ICE AND RAIN

PROTECTION
SYSTEMS
AMT 226
 ICE AND RAIN
PROTECTION

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ICE PREVENTION

SEVERAL MEANS TO PREVENT OR CONTROL ICE

FORMATION ARE USED IN AIRCRAFT TODAY:

1. HEATING SURFACES WITH HOT AIR

2. HEATING BY ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
3. BREAKING UP ICE FORMATIONS, USUALLY BY INFLATABLE BOOTS
4. CHEMICAL APPLICATION

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

THERE ARE VARIOUS METHODS OF ICE PROTECTION WHICH
CAN BE FITTED TO AN AIRCRAFT BUT THEY CAN BE
CONSIDERED UNDER ONE OF TWO MAIN CATEGORIES,
1. DE-ICING
2. ANTI-ICING

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

DE-ICING
IN THIS METHOD OF ICE PROTECTION, ICE IS ALLOWED TO
FORM ON THE SURFACES AND IS THEN REMOVED BY
OPERATING THE PARTICULAR SYSTEM IN THE SPECIFIED
SEQUENCE.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING SYSTEM
ICE IS PREVENTED FROM FORMING BY ENSURING THAT THE
ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM IS OPERATING WHENEVER ICING
CONDITIONS ARE ENCOUNTERED OR FORECAST.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

THERE ARE FOUR PRIMARY SYSTEMS USED FOR ICE

PROTECTION. THESE ARE:
1. FLUID
2. PNEUMATIC
3. THERMAL
4. ELECTRICAL

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

FLUID SYSTEM
THIS SYSTEM PREVENTS THE ADHESION OF ICE ON
SURFACES BY PUMPING DE-ICING FLUID TO PANELS IN THE
LEADING EDGE OF THE AIRFOIL, AND ALLOWING THE FLUID
TO BE CARRIED OVER THE SURFACE BY AIR MOVEMENT.

THE ADHESION OF THE ICE IS BROKEN AND THE ICE IS

CARRIED AWAY BY THE AIRFLOW.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

FLUID SYSTEM
THIS MAY BE USED EITHER AS AN ANTI-ICING OR DE-ICING
SYSTEM.
WHEN USED AS AN ANTI-ICING SYSTEM, IT WORKS ON THE
PRINCIPLE THAT THE FREEZING POINT OF WATER CAN BE
LOWERED IF A FLUID OF LOW FREEZING POINT IS APPLIED
TO THE AREAS TO BE PROTECTED BEFORE ICING OCCURS.
WHEN USED AS A DE-ICING SYSTEM, THE FLUID IS APPLIED
TO THE INTERFACE OF THE AIRCRAFT SURFACE AND THE
ICE.
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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

FLUID SYSTEM
THE SYSTEM IS NORMALLY USED ON WINDSCREENS AND
AEROFOILS AND HAS ALSO BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY ON
PROPELLERS. IT IS NOT USED ON ENGINE AIR INTAKES -
WHICH ARE USUALLY ANTI-ICED.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

FLUID SYSTEM
THE SYSTEM IS NORMALLY USED ON WINDSCREENS AND
AEROFOILS AND HAS ALSO BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY ON
PROPELLERS. IT IS NOT USED ON ENGINE AIR INTAKES -
WHICH ARE USUALLY ANTI-ICED.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

FLUID SYSTEM

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

FLUID SYSTEM

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
PNEUMATIC DE-ICING SYSTEMS ARE EMPLOYED IN CERTAIN
TYPES OF PISTON ENGINE AIRCRAFT AND TWIN TURBO-
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT.
PNEUMATIC (OR MECHANICAL) SYSTEMS ARE USED FOR DE-
ICING ONLY.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM – DE-ICER BOOTS
THE DE-ICER BOOTS, OR OVERSHOES, CONSIST OF LAYERS
OF NATURAL RUBBER AND RUBBERIZED FABRIC BETWEEN
WHICH ARE DISPOSED FLAT INFLATABLE TUBES CLOSED AT
THE ENDS. THE TUBES ARE MADE OF RUBBERIZED FABRIC
AND ARE VULCANIZED INSIDE THE RUBBER LAYERS.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM – DE-ICER BOOTS
IN SOME BOOTS, THE TUBES ARE SO ARRANGED THAT
WHEN THE BOOTS ARE IN POSITION ON A WING OR
TAILPLANE LEADING EDGE THE TUBES RUN PARALLEL TO
THE SPAN; IN OTHERS THEY RUN PARALLEL TO THE CHORD.
THE TUBES ARE CONNECTED TO THE AIR SUPPLY PIPELINES
FROM THE DISTRIBUTION VALVES SYSTEM BY SHORT
LENGTHS OF FLEXIBLE HOSE SECURED TO CONNECTORS
ON THE BOOTS AND TO THE PIPELINES BY HOSE CLIPS.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM – DE-ICER BOOTS

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM – DE-ICER BOOTS
THE EXTERNAL SURFACES OF THE BOOTS ARE COATED
WITH A FILM OF CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL TO BLEED OFF
ACCUMULATIONS OF STATIC ELECTRICITY. DEPENDING ON
THE TYPE SPECIFIED, A BOOT MAY BE ATTACHED TO A
LEADING EDGE EITHER BY SCREW FASTENERS (RIVNUTS)
OR BY CEMENTING THEM DIRECTLY TO THE LEADING EDGE.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM – DE-ICER BOOTS
THE EXTERNAL SURFACES OF THE BOOTS ARE COATED
WITH A FILM OF CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL TO BLEED OFF
ACCUMULATIONS OF STATIC ELECTRICITY. DEPENDING ON
THE TYPE SPECIFIED, A BOOT MAY BE ATTACHED TO A
LEADING EDGE EITHER BY SCREW FASTENERS (RIVNUTS)
OR BY CEMENTING THEM DIRECTLY TO THE LEADING EDGE.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

THERMAL SYSTEM
IN SYSTEMS OF THIS TYPE, THE LEADING-EDGE SECTIONS
OF WINGS, AND TAIL UNITS ARE USUALLY PROVIDED WITH A
SECOND, INNER SKIN POSITIONED TO FORM A SMALL GAP
BETWEEN IT AND THE INSIDE OF THE LEADING-EDGE
SECTION.
HEATED AIR IS DUCTED TO THE WINGS AND TAIL UNITS AND
PASSES INTO THE GAP, PROVIDING SUFFICIENT HEAT IN THE
OUTER SKIN OF THE LEADING EDGE TO MELT ICE ALREADY
FORMED AND PREVENT FURTHER ICE FORMATION.
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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

THERMAL SYSTEM
IN ANTI-ICING SYSTEMS A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF HEATED
AIR IS FED TO THE LEADING EDGES, BUT IN DE-ICING
SYSTEMS, IT IS USUAL TO SUPPLY MORE INTENSELY
HEATED AIR FOR SHORTER PERIODS ON A CYCLIC BASIS.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

THERMAL SYSTEM

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
IN AN ELECTRICAL HEATING SYSTEM, HEATING ELEMENTS
EITHER OF RESISTANCE WIRE OR SPRAYED METAL, ARE
BONDED TO THE AIR INTAKE STRUCTURE. THE POWER
SUPPLY REQUIRED FOR HEATING IS NORMALLY THREE-
PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT.
THERE ARE TWO METHODS;
1. HEATER MAT
2. SPRAY MAT
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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM – HEATER MAT
THIS TYPE OF ELEMENT CONSISTS OF TWO THIN LAYERS OF
RUBBER SANDWICHING A HEATER ELEMENT. EACH MAT IS
MOLDED TO FIT SNUGLY OVER THE SECTION TO BE
PROTECTED.

THE LATEST MATS HAVE ELEMENTS MADE FROM A RANGE

OF ALLOYS WOVEN IN CONTINUOUS FILAMENT GLASS
YARN.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM – HEATER MAT

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM – SPRAY MAT
THIS TYPE OF ELEMENT IS SO CALLED BECAUSE IT IS
SPRAYED DIRECTLY ON TO THE SURFACE TO BE
PROTECTED.
THE TECHNIQUE WAS DEVELOPED BY THE NAPIER
COMPANY TO PROVIDE A LIGHTWEIGHT SYSTEM FOR USE
ON AIRFOILS AND IS IDEALLY SUITED FOR APPLICATION TO
COMPOUND CURVES.

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ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEMS

ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS

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