ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE & CIVIL ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 2: (PART 1)
PAVEMENT DISTRESSES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Course: Highway Engineering III

Course Code: CENG 5241

 Pavement Distresses
 Surface distress is "Any indication of poor or
unfavorable pavement performance or signs of
forthcoming failure.
 The combined effects of traffic loading and the
environment will cause every pavement, no matter how
well-designed/constructed to deteriorate over time

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Various Rating Manuals

 Distress Identification for the

Long Term Pavement
Performance Program

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 Identifying the Distress
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Identifying the Distress is

the 1st Step in the Process
Measurement

 Measurement of distress can be either subjective or objective.

 Subjective measurement may be a rating of high, medium, or

low based on a brief visual inspection.

 Objective measurements, which are generally more

expensive to obtain, use different types of automated distress
detection equipment

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 1-Manual distress survey

Condition survey  Less detailed than Automated

 Slower than Automated
 Types
 Windshield survey
 Walking
Method:  Combination
 Manual/visual inspection walking survey
• Data form
 Automated (Mechanical)
• Hand held equipment
2-Automated distress survey
Testing:  More consistent
 Increased safety
 Nondestructive
 No traffic disturbance
 Falling weight deflectometer (FWD)
 Predictable productivity
 Destructive  Objective output
 Dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP)  Increased sample size
 Cost saving (long term)

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 2-Automated distress survey Equipment's

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 2-Automated distress survey Data

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Condition survey
All relevant factors which could contribute to distress must be
considered during the evaluation of the pavement.
These include:
- traffic loading,
- drainage problems,
- non-traffic induced cracks,
- the action of pumping under traffic,
- inadequate in-situ properties of pavement materials, &-
expansive subgrades
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Condition survey

Distresses For Pavements With Asphalt Concrete Surfaces Includes:-

A. Cracking
B. Patching and Potholes
C. Surface Deformation
D. Surface Defects
E. Miscellaneous Distresses
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Cracking
 Types
 Fatigue
 Thermal/Transverse

 Block

 Edge

 Longitudinal

 Reflection

 Slippage
Fatigue Cracking
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 Causes
 Insufficient strength
 End of pavement life

 Too heavy load repetition

 Cures
 Remove and replace
 Mill and overlay

 Severity Levels
 Yes it has [Low, Medium and High]
 How to Measure
 In Square Meters
 Thermal Cracking (Transverse)
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 Causes
– Contraction and Expansion of
Pavement with Changing
Temperatures
 Cures
– Crack Filling
– Full-Depth Recovery
– Thick Overlay
 Severity Levels
 Yes it has [Low, Medium and High]
 How to Measure Full Depth- the entire HMA pavement depth plus a
 Number, Meters predetermined depth of the base material
 Block Cracking
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 Causes
 High Void Content
 Oxidative Hardening of the AC
 Thermal Cracking
 Cures
 Crack Filling/Sealing
 Seal Coat
 Full-Depth Reclamation
 Thick Overlay
 Severity Levels
 Yes it has [Low, Medium and High]
 How to Measure
 In Square Meters
 Edge Cracking
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 Causes
 Soil Movement Beneath Pavement
 Cures
 Crack Filling/Sealing
 Full-Depth Reclamation

 Severity Levels
 Yes it has [Low, Medium and
High]
 How to Measure
 Meters
Longitudinal Cracks
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 Causes
 Low Temperatures
 Cures
 Crack Sealing
 Thick Overlay

 Severity Levels
 Yes it has [Low, Medium and
High]
 How to Measure
 Meters
Reflective Cracking
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 Causes
 Existing cracks or joints in the
underlying structure
 Concrete slab movements
 Cures
 Crack Filling
 Extensive Pre-Overlay Repair
 Rubblizing
 Crack & Seat
 Saw & Seal
 Interlayer
 Severity Levels
 N/A [Not Measured]

 How to Measure
 Slippage Cracking
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 Description
 U-shaped cracks in areas of braking, turning, accelerating
 Causes
 Poor bond between asphalt surface and underlying layer
 Cures
 Crack Filling/Sealing
 Full-Depth Reclamation
 Surface Defects &
Deformation
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 Rutting
 Shoving
 Bleeding
 Polished Aggregate
 Raveling
 Potholes
 Patching
Rutting
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 Causes
 Low Air Voids
 Asphalt content too high
 Smooth, Rounded Aggregate
 Excessive amounts of natural sand
 Excess Dust
 Subgrade rutting (e.g., as a result of
inadequate pavement structure)
 Cures
 Remove/Replace 100 mm (4 inches)
 Micro-surfacing h
 Severity Levels  How to Measure
 No  Millimeters
Corrugation & Shoving
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 Causes
 Unstable Mix
 Braking, stopping or accelerating
traffic
 Slippage between layers
 Cures
 Remove and Replace
 Mill and Overlay
 Thick Overlay
 Severity Levels
 No

 How to Measure
 Number, Square Meters
Bleeding
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 Causes
 Too high asphalt content
 too rich plant mix
 improperly constructed seal coat
 too heavy prime or tack coat

 Cures
 Sand blot
 Micro-surfacing
 Seal coat

 Severity Levels
 No

 How to Measure
 Square Meters
 Polished Aggregate
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 Causes
 Soft aggregate
 Heavy traffic

 Cures
 Seal coat
 Micro-surfacing

 Thin Overlay

 Severity Levels
 No

 How to Measure
 Square Meters
Raveling
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 Causes
 Asphalt binder unable to hold
aggregate in place
 dusty aggregates
 segregation
 low in-place density
 aged asphalt binder
 Stripping
 Severity Levels
 Cures
 No
 Seal Coat
 How to Measure
 Micro-surfacing
 Thin Overlay  Square Meters
 Potholes
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 Causes
 Raveling of cracks
 Moisture damage

 Freeze-thaw

 Insufficient strength

 Cures
 Patch
 Severity Levels
 Yes

 How to Measure
 Number, Square Meters
Patch Deterioration
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 Causes
 Poor bonding to existing pavement
 Improper compaction
 Poor materials
 Propagation of
original distress
 Cures
 Remove and replace  Severity Levels
 Re-patch
 Yes
 Assess original distress
 How to Measure
 Number, Square Meters
Miscellaneous Distresses
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 Lane-to-shoulder Drop off

 Water Bleeding and Pumping
Lane to Shoulder Drop off
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 Cause
 Differences in materials used
for lane and shoulder
 Differential settlement

 Insufficient compaction of base

 Cures
 Wedge/leveling overlay
 Micro-surfacing
 Severity Levels
 N/A

 How to Measure
 Not Measured
 Water Bleeding and Pumping
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 Causes
 Cracks
 Inadequate drainage

 Cures
 Full-depth patch
 Crack seal

 Severity Levels
 NO

 How to Measure
 Number, Meters
 Example1 Measurement of crack width is illustrated in Figure below.

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 Figure below depicts the effect on severity level of a block crack.

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Project 2:- [15 Marks]
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Q1) Take 250 m length and identify Types of distress, take measurement and also
defined severity levels in your sections according to Distress Identification manual
for the Long Term Pavement Performance Program.

Q2) For Your section determine PCI values and rate the pavement in your sections
according to ASTM D6433-07 manual.
N.B:-
- The chosensection should be different for each sub-group and the section location and
name should be specified.
- In each sub-group the number of students should not be more than 6.
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