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Wa0028.

The document discusses the energy eigenvalues of a quantum particle in an infinite 3D potential box, extending concepts from 1D and 2D cases. It explains the application of the Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation and the separation of variables technique to derive the total energy of the system. Additionally, it covers the energy eigenvalues for both anisotropic and isotropic harmonic oscillators in three dimensions, highlighting the differences in degeneracy among energy states.

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Brunda A
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11 views12 pages

Wa0028.

The document discusses the energy eigenvalues of a quantum particle in an infinite 3D potential box, extending concepts from 1D and 2D cases. It explains the application of the Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation and the separation of variables technique to derive the total energy of the system. Additionally, it covers the energy eigenvalues for both anisotropic and isotropic harmonic oscillators in three dimensions, highlighting the differences in degeneracy among energy states.

Uploaded by

Brunda A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGINEERING PHYSICS

COURSE :- B. Tech
MODULE:-02
ASSIGNMENT:-T-2

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-


Dr. B. Nageswar Rao Sir BATCH-05 MEMBERS
Assistant Professor Kakarla Hemanth :- 241FA04571
Department of Physics Brunda Addagalla :- 241FA04606
Shaik Dadavali :- 241FA04612
Dev Raj :- 241FA04624
ENERGY EIGEN VALUES OF A PARTICLE IN INFINITE 3D POTENTIAL BOX
The quantum particle in the 1D box problem can be expanded to consider a particle within a
higher dimensions as demonstrated elsewhere for a quantum particle in a 2D box. Here we
continue the expansion into a particle trapped in a 3D box with three lengths Lx, Ly and Lz.
As with the other systems, there is NO FORCE (i.e., no potential) acting on the
particles inside the box .

A particle in a 3-D box scheme with equal lengths on all three dimensions
The potential for the particle inside the box is V(r⃗ )=0
when , 0≤x≤Lx
0≤y≤Ly
0≤z≤Lz
Lx<x<0
Ly<y<0
Lz<z<0
r⃗ is the vector with all three components along the three axes of the 3-D
box: r⃗ =LxX^+LyY^+LzZ^. When the potential energy is infinite, then the wavefunction
equals zero. When the potential energy is zero, then the wavefunction obeys the Time-
Independent Schrödinger Equation.
Since we are dealing with a 3-dimensional figure, we need to add the 3 different axes into
the Schrödinger equation

The easiest way in solving this partial differential equation is by having the wavefunction
equal to a product of individual function for each independent variable (e.g., the Separation
of Variables technique):

ψ(x,y,z)=X(x)Y(y)Z(z)
E is an energy constant, and is the sum of x, y and z. For this to work, each term must equal
its own constant.

Now we can add all the energies together to get the total energy: εx+εy+εz=E
we have now reduced the 3D box into three particle in a 1D box problems
Use the normalization wavefunction equation for each variable:

Normalization wavefunction equation for each variable

nx=1,2,3,...∞
ny=1,2,3,...∞
nz=1,2,3,...∞
Combined equation of wave function inside a 3D potential box is

For each constant use the de Broglie Energy equation:

Hence the total energy is


ENERGY EIGEN VALUES OF A PARTICLE IN 3D HARMONIC OSCILLATOR

One problem with this classical formulation is that it is not general. We cannot use it, for
example, to describe vibrations of diatomic molecules, where quantum effects are
important. A first step toward a quantum formulation is to use the classical expression
k=m ω 2 to limit mention of a “spring” constant between the atoms. In this way the potential
energy function can be written in a more general form,
Combining this expression with the time-independent Schrödinger equation gives

The time-independent Schrödinger equation for a spin-less particle of mass m moving


under the influence of a three-dimensional potential is

Hence the total energy is


Ex + Ey + Ez = E.
Now, for the harmonic oscillator in three-dimension, we begin with the anisotropic oscillator,
which displays no symmetry, and then consider the isotropic oscillator where the
x, y and z axes are all equivalent.
Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator
Consider a particle is moving in a 3D anisotropic oscillator potential

The energy eigenvalues corresponding to the potential can be expressed as

where Xnx(x), Yny(y), and Znz(z) are one-dimensional harmonic oscillator wave functions. These
states are not degenerate, because the potential has no symmetry (it is anisotropic).
Isotropic Harmonic Oscillator
Consider now an isotropic harmonic oscillator potential. Its energy eigenvalues can be
inferred from by substituting ωx = ωy = ωz = ω

Since the energy depends on the sum of nx, ny, nz, any set of quantum numbers having
the same sum will represent states of equal energy.
The ground state, whose energy is E000 = 3hω/2, is not degenerate. The first excited
state is threefold degenerate, since there are three different states, ψ100, ψ010, ψ001 that
correspond to the same energy 5hω/2. The second excited state is sixfold degenerate; its
energy is 7hω/2.
Thank you

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