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m.2.1 Principles of Thermodynamics

The document discusses the principles of thermodynamics, focusing on the laws governing energy transformation, including the zeroth, first, and second laws. It explains key concepts such as working substances, their properties, and the distinction between spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes. Additionally, it highlights the importance of temperature and entropy in thermodynamic systems.

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47 views48 pages

m.2.1 Principles of Thermodynamics

The document discusses the principles of thermodynamics, focusing on the laws governing energy transformation, including the zeroth, first, and second laws. It explains key concepts such as working substances, their properties, and the distinction between spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes. Additionally, it highlights the importance of temperature and entropy in thermodynamic systems.

Uploaded by

leojr.bernales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRINCIPLES OF

THERMODYNAMICS
COMBUSTION OF ENGINEERING
Thermodynamic principles
• Laws governing the transformation of energy. Thermodynamics is the science of the tran
sformation of energy. It differs from the dynamics of Newton by taking into account the c
oncept of temperature, which is outside the scope of classical mechanics. In practice, the
rmodynamics is useful for assessing the efficiencies of heat engines (devices that transfor
m heat into work) and refrigerators (devices that use external sources of work to transfer
heat from a hot system to cooler sinks), and for discussing the spontaneity of chemical re
actions (their tendency to occur naturally) and the work that they can be used to generat
e.
• The subject of thermodynamics is founded on four generalizations of experience, which a
re called the laws of thermodynamics. Each law embodies a particular constraint on the p
roperties of the world. The connection between phenomenological thermodynamics and
the properties of the constituent particles of a system is established by statistical thermo
dynamics, also called statistical mechanics. Classical thermodynamics consists of a collect
ion of mathematical relations between observables, and as such is independent of any u
nderlying model of matter (in terms, for instance, of atoms). However, interpretations in
terms of the statistical behavior of large assemblies of particles greatly enriches the unde
rstanding of the relations established by thermodynamics
Working substance
-a substance to which heat can be stored and from which heat can
be extracted.
1. Pure substance
- working substance whose chemical composition remains the same
even if there is a change in phase.

2. Ideal Gas – a working substance which remains in gaseous state


during its operating cycle and whose equation of state is PV=mRT.
Properties of the working substance
1. Pressure
2. Temperature
3. Density, specific volume and specific gravity, specific weight, Density
4. Internal energy
5. Flow work
6. Enthalpy
7. Entropy
Properties of the working substance
1. Pressure
Properties of the working substance
Temperature
Properties of the working substance
Density, specific volume and specific gravity, specific weight, Density
Properties of the working substance
Internal energy
Properties of the working substance
Flow work
Properties of the working substance
Enthalpy
Properties of the working substance
Entropy
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• The zeroth law of thermodynamics establishes the existence of a prop
erty called temperature. This law is based on the observation that if a
system A is in thermal equilibrium with a system B (that is, no change
in the properties of B take places when the two are in contact), and if
system B is in thermal equilibrium with a system C, then it is invariabl
y the case that A will be found to be in equilibrium with C if the two s
ystems are placed in mutual contact. This law suggests that a numeric
al scale can be established for the common property, and if A, B, and
C have the same numerical values of this property, then they will be i
n mutual thermal equilibrium if they were placed in contact. This pro
perty is now called the temperature.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
1. Is also known as the conservation of energy principle.
2. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
3. States that one form of energy maybe converted into another form of
energy entering to a system is equal to energy leaving from the system.
4. In the absence of any work interactions between a system and its
surroundings, the amount of net heat transfer is equal to the total energy of
a closed system.
5. For all adiabatic processes between two specific states of a closed system,
the net work done is the same regardless of the nature of the closed system
and the details of the process.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODAYNMICS
The second law of thermodynamics deals with the distinction between
spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes. A process is spontaneous
if it occurs without needing to be driven. In other words, spontaneous
changes are natural changes, like the cooling of hot metal and the free
expansion of a gas. Many conceivable changes occur with the conservat
ion of energy globally, and hence are not in conflict with the first law; b
ut many of those changes turn out to be nonspontaneous, and hence o
ccur only if they are driven.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODAYNMICS
The second law was formulated by Lord Kelvin and by R. Clausius in a m
anner relating to observation: “no cyclic engine operates without a hea
t sink” and “heat does not transfer spontaneously from a cool to a hott
er body,” respectively (see illustration). The two statements are logically
equivalent in the sense that failure of one implies failure of the other.
However, both may be absorbed into a single statement: the entropy of
an isolated system increases when a spontaneous change occurs. The
property of entropy is introduced to formulate the law quantitatively in
exactly the same way that the properties of temperature and internal e
nergy are introduced to render the zeroth and first laws quantitative an
d precise.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODAYNMICS

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