy actions and preparing accordingly.

Countering disinformation and manipulation

In hybrid warfare, the enemy often resorts to tactics of disinformation and manipulation to
influence public opinion, undermine trust in institutions, and create confusion among the
population. The use of superior cognitive abilities allows countering these tactics through critical
evaluation, discernment, and information verification. By applying critical and analytical thinking,
one can detect and reject manipulative messages, identify the reasons and strategies behind
disinformation and manipulation. The capacity to analyze and evaluate information objectively
and rationally is essential for protecting one's population and national interests against enemy
manipulation7.

Techniques of influence and psychological aggression

Employing techniques of influence and psychological aggression (also known as psyops)
can provide a strategic advantage in influencing enemy behavior and achieving desired outcomes.
By understanding the enemy's motivations, values, and vulnerabilities, strategies and tactics of
influence and persuasion can be developed to facilitate the attainment of one's objectives. Utilizing
superior cognitive skills in this regard allows for a deep understanding of the enemy's psychology
and the development of effective strategies of influence and persuasion. The ability to create and
convey persuasive messages that address the enemy's needs and desires can undermine their
position and facilitate the achievement of one's own objectives.

The use of technology and artificial intelligence

Technological advancements and the use of artificial intelligence can amplify cognitive
superiority in hybrid warfare. The use of modern technology, such as advanced data analysis,
machine learning, and the application of machine learning algorithms, can enhance the processing
and interpretation of information, providing a deeper understanding of the situation of the enemy8
. Technology can support the efficient collection, storage, and analysis of data, facilitating the
identification of relevant patterns and trends. Artificial intelligence can be employed to develop
predictive models that enable the anticipation of enemy actions and intentions. This provides the
opportunity for rapid adaptation and real-time strategy development, ensuring a strategic
advantage in hybrid warfare.

7
Johnson, N. F. - The online war against truth and freedom of speech. Oxford University Press, 2018.
8
Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. - Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited, 2016.
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 Data mining
Data mining represents an important method for gaining strategic advantages in hybrid
warfare. By employing data mining techniques, valuable information can be analyzed and
extracted from large volumes of data, providing a deeper understanding of the enemy and their
intentions. This includes the identification of patterns, trends, and significant relationships in the
collected data, allowing for the anticipation of actions and the development of appropriate
strategies. Data mining can contribute to identifying enemy vulnerabilities, identifying
opportunities, and developing personalized tactics and strategies that confer competitive
advantages within the conflict. By effectively utilizing data and applying data mining techniques,
informed decisions can be made, resulting in a significant strategic advantage in hybrid warfare.

Collaboration and knowledge sharing

Collaboration and information sharing among different entities and organizations play a
crucial role in maximizing the potential of cognitive superiority in hybrid warfare. By
collaborating with intelligence agencies, military forces, and other relevant institutions, knowledge
and expertise can be shared, additional resources can be accessed, and complex strategies and
tactics can be developed. The exchange of information between analysts, data mining experts, and
other interested entities can contribute to the improvement and innovation of data analysis and
interpretation processes, the identification of best practices, and the development of new and
efficient approaches. Through collaboration and information sharing9, a more comprehensive
perspective and a deeper understanding of the opponent are achieved, thereby contributing to
gaining a strategic advantage in hybrid warfare.

3. Enhancing resilience to aggression and strategies for achieving cognitive

superiority

Enhancing resilience to aggression in the context of hybrid warfare is a complex and

multidimensional effort that involves the participation of a wide spectrum of actors and
institutions. These actors and institutions are essential for generating a significant impact on
increasing resilience to such aggression. We identify several impactful factors, as well as
government and private institutions and actors that can positively influence society's ability to
collectively respond to the need for cognitive superiority.

Education and cognitive capacity development

In this section, we refer to traditional educational institutions (kindergartens, schools,
universities) that provide education. Education and the development of cognitive capacities play a
crucial role in increasing resilience to cognitive aggression and achieving cognitive superiority.
By promoting education and training in critical thinking skills, information evaluation, and
discernment in the face of manipulation and disinformation, we can develop the resilience and
cognitive abilities necessary to recognize and reject such forms of aggression. Education in
cognitive capabilities must start at a young age, in schools and educational institutions, and
continue throughout one's life, with a focus on developing critical analysis skills, source
evaluation, and discernment when confronted with information10.

Promoting transparency and accountability in the media

The media represents a key platform through which cognitive aggression spreads and
impacts public opinion. To increase resilience to such aggression, promoting transparency and
accountability in the media is crucial. This involves implementing clear rules and standards
regarding journalism ethics, transparency in media ownership and financing, and promoting
9
Wenger, E., McDermott, R. A., & Snyder, W. - Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge.
Harvard Business Press, 2011.
10
Halpern, D. F.Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Psychology Press, 2014.
324
quality, objective, and balanced journalism. It is essential for the media to provide verified
information and supply adequate context to enable the public to make informed choices and
develop resistance to manipulation and disinformation.

Technology development and cybersecurity

Technological advancements and increasing dependence on the digital environment create
new opportunities for cognitive aggression. Technology development and cybersecurity play a
crucial role in increasing resilience to such attacks. Policies and strategies should promote
investments in research and development in technology and cybersecurity to develop advanced
solutions for detecting, preventing, and responding to cyber-attacks. Additionally, enhancing
capabilities for managing cyber crises and protecting critical infrastructure are necessary to counter
threats and ensure resilience to such aggression11.

Collaboration and information sharing at national and international levels

Cognitive aggression knows no boundaries and requires a cooperative and collaborative
approach at national and international levels. Collaboration and information sharing among
institutions, organizations, and states are an efficient way to increase resilience to such aggression
and achieve cognitive superiority. It is necessary to establish mechanisms and platforms for
collaboration, where information, best practices, and expertise in countering cognitive aggression
can be shared. Strategic alliances, both domestic and international partnerships, can strengthen
response capabilities and enhance the effectiveness of actions taken against these threats.

Promoting critical thinking and information evaluation skills

Critical thinking and information evaluation skills are essential pillars in increasing
resilience to cognitive aggression and achieving cognitive superiority. Developing the capacity to
objectively and rationally analyze received information, identify manipulation and distortion of
information, and recognize credible and verified sources are fundamental. Prioritizing educational
policies (in a broad sense, including other actors that generate educational contexts beyond the
traditional school approach, such as think tanks, NGOs, cultural associations) for critical thinking
training can help develop these skills and contribute to building a society that is more resilient to
cognitive aggression.

Stimulating innovation and research in technology and informatics

Achieving cognitive superiority requires the use of advanced technology and innovations
in the field of informatics. By stimulating innovation and research in technology and informatics,
advanced technological solutions can be developed to enhance resilience to aggression and
facilitate cognitive superiority. This may include developing artificial intelligence algorithms for
rapid analysis and evaluation of information, creating tools for detecting manipulation and
disinformation, and using emerging technologies such as blockchain to ensure information security
and authenticity.

Promoting ethics and responsibility in technology use

Promoting ethics and responsibility in technology use is essential for increasing resilience
to aggression and achieving cognitive superiority. The misuse of technology for offensive or
malevolent purposes can undermine societal security and integrity. Policies and strategies should
promote high ethical standards in technology development and use, ensure respect for individual
rights and freedoms, and emphasize responsibility and transparency in technology usage 12. This
can contribute to creating a safer and more beneficial environment for the use of technology in
society.
11
Mansfield-Devine, S.The evolution of cyber security — problems and solutions. Network Security, 2016.
12
Floridi, L. Translating Principles into Practices of Digital Ethics: Five Risks of Being Unethical. Philosophy &
Technology, 2020.
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 Establishing adequate legal and regulatory frameworks
To support the increase in resilience to cognitive aggression and the achievement of
cognitive superiority, the establishment of appropriate legal frameworks is necessary. These
frameworks should include measures and mechanisms for countering cognitive aggression,
protecting sensitive information and data, and ensuring transparency and accountability in
technology use. Laws and regulations need to be updated and adapted to address new threats and
challenges in the digital environment, providing authorities with the necessary tools to intervene
and prevent such aggression.
By implementing such policies, we can increase resilience to cognitive aggression and
achieve cognitive superiority. It is essential to combine educational, technological, legislative, and
collaborative efforts to counter such threats and ensure the security and stability of society in the
digital age.

Conclusions, implications, and directions for development in the field of cognitive

superiority

Cognitive superiority is a crucial aspect in the context of hybrid warfare and cognitive
aggression. In this study, we have examined how cognitive superiority can be used both offensively
and defensively to achieve strategic advantages and also counter enemy aggression.
We have discussed the importance of analyzing and anticipating enemy actions and
intentions, highlighting those superior cognitive abilities that enable the development of effective
and context-adapted strategies in hybrid warfare. By understanding and accurately interpreting
information, we can identify and evaluate potential threats and vulnerabilities of the opponent,
thereby gaining a competitive advantage in this type of conflict.
Furthermore, we have emphasized the significance of countering disinformation and
manipulation in hybrid warfare. Cognitive superiority empowers us to critically evaluate received
information, detect and reject manipulative messages, and counter disinformation and influence
strategies. By promoting critical thinking and information evaluation skills, we can develop a
society resilient to such aggression and capable of navigating the complex information
environment.
Regarding technology and artificial intelligence, we have observed that they can amplify
cognitive superiority in hybrid warfare. The use of advanced technologies such as data mining and
data analysis enables more efficient processing and interpretation of information, providing a
deeper understanding of the situation and the opponent. Additionally, artificial intelligence can be
utilized to develop algorithms and machine learning models that support strategic and tactical
decision-making.
Data mining has also been addressed as a means to exploit information and identify patterns
or trends that can provide an advantage in hybrid warfare. By analyzing and evaluating data, we
can gain comprehensive perspectives and make more informed real-time decisions. However, it is
important to ensure ethical use of data and comply with privacy and data protection laws and
regulations.
Furthermore, we have highlighted the importance of collaboration and information sharing.
Through collaboration among government agencies, international organizations, academic
institutions, and the private sector, we can benefit from expertise and resources to develop complex
tactics and strategies. The exchange of knowledge and information can enhance our capacity to
anticipate and counter cognitive aggression and gain competitive advantages in hybrid warfare.
In light of the findings of this study, certain directions for development in the field of
cognitive superiority and countering cognitive aggression emerge. A interdisciplinary approach
that integrates education, technology, policy, and international collaboration is necessary. Schools
and institutions that generate educational or cultural contexts (such as think tanks, NGOs, cultural
associations, etc.) must adapt to new challenges and provide learning or impact programs that
develop the cognitive abilities needed to navigate the complex information environment. A special
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 mention should be made for the media and its impact on society. A free press that provides quality
content can significantly impact both societal resilience to aggression and the growth of cognitive
abilities at a social level.
Moreover, it is important to create and implement appropriate policies and regulations that
ensure transparency, accountability, and ethics in technology use and data collection and
processing. National and international collaboration needs to be strengthened through the
establishment of strategic alliances and platforms for the exchange of information and best
practices.
To conclude, success in achieving cognitive superiority and countering cognitive
aggression depends on our ability to adapt and be proactive in the face of changing challenges. By
continuously developing knowledge and cognitive abilities and using technology responsibly, we
can navigate the complex information environment and effectively counter aggression in hybrid
warfare.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Floridi, L.- Translating Principles into Practices of Digital Ethics: Five Risks of Being
Unethical. Philosophy & Technology, 2020.
2. Gerasimov, V. -Value of science is in foresight: New challenges require rethinking the forms
and methods of carrying out combat operations. Military Review, 2013.
3. Halpern, D. F.- Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Psychology
Press, 2014.
4. Johnson, N. F. - The online war against truth and freedom of speech. Oxford University Press,
2018.
5. Kahneman, D. - Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan, 2011.
6. Kitchin, R. - The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures and their
consequences. SAGE, 2014.
7. Mansfield-Devine, S. - The evolution of cyber security — problems and solutions. Network
Security, 2016.
8. Pink, D. H. - Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us. Riverhead Books, 2009.
9. Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P.- Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson
Education Limited, 2016.
10. Sternberg, R. J. - Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. Cambridge University
Press, 2017.
11. Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. - Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework
for research and policy making. Council of Europe, 2017.
12. Wenger, E., McDermott, R. A., & Snyder, W. - Cultivating communities of practice: A guide
to managing knowledge. Harvard Business Press, 2011.

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