1.

What is big data list out character of the big data

- Big data term use to a collection of the data that has huge size and growing exponential with
the time
- Such as data is so large that the traditional data management tool not able to store or
process on it
 List of character of big data
- Value
- Velocity
- Variety
- Variability
- Veracity
- Volume
- Visualization

 Volume
The volume that how much data we have and the data is measure in Gigabits and now in a
Measure in zettabits and yottabits

 Velocity
Velocity is represent the speed of the data how the data is process and accessible. delivery
in todays date not fast enough

 Variety
Variety is describe the biggest challenge of big data . the data will be come through the XML
to the video to SMS

 Variability
Variability is a different from the variety , if the coffee shop may offer shades of 6 coffee and
you buy the same coffee every day and the coffee test different every day it is called the
variability , the same for the data , they come but in different way and different everyday

 Veracity
Veracity is the most trustworthiness and accuracy and the most reliable data and use for the
analysis and decision making

 Value
Value is end game . after addressing the velocity, variety , veracity , variability , visualization ,
volume after that much effort the give the result should be variable

 Visualization
The visualize the data using chart and graph and visualize the data check the how much
effective the data
2. Traditional data vs big data

Traditional data Big data

-traditional data generate in enterprise -big data generate outside the enterprise
level level

-traditional data are use between gigabits -big data use between the petabits ,
and terabits zettabits or exabits

-data integration is very easy -data integration is very hard

-the size of the data is very small -the size of the data is more than traditional
data

-it is easy to manage and manipulate the -it is hard to manage and manipulate the
data data

-normal function can manipulate the data -specific kind of function can manipulate
the data

-the data are in structure format -the data are structure , unstructured and
semi structure format

3. define NOSQL and explain it's significance in modern database management system

- NOSQL mean a “not only SQL” they are count in non-relational database management
NOSQL and SQL are give the column, family column, storage

significance in modern of NOSQL

- Flexibility
NoSQL supports various data formats (JSON, BSON, XML, etc.), allowing schema-less data
storage, which is useful for applications with frequently changing data structures.

- High speed performance

NoSQL databases optimize read and write operations for high-speed data access, making
them well-suited for real-time applications

- Big data and real time process

NoSQL is the backbone of big data technologies, supporting large-scale data analytics, AI/ML
applications, and real-time data streaming.
 - Handle structure and semi-structure data
NoSQL databases efficiently store and process images, videos, logs, sensor data, and
documents, making them essential for modern applications

4. explain feature and advantage of NOSQL

 feature of NOSQL

column – based
document based
flexible
performance
key-value-based

 Advantages of NoSQL

1. High scalability: NoSQL databases use sharding for horizontal scaling. Partitioning of data and
placing it on multiple machines in such a way that the order of the data is preserved is sharding.
Vertical scaling means adding more resources to the existing machine whereas horizontal scaling
means adding more machines to handle the data. Vertical scaling is not that easy to implement
but horizontal scaling is easy to implement. Examples of horizontal scaling databases are
MongoDB, Cassandra, etc. NoSQL can handle a huge amount of data because of scalability, as
the data grows NoSQL scalesThe auto itself to handle that data in an efficient manner.

2. Flexibility: NoSQL databases are designed to handle unstructured or semi-structured data, which
means that they can accommodate dynamic changes to the data model. This makes NoSQL
databases a good fit for applications that need to handle changing data requirements.

3. High availability: The auto, replication feature in NoSQL databases makes it highly available
because in case of any failure data replicates itself to the previous consistent state.

4. Scalability: NoSQL databases are highly scalable, which means that they can handle large
amounts of data and traffic with ease. This makes them a good fit for applications that need to
handle large amounts of data or traffic

5. Performance: NoSQL databases are designed to handle large amounts of data and traffic, which
means that they can offer improved performance compared to traditional relational databases.

6. Cost-effectiveness: NoSQL databases are often more cost-effective than traditional relational
databases, as they are typically less complex and do not require expensive hardware or software.

7. Agility: Ideal for agile development.

 5. What is big data analytics ? explain any one case study of it

- Big data analytics

The big data analysis is the examining , process and analysis large and complex to uncover
the pattern , trends and corelation

Key – feature

Data collection
Data store
Data process
Analysis
Decision making

Case study example healthcarev

Background:

The healthcare industry generates vast amounts of data from patient records, clinical trials, wearable
devices, and online health forums. Big Data Analytics helps identify disease outbreaks, predict
epidemics, and improve patient care.

Implementation:

 Researchers used big data analytics to analyze Google search queries, social media posts, and
electronic health records (EHRs) to predict the spread of influenza (flu outbreaks).

 By applying machine learning algorithms, they identified patterns indicating an increase in flu-
related searches and hospital visits.

 Tools like Hadoop, Apache Spark, and AI-based predictive models were used to process real-
time data.

6. Challenges of Conventional Systems

Conventional (traditional) computing and database systems were designed before the era of big
data, cloud computing, and real-time applications. While they work well for structured and
small-scale data processing, they face several challenges in handling modern computing
demands.

1. Scalability Issues
Limited Vertical Scaling: Conventional systems rely on vertical scaling (upgrading a single
server’s hardware), which is expensive and limited.
Poor Handling of Large Data: They struggle with handling big data, which requires massive
parallel processing.
2. Performance Bottlenecks
 Slow Processing: Traditional databases (like RDBMS) follow ACID (Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation, Durability) principles, which slow down performance when handling large-scale
transactions.
High Latency: They are not optimized for real-time data processing, causing delays in time-
sensitive applications like IoT, fraud detection, or AI-based decision-making.
3. Fixed Schema & Lack of Flexibility
Rigid Data Structure: Traditional databases require a fixed schema, making it difficult to store
and process semi-structured or unstructured data (e.g., images, videos, logs).
Complex Schema Changes: Modifying the schema (adding new fields or restructuring data) in a
conventional system is time-consuming and error-prone.
4. High Cost of Infrastructure & Maintenance
Expensive Hardware & Licensing Fees: Traditional enterprise database systems (e.g., Oracle, SQL
Server) require costly infrastructure and proprietary software licenses.
Higher Maintenance Costs: As data volume grows, maintaining high-performance, disaster
recovery, and backups becomes resource-intensive.
5. Lack of Fault Tolerance & Reliability
Single Point of Failure: Most traditional systems rely on a centralized database or server,
meaning if it crashes, the entire system goes down.
Limited Data Replication: Conventional databases do not support automatic data replication
across multiple locations, making disaster recovery difficult.
6. Incompatibility with Modern Technologies
Not Designed for Cloud & Distributed Computing: Traditional systems are built for on-premise
environments and lack built-in cloud support, making cloud migration complex.
Poor Integration with Big Data & AI: They do not support modern big data frameworks like
Apache Spark, Hadoop, or NoSQL databases efficiently.

7. Difference between SQL and NOSQL

SQL NOSQL

-data model is structure -data model is flexible

-predefine -dynamic

-use in traditional data -use in big data

-ACID support is strong -ACID sport is limited

-vertical scaling -horizontal scaling

-MySql -mongodb