CHAPTER

03 Human Development

Introduction:
The concept of human development was introduced by Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq. Dr. Haq described human development as a
development that enhances people's choices and improves their lives. People are important in every development under this
concept. According to Prof. Amartya Sen, the main purpose of development is to increase freedom. Growth and development
refer to the change over time but the difference between growth and development is that growth is relative but development
is at a high level. Development will not happen unless there is an increase or increase in existing conditions, but growth can
be good, bad or medium, good growth does not always bring development.

1. Growth and Development

Both growth and development refers to the change over time but the
difference between growth and development is that growth is relative but
development is at a high level. Therefore, progress remains positive.
Development will not happen unless there is an increase or increase in
existing conditions, but growth can be good, bad or medium, good growth
does not always bring development.

2. Human Development
The concept of human development was introduced by Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq. Dr. Haq
described human development as a development that enhances people's choices and
improves their lives. People are important in every development under this concept.
According to Prof. Amartya Sen, the main purpose of development is to increase freedom.
Freedom of choice brings development, and social and political institutions play a vital
role in promoting freedom. Therefore, access to services, health and education are key
areas for human development. Building people's skills in the areas of health, education
and access to services is therefore critical to increasing their choice.

3. Four pillars of personal development:

The four pillars of human development - equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment.
1. Equality:

Equality means making equal access to opportunities available to everyone. The opportunities available to people must
be equal regardless of gender, race, income and in the case of Indians, race.
2. Sustainability:

Sustainability means continuing to find opportunities. In order to have sustainable human development, each generation
must have the same opportunities. All natural, financial and human resources must be used with a view to the future. Misuse
of any of these resources will lead to limited opportunities for future generations.

3. Production:

Production here means the production of human work or production according to human activity. Such productivity should
be constantly improved by building skills in people.

4. Empowerment:

Empowering means having the power to make decisions. Such power comes from the growth of freedom and power. Good
governance and people-centered goals are needed to empower people. The development of social and economic groups is
of paramount importance.

4. Methods of human Development

There are many ways to address the problem of human development.
Some of the key ways are:
(a) How to earn money;
(b) the social system;
(c) Minimum approach;
(d) skills strategy

1. Income approach:

This is one of the oldest ways to develop people. Personal development seems to be linked to income. The idea is that the
level of income reflects the level of freedom one enjoys. The higher the level of income, the higher the level of personal
development.

2. Social Approach:

This approach considers people as beneficiaries or targets for all development activities. This approach contradicts the
government's high costs for education, health, secondary welfare and resources.

3. Minimum Approach:

This approach was originally proposed by the International Labor Organization (ILO). Six basic needs namely: health,
education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing. The question of individual choice is ignored and emphasis is placed
on providing the basic needs of the defined categories
4. Skills Approach:

This approach is associated with Prof. Amartya Sen. Building human capacity in the areas of health, education and access to
services is key to increasing human development.

Measurement of Human Development

The following measures of human development indicator - Human Development Index (HDI) - Human Development Index
(HDI) ranks countries based on their performance in key areas of health, education and access to services. These rates are
based on a score of 0 to 1 that the country benefits from its record in key areas of human development. Selected index to
assess health life expectancy at birth. Longevity means that people have a greater chance of living longer and healthier lives.
Adult literacy rate and total enrollment represent access to information. The number of adults who can read and write and
the number of children enrolled in schools indicate how easy or difficult it may be to find information in a particular country.
 5. Individual poverty index

Human poverty index is related to human development indicators. This indicator measures the lack of human development.
The index is based on the probability of not reaching 40, the literacy rate of adults, the number of people without access to
safe drinking water and the number of underweight children. Both of these measures of human development combined give
an accurate picture of the state of human development in the country.

6. United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

Since 1990, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has published an annual Human Development Report. This report
provides a comprehensive list of all member states in terms of the level of human development. The Human Development Index
and the Poverty Index are two important indicators of the measure of human development used by the UNDP.
7. Gross National Happiness (GNH)

Gross National Happiness (GNH) as a measure of national progress. Material progress and technological advancement are
being carefully considered in considering the potential harm to the environment or other aspects of Bhutan's cultural and
spiritual life. This means that material progress cannot come at the expense of happiness. GNH encourages us to consider
spiritual, non-material aspects and quality of development.

8. International Comparisons

The international comparison of human development is fascinating. Location size and per capita income are not directly
related to personal development. Countries can be divided into four groups on the basis of the development points obtained
by them-
 9. Higher Level of Human Development
Countries with the highest human
development index are those with
more than 0.800 points.
According to the 2020 Human
Development Report, the group
comprises 66 countries. The
countries in the group provide the
most important government
education and health care and
investment in the welfare sector.

1. High Level of Human Development:

The highest level of human development is in 53 countries. Countries that earn between 0.702 and 0.801 points covered
under them provide education and health care as a priority for the government. The countries with the highest human
development are the ones that have the most investment in the social sector.

2. Medium levels of human development:

Countries with moderate levels of human development form the largest group. There are 37 countries with moderate human
development. Countries with a score of between 0.555 and 0.701 are grouped under it and there are 39 countries in the
group.
3. Low levels of human development:

Countries earning less than 0.554 points combined under them and 33 countries recording low levels of human
development. Most of these small countries have been plagued by political upheaval and social unrest in the form of civil
wars, famines, and epidemics of disease. On the other hand, areas with low levels of human development tend to spend
more on defines than in the public sector. This shows that these countries are often in areas where there is political
instability and have not been able to accelerate economic development.

Questions For Practice

1. Which one of the following states of 6. Which one of the following states of 12. Which one of the following states of
India has the lowest female child sex India has the highest rank in the India has the lowest female literacy?
ratio 0-6 years? Human Development Index? (a) Jammu and Kashmir
(a) Gujarat (b) Haryana (a) Tamil Nadu (b) Punjab (b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Punjab (d) Himachal (c) Kerala (d) Haryana. (c) Jharkhand
(d) Bihar.
Pradesh. 7. Who is the author of the book ‘Small
is beautiful’? 13. Who is the author of the book ‘Small
2. What is the life expectancy at birth is beautiful’?
(a) Schumacher (b) Brundtland
for females in India (2015)? (a) Schumacher
(c) Malthus (d) Mahatma
(a) 68 years (b) 70 years (b) Brundtland
Gandhi
(c) 72 years (d) 74 years (c) Malthus
8. Which one of the following is India’s (d) Mahatma Gandhi
3. When was the first Human rank in terms of Human
Development Report published by 14. When was the first Human
Development Index among the Development Report published by
the UNDP? countries of the world in 2005? the UNDP?
(a) 1970 (b) 1980 (a) 126 (b) 127 (a) 1970 (b) 1980
(c) 1990 (d) 1995 (c) 128 (d) 129 (c) 1990 (d) 1995
4. Which one of the following states of 9. What was India’s rank in Human 15. Which one of the following states of
India has the lowest female literacy? Development Index in 2018? India has the lowest female child sex
(a) Jammu and Kashmir (a) 126 (b) 127 ratio 0-6 years?
(b) Arunachal Pradesh (c) 128 (d) 130 (a) Gujarat
(c) Jharkhand 10. Which one of the- following states of (b) Haryana
(d) Bihar. India has the highest rank in the (c) Punjab
Human Development Index? (d) Himachal Pradesh.
5. Which state has the highest female
literacy rate? (a) Gujarat (b) Kerala 16. Which one of the following is India’s
(a) Maharashtra (c) Delhi (d) Haryana rank in terms of Human
(b) Kerala 11. Which of the following states rank Development Index among the
(c) Himachal Pradesh lowest in the HDI? countries of the world in 2005?
(d) Gujarat (a) Chhattisgarh (b) Bihar (a) 126 (b) 127
(c) Odisha (d) Uttarakhand (c) 128 (d) 129
17. Which state has highest literacy in 22. What is the HDI value of India? (c) Assam
2011? (a) 0.802 (b) 0.702 (d) Madhya Pradesh
(a) Mizoram (b) Maharashtra (c) 0.554 (d) 0.502
28. Which of the following is India's
(c) Kerala (d) West Bengal 23. India has per capita income at average according to the
18. The infant mortality rate in India current prices? International Development Index in
per thousand is? (a) ₹ 15,813 (b) ₹ 17,813 2005?
(a) 50 (b) 60 (c) ₹ 18,813 (d) ₹ 20,813 (a) 126 (b) 127
(c) 47 (d) 80 (c) 128 (d) 129
24. The infant mortality rate in India
19. India has per capita income on per thousand is? 29. Which of the following India states
prevailing prices? (a) 50 (b) 60 has the lowest literacy rate for
(a) ₹ 15,813 (b) ₹ 17,813 (c) 47 (d) 80 women?
(c) ₹ 18,813 (d) ₹ 20,813 25. What is the situation with a high (a) Jammu and Kashmir
20. Which state has the highest female literacy rate? (b) Arunachal Pradesh
literacy rate? (a) Gogo (b) Kerala (c) Jharkhand
(a) Maharashtra (c) Miriam (d) Maharashtra (d) Bihar.
(b) Kerala 26. In India, the death rate by a 30. Which of the following Indian states
(c) Himachal Pradesh thousand is? have the lowest prevalence of
(d) Gujarat (a) 6.55 (b) 8.10 female genital mutilation at 0-6
years?
21. When was the first Human (c) 7.48 (d) 9.11
Development Report published by (a) Gujarat
27. Which condition has the lowest HDI (b) Haryana
UNDP?
value? (c) Punjab
(a) 1970 (b) 1980 (a) Rajasthan (d) Himachal Pradesh.
(c) 1990 (d) 1995 (b) Bihar

Solutions
1. (b) 4. (d) 7. (a) 10. (b) 13. (a) 16. (a) 19. (d) 22. (c) 25. (b) 28. (a)
2. (b) 5. (b) 8. (a) 11. (b) 14. (c) 17. (c) 20. (b) 23. (d) 26. (c) 29. (d)
3. (c) 6. (c) 9. (d) 12. (d) 15. (b) 18. (c) 21. (c) 24. (c) 27. (b) 30. (b)