BEAMS

Types of Beams:

1. Simply Supported Beam

2. Cantilever Beam

3. Overhanging Beam

4. Fixed Beam

5. Continuous Beam
 BEAMS

1. Simply Supported Beam

A beam which is freely supported on the walls or columns at its both the ends is called as simply supported beam. Typical
practical applications of simply supported beams with point loadings include bridges, beams in buildings, and beds of
machine tools A B
L

2. Cantilever Beam
A beam fixed at one end and free at the other is called as a cantilever beam.

A B

Wall L
 BEAMS
3. Over Hanging Beam
If the end portion of the beam extends beyond the support, it is called as an overhanging beam. A beam may
be overhanging on one side or on both side as shown in figure.
A B A B A B

Overhanging on Right Side Overhanging on Both Side Overhanging on Left Side

4. Fixed Beam
A beam whose both the ends are rigidly fixed in walls is called a fixed beam or constrained beam.

A B

Wall L Wall
 BEAMS
5. Continuous Beam
A beam which is supported on more than two supports (i.e. at least three supports) is called a continuous
beam. The end supports of a continuous beam may be simply supported or fixed.

A B A B
L1 L2 L1 L2 L3

Two Span Continuous Beam Three Span Continuous Beam

 TYPE OF SUPPORTS
Types of Supports:

1. Simple Support

2. Roller Support

3. Hinged Support

4. Fixed Support
 TYPE OF SUPPORTS

1. Simple Support
If the beam rests simply on a support it is called a simple support. In such case the reaction at the support is at
right angles to the support and the beam is free to move in the direction of its axis and also it is free to rotate
about the support. An example is a plank of wood resting on two concrete blocks.

Simple Support Reaction Force

 TYPE OF SUPPORTS
2. Roller Support
In this case, beam end is supported on rollers. In such cases, reaction is normal to the support since rollers can
be treated as frictionless. [Fig. (a)]. Many mechanical components are having roller supports which roll
between guides. In such cases, reaction will be normal to the guides, in both the direction. At roller support
beam is free to move along the support. It can rotate about the support also. Examples of roller supports
include conveyor belts, sliding doors, and roller coasters.

Reaction Force
 TYPE OF SUPPORTS
3. Hinged Support
At a hinged end, a beam cannot move in any direction. However, it can rotate about the support (Fig.). Hence
the support will not develop any resisting moment, but it can develop reaction in any direction to keep the end
stationary. The reaction R can be split into its horizontal and vertical components for the purpose of analysis.
Examples include doors, gates, bridges, cranes, and machinery.

HA A

R VA

VA = R sin θ HA = R cos θ
 TYPE OF SUPPORTS
4. Fixed Support
At such supports, the beam end is not free to translate or rotate. Translation is prevented by developing support
reaction in any required direction. The easiest example of a fixed support would be a pole or column in
concrete. Referring to Fig. the support reaction R which is at an angle θ to x axis may be represented by H A and
VA, where
MA
HA A

VA VA = R sin θ HA = R cos θ
R
Rotation is prevented by developing support moment MA as shown in Fig. Thus at fixed support A, there are
three reactions HA, VA and MA.
 TYPE OF LOADS IN BEAMS
Types of loads in Beams:

1. Concentrated Load or Point Load

2. Uniformly Distributed Load (U. D. L)

3. Uniformly Varying Load (U. V. L)

 TYPE OF LOADS IN BEAMS

1. Concentrated Load or Point Load

A load acting at a point on the beam is known as concentrated load. Generally, a load
distributor over small area is taken as concentrated load.

W1 W2 W3
A B
C D E
L
RA RB
 TYPE OF LOADS IN BEAMS

2. Uniformly Distributed Load

A load which is spread up uniformly on the beam i.e. each unit length is loaded on the same extent as shown in
figure is known as a uniformly distributed load or rectangular load. It is written as UDL.

w/unit length
w/unit length
A B B
A
L L
Coil Shape UDL Rectangular Shape UDL
WL
A B
L/2 L/2
 TYPE OF LOADS IN BEAMS
3. Uniformly Varying Load
If the load is spread in non uniform manner i.e. the intensity of load changes continuously but the rate of
change is uniform on each unit length as shown in figure then it is called a uniformly varying load.

i t l e n gth gth
w/ u n l e n
n it
u
w/

B A B
A
L
L
Trapezoidal Shape (½)WL Triangular Shape
U.V.L A B U.V.L
2L/3 L/3
 TYPE OF LOADS IN BEAMS
10 kN 20 kN
A B A B
5 kN 20 kN
4m

A B

4m 4m
A B 6 N/m 20 N/m

3m 6m
A B

3m 6m
8 kN/m
A B

9m
6 kN/m
A B
9m
 TYPE OF LOADS IN BEAMS
20 kN
A B
2m 2m 5 kN 20 kN
4m

A B

4m 4m

9 kN 60 kN
A B 6 N/m 20 N/m
1m 2m 4m 2m
3m 6m
A B

3m 6m
TYPE OF LOADS IN BEAMS

8 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
9m

18 kN
27 kN
A B
4.5 m 1.5 m 3m
9m
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT FOR SFD AND BMD
Shear Force
Shear force at any cross section of the beam is the algebraic sum of all vertical forces on the beam acting on the
right or left side of the section.
OR
A shear force is the resultant vertical force acting on the either side of the section of beam.

Sign Convention for Shear Force

An upward force to the Downward force to the
X X
left of the section and L R L R left of the section and
downward force to the + + - - upward force to the right
right of the section is X X of the section is taken as
taken as positive negative
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT FOR SFD AND BMD
Bending Moment
Bending moment at any cross section of the beam is the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces acting
on the right or left side of the section.

Sign Convention for Bending Moment

X
L R
+ +
Clockwise moment to the Anticlockwise moment to
X
left section and an X the left section and an
anticlockwise moment to L R clockwise moment to the
the right of the section is - - right of the section is
taken as positive. X taken as positive.
 BEAMS PROBLEMS
Problem 1. A simply supported beam of span 5 m carries two point loads of 5 kN and 7 kN as shown in fig. Draw S.F.D and
B.M.D showing the important values. 5 kN 7 kN

+ + X Y Z
A C D B
+ve shear 1.5 m 2m 1.5 m

– – RA X Y Z RB

–ve shear

S.F between C and D

= 5.6 – 5 = 0.6 kN
Shear Force Calculations: OR 7-6.4 = 0.6 kN

S.F between A and C = 5.6 kN S.F between D and B

= 5.6 – 5 – 7 = - 6.4 kN
OR 5+7-6.4 = 5.6 kN OR = -6.4 kN
 5 kN 7 kN
Bending Moment Calculations: + +
X Y Z
A C D B
1.5 m 2m 1.5 m

– –
RA X Y Z RB

A B

A B
 BEAMS PROBLEMS
Problem 1. A simply supported beam of span 6 m carries two point loads of 3 kN and 6 kN as shown in fig. Draw S.F.D and
B.M.D showing the important values. 3 kN 6 kN

X Y Z
A C D B
2m 2m

6m
RA X Y Z RB

+ + + +

+ve shear

– – – –

–ve shear
 BEAMS PROBLEMS
Problem 1. A simply supported beam of span 6 m carries two point loads of 3 kN and 6 kN as shown in fig. Draw S.F.D and
B.M.D showing the important values. 2 kN 4 kN 2 kN

A E D C B
1m 2m 2m 1m

6m
RA RB

+ + + +

+ve shear

– – – –

–ve shear
 BEAMS PROBLEMS
Problem 2. Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for the beam shown in fig.

3 kN 5 kN
2 kN/m
+ +
A C D B
+ve shear 3m 2m 2m

– – RA RB
6 kN 3 kN 5 kN

–ve shear
A C D B
1.5 m 1.5 m 2m 2m
Shear Force Calculations:
RA RB
S.F at point A = 7.857 kN S.F b/w C & D S.F b/w D & B
= 7.857 – 6 – 3 = - 1.142 kN = 7.857 – 6 – 3 – 5= - 6.143 kN
S.F at point C = 7.857 – 6 = 1.857 kN OR = 5 – 6.142 = -1.142 kN OR = -6.142 kN
 6 kN 3 kN 5 kN

Bending Moment Calculations: + +

A C D B
1.5 m 1.5 m 2m 2m
– –

RA RB
Problem 3. Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for the cantilever beam shown in fig.
2 kN 1.5 kN

Shear Force Calculations: X Z

A C B
0.5 m
S.F at point B = 1.5 kN
1.5 m
S.F at point C = 3.5 kN X Z
S.F at point A = 3.5 kN

Bending Moment Calculations:

A B

A B
Problem 4. Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for the cantilever beam shown in fig. 400 N 300 N 800 N 500 N

Step 1: Calculation of shear force

A B C D E
Shear force at point of 500N = 500N 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m
0.5 m
Shear force at point of 800N = 500+800= 1300N

Shear force at point of 300N = 500+800+300=1600N

Shear force at point of 400N = 500+800+300+400=2000N

Shear force at point of fixed point A = 500+800+300+400=2000N

Step 2: Calculation of Bending Moment

Bending Moment at point of 500N = 0

Bending Moment at point of 800N = -500X0.5= -250N-m

Bending Moment at point of 300N = -500X1-800X0.5= -900N-m

Bending Moment at point of 400N = -500X1.5-800X1-300X0.5= -1700N-m

Bending Moment at fixed point A= -500X2-800X1.5-300X1-400X0.5= -2700N-m

Problem 5. Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for the cantilever beam shown in fig.
60 kN 40 kN 70 kN 30 kN

Shear Force Calculation: (Sum of vertical forces) A B C D E

1.5 m 0.6 m
SF at E = + 30 kN 2.4 m
SF at D = +30 + 70 = +100 kN 6m
SF at C = +30 + 70 + 40 = + 140 kN RA
SF at B = + 30 + 70 + 40 + 60 = + 200 kN

Bending moment Calculation: [Sum of (Vertical force x Acting distance)]

BM at E = -(30 x 0) kN = 0 kNm
BM at D = -(30 x 0.6) – (70 x 0) = -18kNm
BM at C = -(30 x 1.5) – (70 x 0.9) – (40 x 0) = - 108kNm
BM at B = -(30 x 2.4) – (70 x 1.8) – (40 x 0.9) –(60 x 0) =- 234kNm
BM at A = -(30 x 6) – (70 x 5.4) – (40 x 4.5) –(60 x 3.6) = - 954 kNm
Problem 6. Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for the cantilever beam shown in fig.

15 kN
10 kN/m

A B C D
1m 1m 2m