BANGLADESH INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL & COLLEGE

DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka Cantonment

Subject: CHEMISTRY 2 paper (PRACTICAL)
nd

STD: Xii (Nat`l)

Sl.No Name of the experiments

01 Preparation of 0.1 M or decimolar of Na2CO3 standard solution.

Preparation of a primary standard solution of oxalic acid of M/20 (0.05M)

02

03 Determination of concentration of sample H2SO4 solution with 0.1 M Na2CO3 solution.

04 Determination of concentration of sample HCl solution with 0.1 M Na2CO3 solution.

Determination of concentration of amount of Fe2+ ions by using standard solution of KMnO4

05

06 Detection of functional groups (-COOH, -CHO, >CO, -OH ) in organic sample

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Exp. No: 01

Name of the experiment: Preparation of 0.1 M or decimolar of Na2CO3 standard solution.

Principle: Anhydrous sodium carbonate is a primary standard substance. So its standard solution can be
prepared directly by weighing the specific mass of Na2CO3 is 106. We know, if 1 mol of any substance
dissolved in 1L or 1000 mL or 1 dm3 solution then the concentration of that solution is 1M.

1 mol Na2CO3= 106 g

For preparing,
1000 mL 1M solution, required amount of Na2CO3 = 106 g
100×0.1×106 CMV
100 mL 0.1M “ “ “ = ( )
1000 1000
= 1.06 g Na2CO3

So therefore, for preparing 100 mL 0.1M of primary standard solution required amount of Na2CO3 is 1.06 g.
Theoretically it is difficult to measure the weight. Standard solutions are therefore usually prepared by
measuring more or less mass of a certain quantity and the following equation is used to determine the
strength.
taken weight of 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
Concentration of solution = × specific conc.
Required amount of 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3

Requred chemicals: 1. Pure anhydrous Na2CO3 2. Distilled water

Required apparatus: 1. 100 mL volumetric flask 2. Funnel

3. Digital balance 4. Wash bottle
5. Weighing bottle
Procedure:
a) Measure 1.06 g of Na2CO3 on a digital balance:
Press Off/On button of the digital balance to make sure the screen shows 0.0000 if not then calibrate the
balance by pressing O/T button. A weighing bottle or a piece of paper is placing over a pan of the balance
and to do 0.0000 by pressing O/T button. With the help of spatula take slowly 1.06 g Na2CO3 in the paper
or weighing bottle.

b) Preparation of solution:
1.06 g of Na2CO3 is poured into a 100 ml volumetric flask using a funnel. Slowly pour water from a wash
bottle into the funnel and fill the flask up to the mark by shaking. Prepared solution is 0.1M Na2CO3
solution.

Calculation: Required amount of Na2CO3 for preparing 0.1M solution= 1.06 g

Taken weight of Na2CO3= 1.07g

Taken weight of 𝑁𝑎 𝐶𝑂3

2
Concentration of solution = Required amount of 𝑁𝑎 × specific conc.
2 𝐶𝑂3

1.07
= × 0.1
1.06
= 0.101M
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Result: The concentration of the prepared Na2CO3 is 0.101M

Precautions:
1. Na2CO3 must be pure and anhydrous.
2. Weight of Na2CO3 must be taken very carefully.
3. While pouring into the funnel, all the sodium carbonate should be washed with distilled water and taken
up in the flask.
4. If necessary, fill the volumetric flask up to the specified mark with a dropper.

Wash Bottle

Calibration Mark

Fig: Preparing 0.1M Na2CO3 solution

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Exp. No: 02

Name of the Experiment: Preparation of a primary standard solution of oxalic acid of M/20 (0.05M)

Principle: Oxalic acid is a primary standard substance. So its standard solution can be prepared by
weighing the required mass of oxalic acid with the help of a chemical balance directly. The formula of
oxalic acid is C2H2O4. 2H2O. Since it remains as di-hydrate form and molecular mass of oxalic acids is 126.
Therefore, to prepare M/20 oxalic acid solution. 6.3g of oxalic acid should be dissolved per 1000cm3 of
solution. So (6.3/2)g= 3.15g of oxalic acid crystals should be dissolved in water to prepare 500 cm3 of
oxalic acid solution.

Required Apparatus: 1.500 cm3 volumetric flask 2. funnel

3. Weighing bottle 4.Wash bottle 5.Chemical balance

Required Chemicals: 1.Oxalic acid 2.distilled water.

Procedure:
1. The narrow tube of a funnel is entered to the face of the volumetric flask of 500cm3.
2. A weighing bottle with oxalic acid is weighed by a chemical balance and then nearly 3.l5g of oxalic acid
(C2H2O4 .2H2O) is transferred to the volumetric flask with the help of a funnel.
3. Wash the funnel with distilled water. Transfer the washing into the volumetric flask.
4. Add enough distilled water to the volumetric flask carefully up to just below the etched mark on it, with
the help of wash bottle.
5. Add the last few drops of distilled water with a pipette until the lower level of the meniscus just touches
the mark on the measuring flask.
6. Stopper the measuring flask and shake gently to make the solution uniform throughout.
Calculations:
Required amount of oxalic acid for preparing 500cm3 of 0.05M solution= 3.15 g
Taken weight of oxalic acid= 3.l8g

Taken weight oxalic acid×0.05 3.18×0.05

Strength of prepared oxalic acid= = =0.0505M
Required weight of oxalic acid 3.15

Result: The concentration of the prepared oxalic acid is 0.0505M

Precautions:
1. Oxalic acid must be anhydrous and pure.
2. Weighing bottle must be dried.
3. The state of the balance must be checked before each weighing. Remove dust from the pans with a soft
brush and find the zero point of the balance.
4. The knob of balance must be turned slowly and carefully.
5. Should not move the balance from its place.
6. The funnel should be washed with distilled water so that all oxalic acid is transferred into the flask.
7. Distilled water must be added to the measuring flask carefully up to the mark on at the shake gently to
make a homogeneous mixture.

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Exp. No: 03

Name of the Experiment: Determination of concentration of sample H2SO4 solution with 0.1 M
Na2CO3 solution.

Principle: Anhydrous Na2CO3 is a primary standard solution. Therefore, by preparing 0.1M standard solution of
anhydrous Na2CO3 and determine the strength of sample H2SO4 solution by neutralization reaction. Methyl
orange is used as an indicator in this case. The neutralization reaction is as follows:
Na2CO3+ H2SO4═ Na2SO4+ CO2+H2O

1 mol ≡ 1 mol Sb= conc. of Na2CO3 = 0.1 M

Vb = volume of Na2CO3 = 10 mL
The concentration equation is as follows:
𝑆𝑎 × 𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑎 Va = volume of H2SO4 = ?
= Sa= conc. of H2SO4 = ?
𝑆𝑏 × 𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑏
na= mol no. of acid = 1
nb= mol no. of base = 1

Required Apparatus: Conical flask, pipette, Burette, stand and clamp, Beaker

Required Chemicals: 0.1M primary standard Na2CO3solution, sample H2SO4 solution, methyl orange indicator.

Procedure:
1. At first fill a burette with the dilute H2SO4 solution and place well on the burette stand with the help of
clamps. Now record the initial burette reading (1st reading).
2. Pipette 10 mL of the standard Na2CO3 into a 250 mL conical flask.
3. Then add 2-3 drops methyl orange indicator into a flask. The color of the solution turns yellow.
4. Titrate the Na2CO3 in the conical flask with H2SO4 from the burette slowly while shaking the flask until the
indicator color change from yellow to red. Record the burette reading (2nd reading) at the end point of the
titration.
5. Determine the volume of H2SO4 solution from the difference between 2nd and 1st burette reading.
6. Repeat the titration process (No 2, 3, 4) 3 times.
7. Record all data in a table as shown in the datasheet.

Table for Titration

Burette reading
Volume of supplied Volume of H2SO4 Average volume of
Sl. (mL)
Na2CO3 soln (mL) H2SO4 soln
No (mL) 1st reading 2nd reading (V2 - V1) (mL)
V1 V2
1 10 0.00 10.1 10.1
2 10 10.1 20.2 10.1 10.06
3 10 20.2 30.2 10

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Calculation:

The concentration of H2SO4:

𝑆𝑎 × 𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑎
=
𝑆𝑏 × 𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑏
Sb= conc. of Na2CO3 = 0.1 M
𝑆𝑏 × 𝑉𝑏 × 𝑛𝑎
𝑆𝑎 = Vb = volume of Na2CO3 = 10 mL
𝑉𝑎 × 𝑛𝑏
Va = volume of H2SO4 = 10.06 mL
0.1 × 10 × 1 Sa= conc. of H2SO4 = ?
= na= mol no. of acid = 1
10.06 × 1
nb= mol no. of base = 1
= 0.0994 M

Result: The strength of H2SO4 solution is 0.0994 M.

Precautions:
1. Great care must be taken while adding H2SO4 acid to the burette.
2. Addition of H2SO4 must be slowly and stir constantly.
3. Addition of H2SO4 should be stopped as soon as the color changes.
4. The reading should be viewed avoiding parallax error.

Burette

Fig: Determining the strength of H2SO4

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Exp. No: 04

Name of the Experiment: Determination of the strength of sample HCl solution with 0.1 M Na2CO3
solution.

Principle: Anhydrous Na2CO3 is a primary standard solution. Therefore, by preparing 0.1M standard solution of
anhydrous Na2CO3 and determine the strength of sample HCl solution by neutralization reaction. Methyl orange
is used as an indicator in this case. The neutralization reaction is as follows:

Na2CO3+ 2HCl═ 2NaCl+ CO2+H2O Sb= conc. of Na2CO3 = 0.1 M

1 mol ≡ 2 mol
Vb = volume of Na2CO3 = 5 mL
The concentration equation is as follows: Sa= conc. of HCl = ?
Va = volume of HCl = ?
𝑆𝑎 × 𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑎 na= mol no. of acid=2
=
𝑆𝑏 × 𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑏 nb= mol no. of base=1

Required Apparatus: Conical flask, pipette, Burette, stand and clamp, Beaker
Required Chemicals: 0.1M primary standard Na2CO3 solution, sample HCl solution, methyl orange indicator.

Procedure:
1. At first fill a burette with the dilute HCl solution and place well on the burette stand with the help of
clamps.Now record the initial burette reading (1st reading).
2. Pipette 5 mL of the standard Na2CO3 into a 250 mL conical flask.
3. Then add 2-3 drops methyl orange indicator into a flask. The color of the solution turns yellow.
4. Titrate the Na2CO3 in the conical flask with HCl from the burette slowly while shaking the flask until the
indicator color change from yellow to red. Record the burette reading (2nd reading) at the end point of the
titration.
5. Determine the volume of HCl solution from the difference between 2nd and 1st burette reading.
6. Repeat the titration process (No 2, 3, 4) 3 times.
7. Record all data in a table as shown in the datasheet.

Table for Titration

Burette reading
Volume of supplied Volume of HCl Average volume of
Sl. (mL)
Na2CO3 soln (mL) HCl soln
No (mL) 1st reading 2nd reading (V2 - V1) (mL)
V1 V2
1 5 0.00 9.9 9.9
2 5 9.9 20.0 10.1 10
3 5 20.0 30.0 10.0

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Calculation:

The concentration of HCl:

𝑆𝑎 × 𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑎
=
𝑆𝑏 × 𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑏

𝑆𝑏 × 𝑉𝑏 × 𝑛𝑎
𝑆𝑎 =
𝑉𝑎 × 𝑛𝑏

0.1 × 5 × 2
= Sb= conc. of Na2CO3 = 0.1 M
10 × 1
Vb = volume of Na2CO3 = 5 mL
= 0.1 M
Va = volume of HCl = 10.0 mL
Result: The strength of HCl solution is 0.1M Sa= conc. of HCl = ?
na= mol no. of acid = 2
Precautions: nb= mol no. of base = 1

1. Great care must be taken while adding HCl acid to the

burette.
2. Addition of H2SO4 must be slowly and stir constantly.
3. Addition of H2SO4 should be stopped as soon as the color
changes.
4. The reading should be viewed avoiding parallax error.

Burette

Fig: Determining the strength of HCl

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Experiment No: 05

Name of the Experiment: Determination of concentration of amount of Fe2+ ions by using standard solution of
KMnO4

Principle: In presence of sulfuric acid, in the reaction between KMnO4 and salt Fe2+ion, KMnO4 acts as a strong
oxidizing agent while Fe2+ is the reducing agent. The reaction is as follows
KMnO4 +8 H2SO4 +1OFeSO4 =K2SO4 +MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2O

Apparatus: Burette, Conical flak, Beaker, Pipette, Funnel, Measuring cylinder

Chemicals: KMnO4 solution, H2SO4 solution, FeSO4 solution

Procedure:
a. Prepare 100 ml 0.02M of KMnO4 standard solution
b. First we take 10ml of FeSO4 solution in a conical flask
c. Then we take 10ml of 1M H2SO4 solution into it by a Pipette
d. We then set up a burette of over the flask using stamp and clamp with KMnO4 in it
e. We record the initial mark of the KMnO4 on burette scale and start pouring it in drops, while stirring the
flask
f. When the end point is obtained, we notice the color change and stop the flow of KMnO4
g. We record the end mark on burette scale ad repeat the entire process three or four time
h. We the average of three closest values and calculated the concentration of FeSO4 following amount of
Fe2+ion

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 Data collection: (Titration data)
Burette Reading (ml) Average Volume
Volume of Used KMnO4
Sl of KMnO4
FeSO4 solution solution from burette
No. solution
(ml) First reading Second reading (2nd -1st )ml
(ml)
01 10 0.00 10.1 10.1
02 10 10.1 20.1 10 10.03
03 10 20.1 30.1 10

Calculation:
Reaction:
KMnO4 +8 H2SO4 +1OFeSO4 =K2SO4 +MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2O

VrS r=5xVoSo Here,

Volume of FeSO4 solution, Vr = 10 ml
5xVo×So 5×10.03×0.02 Volume of KMnO4 solution, Vo = 10.03 ml
Sr = = = 0.1003 M
Vr 10 Concentration of KMnO4 solution, So = 0.02 M
Concentration of FeSO4 solution, Sr = ?
The amount of Fe2+ ions,
𝑔
𝑛 𝑀 𝐶𝑀 𝑥 𝑣 𝑥 𝑀
We Know, CM = => CM = 𝑣 =>g =
𝑉 1000
1000
Here,
0.1003.𝑋 10.03𝑋 55.85 No. of mole, n
 g= 1000
Volume of solution in liter, V
Concentration of Fe2+ions solution, CM = 0.1003M
 = 0.0562g Volume of Fe2+ions solution, v = 10.1 ml
Molecular mass of Fe2+ions, M =55.85
Mass/weight of Fe2+ions g =?
Result: Therefore, the amount of Fe2+ ions is 0.0562g.

Precautions:
a. The H2SO4 should be added in distinct drop
b. The acid should not come in contract with body
c. The conical flask should be constantly stirred
d. The last phase of dropping should be slowly

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Exp.No: 06

Name of the Experiment: Detection of functional groups (-COOH, -CHO, >CO, -OH) of organic
compounds.

i) Detection of carboxylic ( –COOH) group

Physical experiment:

Physical state color smell conclusion

Liquid Colorless pungent smell Might be ethanoic acid(CH3-COOH)

Solubility test:

In water In 5% NaOH soln In 5% NaHCO3 soln In 5% HCl soln conclusion

+ Might be carboxylic acid
+ + ( bubbles are seen)
+

Litmus test:

experiment observation conclusion

A blue litmus paper and a red litmus Blue litmus paper turns red but red litmus The organic
paper are dipped in the organic sample paper remains same. compound is
carboxylic acid

Identification test of functional group (-COOH group test)

:
experiment observation conclusion
Aqueous solution of organic Bubbles of CO2 gas release which turns the lime water -COOH group
sample + NaHCO3 Soln milky. confirmed
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa +CO2 + H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

Result: The functional group present in organic sample: ( --COOH )

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ii) Detection of aldehydic (–CHO) group

Physical test:

Physical state color smell conclusion

Liquid Colorless Sweet smell Might be acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)

Solubility test:

In In 5% NaOH In 5% NaHCO3 In H2SO4 soln In 5% conclusion

water soln soln HCl
soln
- - - + + Might be acetaldehyde

Litmus test:

experiment observation conclusion

The following organic sample is water insoluble Solution are neutral in Might be – CHO group
and no change of the both litmus paper. litmus test

Identification test of functional group (-CHO or >C=O group test) :

experiment observation conclusion

Organic sample in alcoholic Yellow-orange color ppt formed
solution + 2, 4-dinitrophenyl Might be
hydrazine( 2,4- DNP) soln Aldehyde
(-CHO)
or
ketone (>C=O)
Yellow-orange ppt

Tollen’s reagent + organic A shiny silver mirror formed on the test tube Aldehydic group
compound + Immerse it in a (-CHO)
CH 3CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH4OH 2Ag +
beaker of hot water for a while Confirmed
CH3COONH4 +2NH4NO3 + 2H2O

Result: The functional group present in organic sample: ( --CHO )

Page | 12
iii) Detection of ketonic (>C=O) group

Physical test:

Physical state color smell conclusion

Liquid Colorless Sweet smell Might be acetone (CH3COCH3)

Solubility test:

In In 5% NaOH In 5% NaHCO3 In H2SO4 soln In 5% HCl conclusion

water soln soln soln
- - - + + Might be acetone

Litmus test:

experiment observation conclusion

The following organic sample is water insoluble Solution are neutral in Might be >C=O group
and no change of the both litmus paper. litmus test

Identification test of functional group (-CHO or >C=O group test) :

experiment observation conclusion

Organic sample in alcoholic Yellow-orange color ppt formed
solution + 2, 4-dinitrophenyl Might be
hydrazine( 2,4- DNP) soln Aldehyde
(-CHO)
or
ketone (>C=O)
Yellow-orange ppt

Tollen’s reagent + organic No silver mirror is formed on the test tube ketonic group
compound + Immerse it in a (>C=O)
beaker of hot water for a while confirmed

Result: The functional group present in organic sample: ( >CO )

13
 Page |
iv) Detection of alcoholic (-OH) group

Physical test:

Physical state color smell conclusion

Liquid Colorless Sweet smell Might be ethanol or ethanal

Solubility test:

In In 5% NaOH In 5% NaHCO3 In H2SO4 soln In 5% conclusion

water soln soln HCl
soln
+ + - - + Might be alcohol

Litmus test:

experiment observation conclusion

Blue litmus and red litmus paper is dipped into a No change in the litmus Might be alcoholic –OH
solution of organic sample paper. It means the sample group
is neutral ( alcohols are neutral)

Identification test of functional group (alcoholic hydroxyl group test):

experiment observation conclusion

Organic sample + a piece of Na Bubbles of H2 gas release which is burn in light alcoholic(-OH)
metal splint group is present
CH3-CH2OH + Na CH3- CH2ONa + H2

Organic sample + PCl5 + Hold White fume produced alcoholic(-OH)

the ammonium soaked glass rod ROH + PCl5 RCl + POCl3 + HCl group is
into the mouth of test tube confirmed
HCl+ NH3  NH4Cl
(White fume)

Result: The functional group present in organic sample: ( -OH )

Page |

14