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Physical Science Week6 Day1

The document provides an overview of astronomy, defining it as the science of the universe beyond Earth and detailing its historical observations before telescopes, such as the phases of the moon and eclipses. It explains the different phases of the moon and the mechanics of solar and lunar eclipses, including the concepts of umbra and penumbra. Additionally, it lists the planets known before the invention of the telescope.

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14 views48 pages

Physical Science Week6 Day1

The document provides an overview of astronomy, defining it as the science of the universe beyond Earth and detailing its historical observations before telescopes, such as the phases of the moon and eclipses. It explains the different phases of the moon and the mechanics of solar and lunar eclipses, including the concepts of umbra and penumbra. Additionally, it lists the planets known before the invention of the telescope.

Uploaded by

dwaynemonterona
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GOOD AFTERNOON

GRADE 11!
PRAYER
REVIEW
TIME!
EXAMPLES OF ASTRONOMICAL
PHENOMENA BEFORE THE ADVENT
OF
TELESCOPES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a) Explain what is astronomy;


b) Enumerate the examples of astronomical
phenomena;
c) Describe the phases of the moon;
d) Differentiate lunar and solar eclipses;
e) Appreciate the importance of astronomical
phenomena and how they affect your life.
ASTRONOMY
• It is the science of the universe outside of our planet.
• This is the branch of physical science dealing with
heavenly bodies.
• It has resulted in many practical inventions, ideas,
including calendars, Navigational techniques, laws of
motion, engineering of products and an increased
understanding of energy and weather.
Even before the advent of the telescopes, ancient
astronomers were able to observe the following:
1. Rising and setting of the sun in the east and the west,
respectively,
2. Point where the sun rises and sets in the horizon varies in a year,
3. Phases of the moon,
4. Lunar eclipse,
5. Solar eclipse,
6. Daily and annual motion of the stars, and
7. Planets mercury, venus, mars, jupiter, and saturn.
RISING AND SETTING OF THE SUN
•Babylonian and egyptian civilizations used a
primitive version of a sundial, called gnomon, in
systematically observing the motion of the sun.
•By looking at the shadows that the gnomon casts,
they were able to observe that the sun rises in the
eastern part of the sky, reaches its highest point in
midday, and sets in the western part of the sky.
PHASES OF THE MOON
• A moon, also called a satellite, is a relatively small object that is
orbiting around a planet. Earth’s moon is the fifth biggest moon
in the solar system.
• As we will see, several other planets in the solar system also
have moons.
• On average, the distance between the earth and the moon is
384,000 kilometres. To give you an idea of its size, the moon is
about four times smaller than the width of the earth.
• As the moon orbits the earth, we see a different phase
of the moon.
• It takes 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes for our moon
to complete one full orbit around earth.
• This is called the sidereal month, and is measured by our
moon's position relative to distant “fixed” stars.
• However, it takes our moon about 29.5 days to complete
one cycle of phases (from full moon to full moon).
•There are eight phases within about a month.
• The time interval between a full (or new) moon
and the next repetition of the same phase, a
synodic month, averages about 29.53 days.
• Therefore, in those lunar calendars in which each
month begins on the day of the new moon, the full
moon falls on either the 14th or 15th day of the
lunar month.
Moon
Phases
New Moon
• A new moon appears only
when the moon is on the side
of the earth most directly in
line with the sun.
• There is no illumination on the
earth’s side, so it is also
sometimes called the dark
moon.
Waxing Crescent Moon

• There is a small sliver


of light being
reflected.
• The sunlight is
increasing, but is still
less than half.
First Quarter Moon
• We see that the moon is
half lit.
• Occurs one week after
the new moon.
• Rises at sunset.
Waxing Gibbous Moon

• Three quarters of the


right side of the moon is
lit.
• Occurs between one and
two weeks of the new
moon.
Full Moon
• The moon is on the opposite side of the
earth from the sun. It is fully
illuminated and is round.
• It lights the way for late-working
harvesters and is called harvest
moon.
• The full moon of the following
month, also an early riser, is known
as the hunter’s moon.
Waning Gibbous Moon
• Three quarters of the left
side of the moon is lit up.
• Occurs a few days after
the full moon.
• Sails over the eastern
horizon
Third Quarter Moon

• Also called the Last Quarter


Moon.
• The left side is lit up.
• The amount of light
decreases into the next
phase.
Waning Crescent Moon

• Can usually be seen in the


east before dawn.
• It is lit up all day, it is just
hard for us to see it.
• The crescent keeps on
getting smaller.
Eclipses
Eclipses

• The total or partial


obscuring of the sun
or moon by the moon
or Earth’s shadow is
an eclipse
• Types: solar and lunar

© KeslerScience.com
Solar Eclipses
• Occurs when the Moon
passes between the Earth
and the Sun totally or partially
obscuring Earth’s view of the
sun
• The moon is in the new moon
phase during a solar eclipse
• The moon casts a shadow on
part of the Earth.
Lunar Eclipses
• Occurs when the Earth
passes between the
Moon and the Sun.
• The Earth casts a shadow
on the Moon blocking all
or a portion of it.
• The moon is in the full
moon phase during a
lunar eclipse
• Occurs at night
Total and Partial Solar Eclipse

•A total solar
eclipse occurs
when the moon
blocks out all
the sun’s light.

© KeslerScience.com
Total and Partial Solar Eclipse

•A partial solar
eclipse occurs
when the
moon blocks
out only a part
of the sun.

© KeslerScience.com
Eclipses
Annular Eclipse
• When the Moon is at
its furthest point in orbit
• Its shape will not cover
the Sun completely.
• This is when you can
see a thin ring of light
emerging from the
outside rim of the
moon.
© KeslerScience.com
Total and Partial Lunar Eclipse
•A total lunar eclipse
occurs when the moon
completely passes into
the darkest part
(umbra) of Earth’s
shadow
• Only occurs during full
moon phase
• Occurs at night
© KeslerScience.com
Total and Partial Lunar Eclipse
•A partial lunar eclipse
occurs when the
moon passes into the
lightest part
(penumbra) of Earth’s
shadow.
• Occurs only at Full
moon phase
• Occurs at night
© KeslerScience.com
Umbra/Penumbra

Umbra
• The darkest part of a
shadow is the umbra
• The cone-shaped region
of full shadow cast by
Earth and the Moon
during an eclipse.
(This is where total eclipses occurr, whether it’s
solar or lunar)

© KeslerScience.com
Umbra/Penumbra
Penumbra
• The area of partial
shadow
surrounding the
total shadow cast
in an eclipse is the
penumbra
© KeslerScience.com
At this point your notes page should be finished,
but please continue reading the next slides
carefully to learn where/when one would see a
partial or total eclipse.

Hint: It has to do with which shadow you are in...


You can see a TOTAL solar eclipse when
you are….

In the umbra shadow...


• When the umbra from the
Moons shadow touches
Earth, you have a total solar
eclipse.
• Point C in the diagram
(this is why only very small regions at a
time can see a total solar eclipse. The
rest of the world sees something else...)

A total solar eclipse.


© KeslerScience.com
You can see a PARTIAL solar eclipse
when you are ...

In the penumbra
shadow
• When the penumbra of the
Moon’s shadow touches
Earth you have a partial
solar eclipse
• Point B in the diagram
(While one very small part of the world sees a
total solar eclipse (point c) , if you are still close
enough in the penumbra shadow(point b and
a), you will see at least a partial solar eclipse)
A partial solar eclipse
© KeslerScience.com
How about the total and partial lunar
eclipses?

Same rules!
You see a total lunar eclipse (aka
‘red’ moon’) if the moon is in the
umbra of the Earth’s shadow (take
a close look at the diagram).
You see this:

© KeslerScience.com
Penumbra/Partial Lunar Eclipse

•When the penumbra of the


Earth’s shadow touches the
Moon you have a
partial/penumbral lunar eclipse

© KeslerScience.com
Check for Understanding

Can you…
1. Describe the different
types of eclipses?
2. Model the differences
between lunar and
solar eclipses.
3. Model umbra and
penumbra in a
solar/lunar eclipse.
© KeslerScience.com
Differences of Lunar and Solar Eclipses
There are some differences between lunar and solar eclipses. It is shown in the diagram below.
Planets Discovered Before the Invention of
Telescope

• Mercury,
• Venus,
• Mars,
• Jupiter, and
• Saturn are the planets discovered before the
invention of the telescope.

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