Classroom worksheet

Chapter 13 Reproduction in flowering plants

Name: ( ) Class: Date:

 (1) (生殖) is the production of (2) (後代) to ensure the continuation of species.

13.1 Types of reproduction

 There are two main types of reproduction:

(3)______________ (7) reproduction

reproduction (無性生殖) (有性生殖)

Fusion of gametes (4) Yes / No (8) Yes / No

Number of parents One Usually two; one male and one female

Type of cell (5) cell division only • (9) cell division for gamete
division involved formation

• Mitotic cell division for development

of a zygote into an offspring

Genetic make-up (6) Identical / Different to the (10) Identical / Different from parents
of offspring parent

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Classroom worksheet 13 Reproduction in flowering plants

13.2 Asexual reproduction

 Methods of asexual reproduction include (11) (二分裂) in bacteria and (12)

(營養繁殖) in flowering plants.

A. Binary fission in bacteria

 Binary fission is commonly carried out by (13) (e.g. bacteria) and certain unicellular
eukaryotes (e.g. Amoeba and Paramecium).

 The process of binary fission:

cell wall cell membrane

The cell grows in size. DNA replicates and

DNA the DNA copies separate.


The (14) constricts inwards at the

 middle of the cell, dividing the cytoplasm into
two equal halves.


Two daughter cells of approximately equal
size are formed.

Practical 13.1 Examination of binary fission in bacteria

Refer to Coursebook p.13-4 and SBA Practical Workbook p.13-1.

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B. Vegetative propagation in flowering plants

 Vegetative propagation is a method of asexual reproduction in many flowering plants.

New plants are developed from the (15) (e.g. stems, roots or leaves) of the
parent plant.

 (16) are specialized structures swollen with food reserves, usually starch.
Examples are stem tubers (塊莖), (17) (鱗莖), corms (球莖) and (18) (根莖).

1. Stem tubers

 A (19) is a swollen storage organ formed at the tip of an underground stem.

 Potato and Chinese yam are examples of plants that produce stem tubers.

 Many ‘eyes’ are present on the surface of a potato tuber. Each ‘eye’ contains a
(20) , along with the scar of a scale leaf.

 The growth of a potato tuber:

Key:  flow of food

aerial part of
new
the plant dies
shoot old new
tuber tuber

bud
potato tuber adventitious root

Under (21) favourable / Under (23) favourable / adverse Green leaves are formed in the new
adverse conditions (in conditions (in spring), a bud in shoot. The old tuber shrinks and
winter), the aerial part of the tuber grows and develops a dries up as the food reserves have
the potato plant dies. The new shoot and adventitious been used up. The leaves carry out
potato tuber remains roots using the food reserves in photosynthesis. Some of the food
(22) . the tuber. made is passed down to form new
tubers.

2. Bulbs

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 A bulb is a short, vertical underground stem with layers of fleshy (24)

, which contain food reserves and protect the buds.

 Onion, tulip and daffodil are examples of plants that produce bulbs.

 The growth of an onion bulb:

Key:  flow of food flower

stalk
green
dry brown
fleshy leaves new fleshy
scale leaf
scale leaf scale leaves
forming
buds former fleshy
scale leaves
new bulb
drying up
adventitious
root
The bulb remains dormant in Under favourable conditions, a Some food made by the leaves is
winter. bud develops into a new aerial passed down to the base to form
shoot using the food reserves a new bulb.
from the scale leaves.

3. Corms

 A (25) is a short, vertical underground stem swollen with food reserves. It is covered
by brown, protective scale leaves and has no fleshy scale leaves.

 Gladiolus, Crocus and water chestnuts are examples of plants that develop corms.

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 The growth of a Gladiolus corm:

Key:  flow of food

green
leaves

dry brown
scale leaf bud new
new
corm
corm
old
remains adventitious corm
of previous root
year’s corm

A bud grows using the food The bud grew into a new aerial A new corm is formed on top of
reserves inside the corm. shoot. Green leaves start to the old corm.
make food. Some food is
passed down to form a new
corm.

4. Rhizomes

 A rhizome is a (26) underground stem swollen with food reserves.

 Ginger, Iris and lotus are plants that develop rhizomes.

 The growth of an Iris rhizome:

aerial
older part of the
last year’s leaves wither, and shoot
rhizome slowly
become brown and scaly green shrinks
leaves
bud between new rhizome
adventitious the leaves growing from
roots a bud

A bud in the rhizome grows into an aerial shoot using Some food made by the leaves is passed to the
the food reserves in the rhizome. rhizome for storage and forming new
rhizomes.

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Practical 13.2 Examination and cultivation of a potato tuber

Refer to Coursebook p.13-8 and SBA Practical Workbook p.13-3.

C. Artificial vegetative propagation

 In horticulture, methods of artificial vegetative propagation are used to propagate plant

varieties quickly.

 The daughter plants obtained have consistent quality because they are genetically
(27) to the parent plant.

 (28) involves cutting a short length of stem, root or a leaf from the parent plant and
cultivating it into a new plant.

Challenge yourself

Write ‘T’ for a true statement or ‘F’ for a false statement in each box provided.

(a) The daughter cells of Amoeba have the same DNA content as the parent cell. □

(b) When the food reserves have been used up, the storage organs shrink. □

(c) Only plants with storage organs can reproduce asexually. □

Practise…
 Checkpoint (Coursebook p.13-10)
 5-minute quiz: Ch 13, Quiz 1

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Classroom worksheet 13 Reproduction in flowering plants

13.3 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

A. Structure of a flower

(31) anther
stigma
style (32)
filament
ovary
(30) ovule
nectary
(29)
(33) ( 花托 )
flower stalk

1. Sepals

 Sepals (萼片) form the (34) (花萼). They protect the flower bud.

2. Petals

 Petals (花瓣) form the (35) (花冠). They are brightly coloured and scented to attract
insects.

 There are (36) (昆蟲引線) on the petals to direct insects to the (37) (蜜腺).
Nectaries are glands which produce (38) (花蜜), a sugary liquid which insects feed on.

3. Stamens

 Stamens (雄蕊) are the male reproductive parts of a flower. Each stamen has a
(39) (花絲), which supports an (40) (花藥) at its tip.

 An anther consists of four (41) where meiotic cell division occurs to

produce (42) (花粉粒). Pollen grains contain the male gametes.

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4. Carpels

 Carpels (心皮) are the female reproductive parts of a flower. Each carpel consists of three parts:

(43)

(44)

integuments ( 珠被 )

female gamete ovary (45)

ovule (ovum) wall
funicle ( 珠柄 )

micropyle ( 珠孔 )

Structure Function

Stigma (柱頭) Receives (46)

Style (花柱) Connects the stigma to the ovary

Ovary (子房) Encloses (47) (胚珠), which contain the female gametes (48)
(卵)

 (49) flowers have both stamens and carpels while (50) flowers contain either
stamens or carpels only.

Practical 13.3 Examination of a flower

Refer to Coursebook p.13-14 and SBA Practical Workbook p.13-7.

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B. Pollination

 (51) (傳粉) refers to the transfer of pollen grains from anthers to stigmas.

1. Self-pollination and cross-pollination

 (52) (自花傳粉) occurs when pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the
stigma of the same flower, or of another flower of the same plant.

 When a plant species is rare or its members are separated by long distances, self-pollination
increases the chances of fertilization. However, it results in (53) and
(54) more / less genetic variation.

 (55) (異花傳粉) occurs when pollen grains are transferred from the anther of one
plant to the stigma of a flower in another plant of the same species.

 Cross-pollination results in (56) more / less genetic variation among the offspring because
gametes from two different parents are brought together.

2. Insect pollination and wind pollination

 The transfer of pollen grains requires external agents.

 The flowers pollinated by insects are called (57) (蟲媒花) while those
pollinated by wind are called (58)
(風媒花).

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 Comparison between insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers:

Insect-pollinated flowers Wind-pollinated flowers

Size (59) Large / Small (64) Large / Small

Petals Brightly coloured, often with insect Green or dull in colour

guides

Nectary (60) Present / Absent (65) Present / Absent

Scent (61) Scented / Unscented (66) Scented / Unscented

Anthers (62) Inside / Hang outside the flower (67) Inside / Hang outside the flower

Stigmas Broad and (63) stigma to (68) stigmas hang outside

pick up pollen grains from insects the flower to catch pollen grains from
the air

Pollen grains Rough and sticky pollen grains Light and smooth pollen grains
produced in smaller numbers produced in very large numbers

Practical 13.4 Examination of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers

Refer to Coursebook p.13-17 and SBA Practical Workbook p.13-12.

C. Fertilization

 The steps of fertilization (受精) in flowering plants:

 When a pollen grain reaches a stigma, it is stimulated by the sugary solution on the stigma
to develop a (69) (花粉管).

 The pollen tube secretes (70) to digest tissues of the style and the ovary, bringing
the male gamete towards the ovule. The tube enters the ovule through the micropyle.

 The male gamete is released into the ovule. It then fuses with the female gamete, forming
a (71) .

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D. Formation of seeds and fruits

 After fertilization, the zygote divides many times by mitotic cell division to grow and develop
into an (72) (胚胎).

 The fate of various parts of a flower after fertilization:

Part of a flower Fate after fertilization

Ovary Develops into a (73)

(74) Develops into the fruit wall

Ovule containing the zygote Develops into the (75) containing the
embryo

(76) Develop into the seed coat

Sepals, petals, stamens, stigma and style (77) and drop off

 Most fruits can protect the seeds and aid in their (78) .

E. Dispersal of seeds and fruits

 The dispersal of seed and fruit can:

 avoid (79) , so that:

 the daughter plants and the parent plant will not compete with each other for
(80) .

 the spread of (81) or pests can be prevented.

 allow the plant species to (82) new areas.

 Seed and fruit dispersal may involve external agents.

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1. By animals

 The fruits of some flowering plants are brightly coloured, fleshy and scented to attract
animals to feed on. Seeds that are usually (83) and have hard
(84) are expelled in the animals’ faeces.

 Some fruits have (85) or (86) , which allow them to stick to the fur of animals.

2. By wind

 The fruits of some plants are very light and have structures which act as ‘parachutes’ or
(87) to float or glide in the wind. This enables the seeds or fruits to be transported over
long (88) .

3. By water

 Some fruits have (89) that allow them to float and to be dispersed by water
currents.

4. By ‘explosion’

 The fruit walls of some plants dry up and shrink to build up (90) .
The pressure causes explosion of the fruit, scattering the seeds away.

Challenge yourself

Do you agree that ‘sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes coming

from two individuals’? Give reasons to support your answer.

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Classroom worksheet 13 Reproduction in flowering plants

Practise…
 Checkpoint (Coursebook p.13-21)

13.4 Significance of asexual and sexual reproduction in flowering plants

 Some flowering plants reproduce (91) sexually / asexually when the environmental
conditions are favourable. Large numbers of offspring are produced in a short time.

 When the conditions become unfavourable or the environment changes suddenly, the
flowering plants will reproduce (92) sexually / asexually, producing offspring with genetic
variation. This increases the survival chance of the species.

 Advantages and disadvantages asexual and sexual reproduction in flowering plants:

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Advantages • (93) Fast / Slow • Genetic variation exists among

 One parent plant can produce a offspring. This allows the species

large number of offspring under to adapt to (96)

favourable conditions. .

• Desirable (94) • Fruits and seeds are usually

of the parent are retained in the dispersed away from the

offspring. (97) . This can

prevent overcrowding and reduce
• Large amounts of
competition for resources.
(95) are available in
storage organs for the growth of the • The chance of disease transmission
offspring. from parent plants to offspring is
(98) higher / lower.

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Classroom worksheet 13 Reproduction in flowering plants

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Disadvantages • All offspring are identical and there • (102) Fast / Slow
is no (99)  (103) parents are
. The species is less able to involved and external agents
adapt to environmental changes. are required.
• (100) may occur • Large amounts of resources and
because all offspring are near to the (104) are required in
parent plant. This leads to intense producing flowers and fruits, and
competition for resources. many seeds are wasted if
• The chance of disease transmission conditions for germination are
from parent plants to offspring is poor.
(101) higher / lower. • (105) only contain limited
food reserves to support the growth
of offspring.

Practise…
 Checkpoint (Coursebook p.13-22)
 5-minute quiz: Ch 13, Quiz 2

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