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Grredduy

The document discusses various concepts in graph theory, including multistage graphs, single source shortest paths, minimum spanning trees, transitive closure, and greedy algorithms. Multistage graphs organize vertices into stages for sequential decision-making, while single source shortest paths focus on finding the shortest routes from a source node. Minimum spanning trees connect all vertices with minimal edge weight, and greedy algorithms optimize by making the best immediate choice at each step.

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Sukhwinder Singh
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9 views3 pages

Grredduy

The document discusses various concepts in graph theory, including multistage graphs, single source shortest paths, minimum spanning trees, transitive closure, and greedy algorithms. Multistage graphs organize vertices into stages for sequential decision-making, while single source shortest paths focus on finding the shortest routes from a source node. Minimum spanning trees connect all vertices with minimal edge weight, and greedy algorithms optimize by making the best immediate choice at each step.

Uploaded by

Sukhwinder Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‭Multistage Graphs‬

‭ ‬‭Multistage Graph‬‭is a type of directed graph where the vertices are divided into‬
A
‭distinct stages or layers. The key feature of a multistage graph is that the edges in the‬
‭graph only connect nodes from one stage to the next, not within the same stage. This‬
‭structure makes it ideal for representing problems where decisions need to be made‬
‭sequentially or progressively, often in stages.‬

‭Characteristics of Multistage Graphs:‬

‭ .‬ ‭Stages/Layers‬‭: The vertices are organized into a series of stages. Each stage‬
1
‭represents a subset of nodes, and edges can only go from one stage to the next‬
‭(e.g., from stage 1 to stage 2, from stage 2 to stage 3, and so on).‬
‭2.‬ ‭Directed Edges‬‭: The edges between nodes represent transitions or decisions‬
‭that lead from one stage to another. These edges have a direction, meaning the flow‬
‭is from one vertex to another in a specific order.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Optimization Problems‬‭: Multistage graphs are often used in optimization‬
‭problems, where the goal is to find the best path or sequence of decisions over‬
‭multiple stages.‬

‭Single Source Shortest Paths‬

‭ he‬‭Single Source Shortest Paths‬‭problem is a fundamental problem in graph‬


T
‭theory and computer science. It involves finding the shortest paths from a‬‭single‬
‭source node‬‭SSS to all other nodes in a connected graph.‬

‭Given a graph G=(V,E)‬

‭●‬ ‭You have a‬‭source node‬‭S.‬


‭●‬ Y
‭ ou want to find the‬‭shortest path from S to every other node v∈V‬‭in‬
‭terms of edge weights.‬

📊 Applications of Single Source Shortest Paths‬


‭
📍
🌐
‭ .‬ ‭ ‬‭Navigation Systems‬‭: Finding the shortest routes in GPS apps.‬
1
‭2.‬ ‭ ‬‭Network Routing‬‭: In computer networks to determine‬‭efficient packet‬

📦 ‭routing.‬
‭3.‬ ‭ ‬‭Resource Management‬‭: Scheduling and logistics problems.‬

‭Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)‬

‭ Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) is a concept in graph‬


A
‭theory. It is a subset of the edges in a connected,‬
‭undirected graph that connects all the vertices together,‬
‭without forming any cycles, and with the minimum‬
‭possible total edge weight.‬

‭Properties of MST‬
📍
✅
‭ .‬ ‭ Connects‬‭all vertices‬‭in the graph.‬
1

🧮
‭2.‬ ‭ Contains‬‭no cycles‬‭.‬
‭3.‬ ‭ Total edge weight is minimized.‬
‭4.‬ ‭If a graph has‬‭V vertices‬‭, a minimum spanning tree will have exactly‬‭V-1‬
‭edges‬‭.‬

‭ he‬‭transitive closure‬‭of a graph is a concept that‬‭comes from graph theory. It‬


T
‭refers to a graph that shows the reachability of vertices from one another. If you‬
‭start with a directed graph G=(V,E), the transitive closure of G is a graph‬
‭G∗=(V,E∗)whereV is the set of vertices, the same as in the original graph.‬

‭ ∗E is the set of edges such that (u,v)∈E∗ if there exists a path from u to‬
‭●‬ E
‭v in G.‬
‭What is a Greedy Algorithm?‬

‭ ‬‭Greedy Algorithm‬‭is an optimization technique where‬‭the goal is to make the‬


A
‭best possible choice at each step‬‭, hoping that these‬‭local choices will lead to a‬
‭globally optimal solution‬‭.‬

I‭n simpler terms, it always chooses the‬‭most immediate‬‭benefit‬‭rather than‬


‭considering the future consequences.‬

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