Dr.

Dharmendra
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Office Location: Environmental Laboratory
Civil Department
(Ground Floor)
Solid & Hazardous Waste Mgt

by
Dr. Dharmendra
 Course Objectives
• Understanding of problems of
municipal waste, biomedical waste,
hazardous waste, e-waste, industrial
waste etc.
• Knowledge of legal, institutional and
financial aspects of management of
solid wastes.
• Become aware of Environment and
health impacts solid waste
mismanagement.
 Course Outcomes
• CO1: Do sampling and characterization of
solid waste
• CO2: Analysis of hazardous waste
constituents including QA/QC issues
• CO3: Understand health and environmental
issues related to solid waste management
• CO4: Apply steps in solid waste management-waste
reduction at source, collection techniques, materials
and resource recovery/recycling, transport,
optimization of solid waste transport, treatment and
disposal techniques.
 Books
• Introduction to Environmental Engineering: M.L.Davi
s and D.A. Cornwell.
• Integrated solid Waste Management,
Principles and Management Issues : George Tchoba
noglous, H. Theisen, S. Vigil.
• Municipal Solid Waste Management: Pollution
Technologies Review by David Rimbers, Noyes Data
Corporation, London.
• Hazardous Waste Management by Michael D.
Lagrega, Phillip L. Buckingham, Jeffrey C. Evans,
McGraw Hill, New York.
• Hazardous Waste Management by Gaynor W.
Dawson, Basil W. Mercer, Wiley Interscience, New
Importance & Significance of the
subject
E-Solid Waste
HEAPS

8
General Practice
Commingle dumped Waste

10
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
HAMIRPUR
DUMPING SITES
OPEN BURNING………a big problem
 WATER POLLUTION
• Solid waste is mixed into Surface water
TERI Projections on Waste Generation In India
 Definition of solid waste
(Volume 40 of the U.S. Code of Federation Regulation
(CFR))
• Garbage, refuse, sludge, and other discarded
solid materials resulting from industrial and
commercial operations and from community
activities.
• It does not include solid or dissolve material in
domestic sewage or other significant
pollutants in water resources, such as silt,
dissolved or suspended solids in industrial
wastewater effluents, dissolve materials in
irrigation return flows or other common water
pollutants.
 Solid waste
• Any non-liquid material that is thrown
away or discarded as useless and
unwanted from industrial, commercial,
mining, and agricultural operations, and
from community activities is considered to
be solid waste.
• It is important to note that the definition of
solid waste is not limited to wastes that are
physically solid. Many solid wastes are
liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous
 Categories of wastes on the
basis of sources
• Municipal • Hazardous

• Industrial • Radioactive

• Medical • Mining

• Agriculture • e-Waste

• Construction and • Universal

demolition
 Classification of Wastes
• Solid waste: vegetable waste, kitchen waste,
household waste etc.

• E-waste: discarded electronic devices like

computer, TV, music systems etc.

• Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.

• Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps

etc.

• Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear

power plants
• Universal waste are generated universally by
various facilities but present limited hazardous (
It is exempted from the hazardous regulation, but
managed separately from trash.
 Flow of Municipal Solid Waste

Refuse Trash
(A bulky waste material)
Garbage Contain Putrescible

Rubbish mostly dry

A periodic Collection
Routine collection

Waste processing energy recovery recycling

Final Disposal (Landfill)

 Municipal Solid waste (MSW)
• It is also known as domestic waste or sometimes
household waste, is generated within a community from
several sources.
MSW generation as a function of source
Residential Food scraps, food packaging, cans,
bottles, newspapers, clothing, yard
(Single and multi-family waste, old appliances, old Furniture's
homes)
Commercial (office bldg., Office paper, corrugated boxes, food
wastes, disposable tableware, paper
retail companies, napkins, yard waste, wood pallets
restaurants)
Institutional (school, Office paper, corrugated boxes,
cafeteria waste, restroom wastes, yard
hospitals, prisons) waste
Municipal Litter, street sweepings, abandoned
automobiles, some construction and
 Physical Composition of
municipal solid waste
Chemical General Content/Article
Class composition
Paper products Office paper, computer printout, newsprint,
wrappings, corrugated card board
Plastics Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE/1), High
density polyethylene(HDPE/2), polyvinyl
chloride(PVC/3), Low density
polyethylene(LDPE/4) , Polypropylene(PP/5),
Organi polystyrene (PS/6), Other multi-layer plastic (7)
c Food Food (putrescible)
Yard waste Grass clippings, garden trimmings, leaves, wood,
branches
Textiles/rubber Cloth, fabric, Carpet, Rubber, Leather
 Physical Composition of
municipal solid waste
Chemical General Content/Article
Class composition

Glass Clear (flint), Amber, green, brown

Metals Ferrous, aluminum, Other non-ferrous (copper,

zinc, chromium)
Inorganic

Dirt Dirt, stones, ash

Bulky wastes Furniture, refrigerators, stoves, etc.

Composition of MSW in Mumbai
 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

Description Percent by
weight
Vegetable, leaves 40.15
Grass 3.80
Paper 0.81
Plastic 0.62
Glass/ceramics 0.44
Metal 0.64
Stones/ashes 41.81
Miscellaneous 11.73
 Quantity of Municipal Solid Wastes Generation in Metro Cities
S.No City Municipal solid Waste (TPD) Per capita waste (Kg/day)
1. Ahmadabad 1,683 0.585
2. Bangalore 2,000 0.484
3. Bhopal 546 0.514
4. Bombay 5,355 0.436
5. Calcutta 3,692 0.383
6. Coimbatore 350 0.429
7. Delhi 4,000 0.475
8. Hyderabad 1,566 0.382
9. Indore 350 0.321
10 Jaipur 580 0.398
11 Kanpur 1,200 0.640
12 Kochi 347 0.518
13 Lucknow 1,010 0.623
14 Ludhiana 400 0.384
15 Madras 3,124 0.657
16 Madurai 370 0.392
17 Nagpur 443 0.273
18 Patna 330 0.360
19 Pune 700 0.312
20 Surat 900 0.600
21 Vadodara 400 0.389
22 Varanasi 412 0.400
23 Visakhapatnam 300 0.400
Facts and Figures for Waste Management
in India
• Waste generation in urban areas of India will be
0.7 kg per person per day in 2025, approximately
four to six times higher than in 1999.
• The generation of municipal solid waste is
expected to rise to 165 million tones by 2030
due to changing consumption patterns and rapid
economic growth.
• Dirty streets and Unhygienic conditions

• Local as well as global pollution of air, water and

soil.
 Challenges Faced in Waste
Management
• Rapid urbanization: Urban areas with
377 million people generate about 62
million tons of solid waste every year.
• E-waste is also a growing concern
• Lack of adequate garbage collection
infrastructure
• Sorting recyclable materials only about
30% of waste is properly sorted, rest end
up in landfills instead of being recycled.
 Solutions to Waste
Management
• Scientific studies and planning:It means
understanding the type of waste, the costs
involved, and the best locations for
disposal facilities.
• Innovative technologies: develop a
better recycling infrastructure
• Improve waste collection: Machines to
collect waste, and coordinates the timing
of collection by using IoT, AI & ML
 Solutions to Waste
Management
• Combining informal and formal waste
collection sectors: Improve decentralized
waste management and promoting
recycling by implementing supportive
policies and regulations.
• Treating organic waste: composting and
bio-methanation can reduce the amount
going to landfills (Waste-to-energy
methods)
 Solutions to Waste
Management
• Converting existing dumps into sanitary
landfills: Proper funding, design expertise
• Integrating technology: like Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID) enabled monitoring and
GPS tracking can also help in efficient waste
management.
• waste treatment facilities: Involving public-
private partnerships.
• Public awareness & Strictly implementing
waste management rules
 Physical properties of MSW
• Specific weight
– Specific weight is defined as the weight of
material per unit volume (kg/m3).
– MSW generally reported as loose, un-
compacted and compacted as found in
containers.
• Moisture content
– It is expressed as percentage of dry and wet material
– Moisture content (M) = (w-d/w)*100
– W= Initial weight & d = Final weight after drying at 105
0C
 Physical properties of MSW
Cont..

• Particle size
– Sc = L or Sc = (L+w/2) ; Sc = (L+w+h/3)
– Sc = (L x W) 1/2 ; Sc = (LxWxh)1/3
Where Sc = Size of component in mm
– L= length in mm; W = width in mm & h =

height in mm
• Field capacity
– Of solid waste is holding capacity of moisture.
– Water in excess of the field capacity will be
released as leachate.
 Physical properties of MSW
Cont..
• Permeability of compacted solid waste
– The hydraulic conductivity of compacted waste is a
physical property by which we can estimate the
movement of liquids and gases in a landfill.

Where:
– K = Coefficient of permeability (metres per second (m/s) or in
centimetres per second (cm/s))
– C = dimensionless constant or shape factor
– d = average size of pores
– = specific weight of water (9.807 kilo newtons per cubic metre)
– μ = Dynamic viscosity of water (Pascal-second (Pa s)
– k = intrinsic permeability (Henry/meter)
 Chemical properties of MSW
• Proximity analysis
– Moisture (loss of moisture when heated to 105 0C for 1 h)
– Volatile combustible matter (additional loss of weight on ignition at
950 0C in a covered crucible)

– Fixed carbon ( combustible residue left after volatile matter is

removed)

– Ash
• Fusing point of ash
– Is defined as that temp. ( 100 to 1200 0 ) at which ash form a solid
(clinker) by fusion and agglomeration.
 Energy content or Calorific
value
• Energy content: by bomb calorimeter Btu/lb
or Btu/lb x 2.326 = kJ/kg
• By calculation based on chemical
composition:
• Btu/lb = 145C + 610 (H2 – 1/8 O2) + 40S + 10 N
Where C = carbon, percent by weight
H2 = hydrogen, percent by weight
O2 = Oxygen, Percent by weight
S = Sulfur, Percent by weight
N = nitrogen, percent by weight
Q. Estimation of energy content of typical residential MSW
based on chemical composition C760H1980O874.5N12.7S.
Determine the energy value?
Component Number of Atomic Weight % by weight
atoms per Weight contribution
mole of each
element
Carbon (C) 760 12 9120 36.03
Hydrogen (H2) 1980 1 1980 7.82
Oxygen (O2) 875 16 14,000 55.30
Nitrogen (N) 13 14 182 0.72
Sulfur (S) 1 32 32 0.13
Total 25,314 100

Btu/lb = 145(36.03) + 610 (7.82- 55.3/8) + 40(0.13) + 10 (0.72)

= 5772
 Essential Nutrients and other
elements
• Essential nutrient such as NH4-N, NO3-N,
P, PO 4-P, K, SO 4-S, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, B,
Se, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Mo, and Ni etc. are
required for biological conversion of MSW.
• These nutrient not only help to microbes to
grow but also essential for achieved good
quality of compost.
 Biological Properties of MSW
• Excluding plastic, rubber and leather components, the organic
fraction of MSW can be classified:
– Water soluble contents, such as sugars, starches, amino acid
and various organic acids
– Fats, oils and waxes
– Lignin, a polymeric material containing aromatic rings with
– Eg. 2CH3CHOHCOOH + SO42- 2CH3COOH + S2- +H2O+ CO2
– Lactate Sulfate Acetate Sulfide ion

– 4H2 + SO42- S2- + 4H2O

– S2- + 2H+ H 2S
 Importance of waste
transformation
1. To improve the efficiency of solid waste
management operation and system.

2. To recover and reusable and recyclable

materials.

3. To recover conversion products and

energy.
 Transformation Processes used for the management of solid waste
Transformatio Transformation means or Transformation or Principal
n method conversion Products
Process
Physical
Component Manual and/or mechanical Individual components found in
Separation separation commingled municipal waste
Volume Application of energy in the form The original waste reduced in
reduction of force or pressure volume.
Size reduction Application of energy in the form The original waste components
of Shredding, grinding, or milling altered in form and reduced in
size.
Chemical
Combustion Thermal oxidation Carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), other oxidation
products
Pyrolysis Destructive distillation A gas stream containing a verity
of gases, tar and or oil and a
char
Gasification Starved air combustion A low-Btu gas, Char containing
 Transformation Processes used for the management of solid waste

Transformatio Transformation means or Transformation or Principal

n method conversion Products
Process

Biological
Aerobic Aerobic biological conversion Compost (humus-like material
compositing used as a soil conditioner)

Anaerobic Anaerobic biological Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide

digestion (low- conversion (CO2), trace gases, digested
or high-solids) humus or sludge
Anaerobic Anaerobic biological Methane (CH4), carbon
composting conversion dioxide (CO2), digested waste
(Occurs in
landfil)
 How solid waste affected us in recent
years?
• Cloudburst in Mumbai (2005) clogged the
sewage line due to large no. of plastic bags

• Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida,

caused due to imported scrap from Iran

• Reduction in the number of migratory birds due

to consumption of contaminated foods

• Stray animals dying on streets and farmland due

to consumption of plastic bags, which blocks the
food movement in their stomach
Negative Effects of Improper Solid Waste
Disposal on Human Health
• As per the Swachhata Sandesh Newsletter
released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs in January 2020, 1,47,613 metric tonnes
of solid waste is generated per day from 84,475
wards across India.
• Unattended waste on the roadside, which is a
common site in different places in India, can
become the breeding ground for mosquitoes,
cockroaches, and rats.
• These rodents are known for spreading
diseases such as Malaria, Dengue and cause
food poisoning as well.
 Solid Waste Management Vs./
Integrated Solid Waste Management
• Integrated waste management (IWM)
systems combine waste streams, and waste
collection, treatment and disposal methods
with the objective of achieving environmental
benefits, economic optimization and social
acceptability.
• Such a waste management system is
environmentally, economically and socially
sustainable and is likely to be integrated,
market oriented, flexible and operated on
 Solid Waste Management Vs./
Integrated Solid Waste Management
 Integrated Solid Waste
Management
• Activity • Infrastructure

– Planning – Collection

– Design – Transport

– Financing – Processing

– Construction – Recycling

– Operation – Disposal
 Planning for IWM
• Organise the • Foster public
framework education and
• Understand the involvement
institutional and • Understand project
regulatory climate financing
• Address local waste • Evaluate new waste
management issues management
• Evaluate waste alternatives
management
alternatives
 Proper perspective planning
• Popularly referred to as five “Ps”:
1. Planning:waste generators, waste haulers, regulatory
agencies, construction contractors, plant operators, energy
and material buyers
2. Price:Comparing costs and benefits against action is
essential for long-term success
3. Publicity: The progressiveness of the community and its
commitment to a clean environment
4. Political support: Newly elected political officials must
also be informed about the community effort
5. Perseverance: A community waste management
programme must be prepared for the long term
 Solid waste management
Contd…
• Generation and Collection rate depend on
• 1. Population 2. Economic condition 3. Country
– Importance of waste quantities
• Compliance with Federal and state waste diversion
programs
– Whether recycling is mandatory or not
• Design of solid waste management Facilities
– Planning and designing of collection & disposal system e.g.
Hourly, daily weekly or monthly collection; Sizing of
Landfills depend on residue.
– Measure and methods used to assess SW
quantities
• Volume and weight measurement.
 Waste Collection in India
• Primarily by the city municipality
-No gradation of waste product eg bio-degradable,
glasses, polybags, paper shreds etc

-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts

• Local raddiwala / kabadiwala (Rag pickers)

-Collecting small iron pieces by magnets

-Collecting glass bottles

-Collecting paper for recycling

 Factors causing variation
1. Geographic location: The influence of
geographic location is related primarily to
different climates that can influence both the
amount of certain types of solid wastes
generated and the collection operation.
2. Seasons: Seasons of the year have
implications for the quantities and composition
of certain types of solid wastes. For example,
the growing season of vegetables and fruits
affect the quantities of food wastes.
 Factors causing variation
Cont..
3. Collection frequency: Depends on
ultimate collection services
4. Population diversity:The amount of waste
generated is more or less depends on
low-income areas or high-income areas.
Similarly, the composition differs in terms
of paper and other recyclables
5. Extent of salvaging and recycling:
 Factors causing variation
Cont..
6. Public attitude: Significant reduction in
the quantity of solid waste is possible, if
and when people are willing to change –
on their own volition – their habits and
lifestyles to conserve the natural
resources and to reduce the economic
burden associated with the management
of solid wastes.
7. Legislation: MSW rule 2016/2020
 Collection services
1. Curb-side/Alley: Residential place containers to be emptied at curb or in
alley on the collection day. Collection crew empties containers into
collection vehicle. Residents return the containers to their storage location
until next schedule time.
Advantages:
• Crew can move quickly
• Crew can not enter private property, so fewer accidents and trespassing
complaints arise.
• This method is less costly than backyard collection because it is generally
requires less time and fewer crew members.
• Adaptable to automated and semi-automated collection equipment
Disadvantage:
• On collection day waste containers are visible from the street
• Collection day must be scheduled
• Residents are responsible for placing containers at proper collection point
 Collection services
Cont..
2. Backyard collection: In this method collection crews enter property to collect
refuse. Containers may be transported to the truck, emptied, and return to
their original storage location, or emptied into tub or cart and transport to
the vehicle so that only one trip is required.
Advantages:
• Collection days need not be scheduled
• Waste container are not visible from the street
• Resident are not involved with container setout or movement
• This method required fewer crew members than setout/setback method
Disadvantages:
• Because crew enter private property, more injuries and trespassing
complaints likely
• The method are more time consuming than curb-side and alley or setback
method
• Spill may occur where waste is transferred.
 Collection services
Cont..
3. Backyard Setout-setback collection: Containers are carried from backyard
to curb by a special crew and emptied by the collection crew. The special
crew then transports the container to their original storage location.
Advantages:
• Collection day need not be scheduled
• Waste containers are not usually visible from the street
• Use of additional crew members reduces loading time as compared to back
yard collection system
Disadvantages:
• Because crew enter private property, more injuries and trespassing
complaints likely
• The method are more time consuming
• Resident are not involved and more crew members than for curb-side and
alley collection are required.
• This is more costly than curb-side and alley collection because additional
crew are required
 Collection services
Cont..
4. Drop-offat specified collection point: Resident
transport waste to specified point. This point may be
transfer station or the disposal site.
Advantages
• Drop-off is the least expansive of methods
• Offers reasonable strategy for low population densities
• This method involves low staffing requirements.
Disadvantages:
• Residents are inconvenienced
• There is risk of injury to residents
• If drop-off site is unstaffed, illegal dumping may occur
Summery of all collection methods
Waste Separation at the source
• At the source usually done by manually
• Separation of components depend on
Programme
• Additional separation required before reused
and recycling
• Waste separation also depend on material
recovery facilities (MRFs) and material
recovery and transfer facilities (MR/TFs).
eg. Direct use; curbside collection and drop-
off and buy-back center
 The Unit operations used for the
separation & Processing
Item Function/material Preprocessing
processed
Shredding
- Hammer mills - Size reduction/all types - Removal of large bulky
of wastes items, removal of
contaminants
-Flail mills Size reduction, also used Removal of large bulky
as bag breaker, all type items, removal of
of waste contaminants
-Shear shredder Size reduction, also used Removal of large bulky
as bag breaker, all type items, removal of
of waste contaminants
-Glass crusher Size reduction, All type Removal of all non-glass
of glass material
Wood grinder Size reduction/yard Removal of large bulky
trimmings/all type of items, removal of
wood wastes contaminants
Shredding
- Hammer mills
Flail mills
Glass crusher
 The Unit operations used for the
separation & Processing
Item Function/material processed Preprocessing
Screening Separation of over and under Removal of large bulky
sized material; trommel also items, large pieces of
used as bag breaker/All type of cardboard
waste
Cyclone separator Separation of light combustible Material is removed from
material air stream containing
light combustible
materials
Magnetic Separation of ferrous metal Removal of large bulky
separation from commingled wastes items, large pieces of
cardboard
Densification
-Balers -Compaction into bales/paper, - Balers are used to bale
-Can crushers cardboard, plastics, textiles, separated components
aluminum
- Compaction and flattening/
 Flow diagram for processing yard and
other green waste
Claw pickup unit and Yard waste
collection vehicle
Collection

Receiving
area
Manual Removal of
Plastic,
Front end Contaminants
broken
loader
crockery
etc.
Shredding, Tub grinder

Over size material

Screening for size separation Biomass fuel

Compost Shipping
 WASTE COLLECTION
SYSTEM DESIGN
• The various elements like crew and truck
requirement, time requirement and cost involved
are calculated.
• The various formulae used to calculate are:
• Number of services/vehicle load (N):
N = (C x D)/W
• Where:
• C = Vehicle capacity (m 3)
• D = Waste density (Tonne/m 3)
• W = Waste generation/residence (kg/service)
 WASTE COLLECTION
SYSTEM DESIGN
• Time required collecting one load (E):
E=NxL
• Where:
• L = Loading time/residence, including on-route
travel
• Number of loads/crew/day (N): The number of
loads (N) that each crew can collect in a day can
be estimated based on the workday length (t),
and the time spent on administration and breaks
(t1), time for hauling and other travel (t 2) and
collection route time (t3).
 WASTE COLLECTION
SYSTEM DESIGN
• Administrative and break time (t1):
t1 = A + B
• Where
– A = Administrative time (i.e., for meetings,
paperwork, unspecified slack time)
– B = Time for breaks and lunch
 WASTE COLLECTION
SYSTEM DESIGN
• Hauling and other travel time (t2):
t2 = (n x H) - f + G + J
• Where
– n = Number of loads/crew/day
– H = Time to travel to disposal site, empty
truck, and return to route
– f = Time to return from site to route
– G = Time to travel from staging garage to
route
– J = Time to return from disposal site to
 WASTE COLLECTION
SYSTEM DESIGN
• Time spent on collection route (t3):
t3 = n x E
• where variables have been previously
defined.
• Length of workday (t):
t = t1 + t2 +t3
• where t is defined by work rules and all
above equations are solved to find n.
 WASTE COLLECTION
SYSTEM DESIGN
• Calculation of number of vehicles and
crews (K):
K = (S x F)/(N x n x M)
where:
S = Total number of services in the
collection area
F = Frequency of collection
(numbers/week)
M = Number of workdays/week
 WASTE COLLECTION
SYSTEM DESIGN
• Calculation of annual vehicle and labor
costs:
• Vehicle costs = Depreciation +
Maintenance + Consumables + Overhead
+ License + Fees + Insurance
• Labor costs = Drivers salary + Crew
salaries + Fringe benefits + Indirect labor
+ Supplies + Overhead
 Solve

• Work out the time required to dispose of

the waste with density 400 kg/m3, with
vehicle capacity of 12m3 and waste
generation per residence is 2kg/service
and loading time per residence is 2
minutes.
Q. In the town of XYZ, it is determined that the per capita waste
generation rate is 1.4 Kg per person per day. Collection is conducted
once per week by the municipality. If the density of MSW in a typical
trash container is 150kg/m3, how many 120 L container would be
needed.
• Per week SW generation = 1.4Kg/person/day X 7 days/week = 9.8
Kg MSW
• Per family SW generation = 9.8 Kg/person X 4 person = 39.2
Kg/Family
• Volume of SW = 39.2Kg /150kg/m 3 = 0.26 m3
• Capacity in L = 0.26 m3 X 1000L/m3 =260L
• No. of container = 260/120 = 2.16
• Hence three 120L capacity container required.
• Q. From the above example, Collection truck have a capacity of
11.5 m 3, which can compressed the waste density of 420 Kg/m3.
How many customers (no of family) can a truck handle a single
run, before departing for the transfer station.
• Carrying capacity of truck = 11.5 m3 X 420 kg/m3 = 4830 kg
Capacity
• 4830 Kg/ 39.2 Kg/household = 123 household.
 Collection vehicles
• The collection vehicle selected must be
appropriate to the terrain, type and density
of waste generation points, the way it
travels and type and kind of material
• The collection vehicle may be small and
simple (e.g., two-wheeled cart pulled by an
individual) or large, complex and energy
intensive (e.g., rear loading compactor
truck)
Small-scale collection and
muscle-powered vehicles:
Non-compactor Trucks

Trucks with capacities of 10 – 12 m 3

 Compactor truck

Trucks with capacities of 12-15 m 3

 Following are the advantages of
the compactor collection vehicle
:
• containers are uniform, large, covered and
relatively visually inoffensive;
• waste is set out in containers so that the crew
can pick them up quickly
• health risk to the collectors and odour on the
streets are minimised
• waste is relatively inaccessible to the waste
pickers.
 Transfer and transport
• Collection vehicles used for MSW are:
– Traditional compacter- Trucks taking loose and bagged
waste
– Modern single-compartment truck taking wheeled ins from
single unit dwelling
– Single-compartment trucks taking wheeled bins from multi-
unit apartment buildings and commercial establishments.
– Multi-compartment trucks that remove source separated
waste
– Vacuum trucks, used in areas with limited accessibility, with
tube length up to 100m
– Traditional open-top trucks, commonly used in low-income
countries.
 Automated waste collection
• Semi-automated and fully automated system are two
innovative approach to MSW collection.
– Fully automated means computer-aided equipment, mechanical
lifting devices, and electronic control or onboard computers for
monitoring truck performance and collection operation
• The benefits of automated waste collection system are:
– Reduce injury risk: Increased automation typically reduces work-
related lifting injuries as well as puncture wounds and lacerations.
– Reduce vehicle needs
– Decrease labor needs: Reduce crew size.
– Reduce environmental impacts
– Improved neighbored aesthetics
– Reduce public health risk: Containers with lids help mitigate odor
and health concerns.
Automated waste collection
 Some other mode of
Transfer & Transport
• Railroad transport
• Water transport
• Pneumatic
• Hydraulic
• Conveyors
• Air-cushion
• Rubber-tired trolley
• Under ground conduits
COLLECTION OPERATION
 Collection Routes
• Some of heuristic guidelines considering
during route optimization:
1. Existing policies and regulations related to such
items as the point of collection and frequency of
collection must be identified.
2. Existing system characteristics such as crew size
and vehicle type must be coordinated
3. Routes should be optimized by using topographical
and physical barriers as route boundaries.
4. In hilly area, routes should start at the top of the
grade and proceed downhill as the vehicle becomes
loaded.
 Heuristic guidelines
Cont…
5. Routes should be laid out so that the last
container to be collected on the route is located
nearest to the disposal site.
6. Waste generated at traffic-congested locations
should be collected as early in the day as
possible.
7. Sources at which extremely large quantities of
wastes are generated should be serviced during
the first part of the day.
8. Scattered pickup points (small quantity SW
generation) that received on the same day or in
 Computer assisted routing
• Computer programs will help in route
optimization.
• First of all digitize the existing map (GIS &
GPS).
• To program few details are required as follows:
– detailed micro-routs, block configurations, waste
generation rates, distance between the residence,
distance between routes and disposal or transfer
sites and loading time
• Municipalities that have a geographic
information system (GIS) database can utilize
data for their area to facilitating route balancing.
 Motion time measurement
(MTM) technique
• MTM is a technique to observe and
estimate the movement of the collection
crew with the help of stopwatches.
• MTM also helps in deciding the best
combination of equipment to maintain a
desired level of output, reduce health
problems related to the repetitive work
sequence and predict the effects of
changes in materials handled.
 MTM Study: Determination of Time, Distance
and Number on Containers in Collection Route
Source: Phelps, et al., 1995
 Collection vehicle routing
• Macro-routing:
– Macro-routing, also referred to as route-balancing.
– The size of each route depends on the amount of
waste collected per stop, distance between stops,
loading time and traffic conditions .
• Micro-routing:
– Using the results of the macro-routing analysis, micro
routing can define the specific path.
– Results of micro-routing analyses can then be used to
readjust macro-routing decisions
The following factors that affect the selection
of a transfer station
• Types of waste received.
• Processes required in recovering material
from wastes.
• Required capacity and amount of waste
storage desired.
• Types of collection vehicles using the
facility.
• Types of transfer vehicles
• Site topography and access.
 Transfer stations Types
• Depending on the size two types
1. Small to medium transfer stations:
I. These are direct-discharge stations
II. No intermediate waste storage area
III. The capacities are generally small (less than 100
tonnes/day) and medium (100 to 500
tonnes/day).
2. Large transfer stations:
I. These are designed for heavy commercial use
II. Need intermediate waste storage area
III. Transfer vehicles are weighed either during or
after loading
 Transfer station capacity can be
determined using the following
formulae:
• Pit stations: Based on the rate at which
wastes can be unloaded from collection
vehicles:
C = Pc x (L/W) x (60 x Hw/Tc) x F
– C = Station capacity (tonnes/day)
– Pc = Collection vehicle payload (tonnes)
– L = Total length of dumping space (feet)
– Hw = Hours per day that waste is delivered
– Tc = Time (in minutes) to unload each
collection vehicle
 Formulae
CONT..
• F = Peaking factor (ratio of the number of
collection vehicles received during an average
30-minute period to the number received during
a peak 30-minute period)
• Lp = Length of push pit (feet)
• Np = Number of push pits
• Bc = Total cycle time for clearing each push pit
and compacting waste into trailer
• Pt = Transfer trailer payload (tonnes)
 Formulae
CONT..
• N = Number of transfer trailers loading
Simultaneously
• Ht = Hours per day used to load trailers
(minutes)
• B = Time to remove and replace each loaded
trailer (minutes)
• Tt = Time to load each transfer trailer (minutes)
• Nn = Number of hoppers
• Ln = Length of each hopper (feet).
 Formulae:
CONT..
• Based on rate at which transfer trailers are
loaded:

C = (Pt x N x 60 x H t)/(Tt + B)

• Direct dump stations:

C = (Nn x Pt x F x 60 x Hw)/ [((Pt/Pc) x (W/Ln)) x

Tc + B]
 Formulae:
CONT..
• Hopper compaction stations:
C = (Nn x Pt x F x 60 x Hw)/[(Pt/Pc x Tc) +
B]
• Push pit compaction station:
C = (Np x Pt x F x 60 x Hw)/[(Pt/Pc x W/Lp
x Tc) + Bc + B]
Note: These formulae are useful in
estimating the capacity of various types of
transfer stations (EPA, 1995)
 Disposal
• MSW RULES 2000:
• Our Municipal Solid Waste (Management
& Handling) Rules are a blueprint for
sustainable living:
– What comes from the soil goes back to the
soil. This needs a joint effort of Citizens &
their City managers.
 KEY ISSUES IN WASTE
DISPOSAL
• To achieve effective waste disposal, we
must overcome the following constraints:
• Municipal capacities:
– With the increasing volume of waste generation,
collection of wastes gets more attention than
disposal.
• Political commitment:
– SWM is more than a technical issue, as any
successful programme needs effective political and
governmental support.
 To achieve effective waste
disposal
• Finance and cost recovery:
– Establishments costs are secured for a disposal site,
recurrent costs to maintain
• Technical guidelines:
– Due to reasons such as climatic conditions, resources
availability, institutional infrastructure, socio-cultural
values, etc.
• Institutional role and responsibility:
– The co-ordination and responsibilities of different
departments of all authorities concerned.
• Location:
– Distance from town, incentive for staff
 Waste Disposal Options
• Uncontrolled dumping or non-engineered
disposal:
– wastes are dumped at a designated site without any
environmental control.
– The non-engineered disposal is not considered a
viable and safe option as per MSW 2016 completely
abandoned.
• Sanitary Land-filling : Confine, closed,
Compact, Cover and engineered system.
• Composting and Vermi-composting: This is a
biological process, in which organisms
decompose under controlled conditions of
Uncontrolled dumping or non-
engineered disposal
 Waste Disposal Options
• Incineration: This refers to the controlled
burning of wastes, at a high temperature
(roughly 1200 – 1500 0C)
• Pelletization: involves the processes of
segregating, crushing, mixing high and low
heat value organic waste material and
solidifying it to produce fuel pellets or
briquettes, also referred to as Refuse
Derived Fuel (RDF).
PELLETIZATION
 Waste Disposal Options
• Gasification / Pyrolysis: This is the partial
combustion of carbonaceous material
(through combustion) at high temperature
(roughly 1000 0C)
• Anaerobic treatment of solid waste: is a
process through which bacteria break
down organic matter—such as animal
manure, wastewater biosolids, and food
wastes—in the absence of oxygen.
OVERVIEW OF
LANDFILLS
 • Single liner
Types of liner • Composite liner
systems: • Double liner
leachate collection from
landfill
 Land-filling
• There are few definition of terms which
generally used when discussing the landfill
• Landfill are the physical facilities used for the disposal
of residual solid wastes in the surface soil of the earth.
• Sanitary landfill
– In past, the waste placed in the landfill was covered at
the end of each day operation
– Today, it refer to an engineered facility for the disposal
of MSW designed & operated to minimize public
health and environmental impact.
 Definition of terms
Cont…
• Secure landfills: Landfill for the disposal
of hazardous waste
• Cell is used to describe the volume of
material placed in a landfill during one
operating period.
• Daily cover usually consist of 6 to 12 inch
of native soil.
• Lift is a complete layer of cells over the
active area of landfill.
 Definition of terms
Cont…
• Bench or terrace is commonly used where
landfill height will exceed 50 to 75 ft. it is used for
maintaining the slope stability, for the placement
of surface water drainage, and for land fill gas
collection pipe.
• Leachate is the liquid that collected at bottom of a
landfill. (In deep landfill, leachate is often collected
at intermediate point)
• Landfill gas is the mixture of different gas
consist of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2),
atmospheric nitrogen oxygen, ammonia & terrace
organic compound
 Definition of terms
Cont…
• Landfill liners are materials (both natural &
artificial) that are used to line the bottom area
and below-grade side of a landfill.
– eg. Natural & artificial landfill liner clay & geo-
membrane
• Landfill closure is term used to describe the
step that must be taken to close and secure a
landfill site once the filling operation has been
completed.
• Post-closure care refers to the activities
associated with the long term monitoring and
maintenance
 Operating requirements for a
solid waste landfill
• Detection and exclusion of hazardous
waste from the facility
• Use of appropriate cover material for the
landfill
• Disease vector control
• Control of gas production (especially those
which can combust readily)
 Operating requirements
Cont..
• Monitoring of air and groundwater quality

• Access to facility

• Run-on and run-off control systems

• Restricting liquids entering the landfill

• Record keeping
 Site selection criteria for a
sanitary landfill
• Land area and volume must be sufficient
enough so that the landfill can serve for
the projected number of years.
• The slope of the region should not be very
steep.
• Irrigation pipelines and water supply wells
should not be situated close to the
boundary of the landfill.
 Site selection criteria
Cont..
• Residential development should be
planned away from the landfill site.

• Unstable areas posing seismic risks

should be avoided

• The depth to groundwater and proximity to

water wells must be thoroughly analyzed.
 Site selection criteria
Cont..
• The visual impact of the landfill must be
minimized (landscaping, aesthetic
development of landfill).
• Agricultural land should not be used for
landfill development.
• The landfill must not cause flood hazard in
the event of heavy rainfall
 Layout of a landfill site

• Access roads • Drainage facility

• Equipment shelter • Location of landfill
• Office space gas management
• Location of facility
convenience transfer • Location of monitoring
station well
• Storage and/or • Plantings
disposal of special • Area to be used for
wastes waste processing
(composting)
Pallavapuram and Tambaram
Municipalities Chennai
About Public-Private Partnership (PPP) for
Pallavapuram and Tambaram Municipalities
• The plant, situated about 10 kms from
Tambaram
• Operates daily from 8 am to 6 pm
• It has the capacity to handle 300 MT waste,
converts organic garbage to compost
• Approximately produce 800-1500 bags manure
• Non-biodegradable waste to cement factories to
produce RDF (Refused Derived fuel)
• Flu Gas treatment system used to control
harmful gases (SO4, CO) produce during RDF.
 LINER SYSTEMS
• Liner systems:
– Landfill liners are designed to
create a barrier between the
waste and the environment.
– To drain the leachate to
collection and treatment
facilities.
• Liners may be single,
composite, or double.
– Selection of liner is based on
chemical compatibility, stress-
strain characteristics,
survivability and permeability.
 SINGLE LINER
• Single liners are sometimes used in landfills
containing construction debris.
• Clay liner is easily available and is durable.
• Synthetic geo-membranes are composed of
polymers such as: Thermoplastics (PVC);
crystalline thermoplastics (HDPE, LDPE)
 COMPOSITE LINER
• A composite liner consists of a geo-membrane in
combination with a clay liner.
• These are more effective at limiting leachate
migration into the subsoil.
 DOUBLE LINER
• A double liner consists of either two single liners,
two composite liners, or a single and a
composite liner.
• The upper (primary) liner collects the leachate,
while the lower (secondary) liner acts as a leak
detection system.
• Double liners are to be used in MSW landfills,
and especially in hazardous waste landfills.
• A double liner is more resistant to stress
cracking and increased strain due to tensile
yield.
DOUBLE LINER SYSTEM
 Landfilling methods
• There are three major methods of
landfilling
1. excavated cell or trench method
i. The trenches could be 200 to 1000 feet long

ii. 3 to 10 feet deep

iii. 15 to 50 feet wide.

2. Area method

3. Canyon or depression method

 Area method
• When the terrain is unsuitable for excavation,
because of groundwater table is high
• The solid waste dispose at the top of the earth's
surface directly after lining
 Canyon or depression method
• This method mostly used in the hilly area
 leachate generation and
control
• •
Generation of landfill gases
 Five Phase of Landfill Gas
Production
• Phase I (Aerobic Phase):
– Biodegradable components of MSW undergo
microbial decomposition immediately after placement
in landfill cell.

– Initially, O 2 is present in sufficient amounts.

– Organic matter present in waste and the soil material
used as daily cover are degraded by aerobic bacteria.

– Once the volume of oxygen available drops to less

than 15%, anaerobic organisms are cultivated
 Five Phase of Landfill Gas
Contd.
• Phase II (Anaerobic or Anoxic)
– Phase I and Phase II together take up to a few weeks.
– Organic matter acts as the electron donor, while
nitrate and sulphate ions act as electron acceptors.

– CH2O is the representation of organic content in a

generic form.
– pH drop in the phase due to the formation of organic acids and
elevated levels of SO2 within voids
ᵃ2ᵄ + ᵃᵄ2 → ᵃ2ᵃᵄ3
 Five Phase of Landfill Gas
Contd.
• Phase III
– This is the second anaerobic phase (acid
phase).
– Anaerobic microbial activity is much higher in
this phase due to enzyme mediated
hydrolysis of organic acids and production of
some hydrogen gas.
– The pH of landfill liquids drops to around 5
due to presence of these organic acids and
there is an increased amount of CO2 within
voids.
 Five Phase of Landfill Gas
Contd.
• Phase III
• Methanogenic bacteria cannot tolerate
acidic conditions, Therefore no methane
gas production.
• Metals and other inorganic constituents
are solubilized due to the low pH values.
• BOD5, COD, and conductivity of leachate
show a sudden increase due to dissolution
of organic acids in leachate.
 Five Phase of Landfill Gas
Contd.
• Phase IV
– This is the methane fermentation phase.
– ᵄᵅᵅᵄᵅᵅᵅ ᵄᵅᵅᵅᵆ + ᵃ2 → ᵃᵃ4 + ᵃᵄ2
– CH4 and organic acids formation proceed
simultaneously.
– pH increases and stabilizes around 6.8-8.
– BOD5, COD and leachate conductivity reduce.
– Metals which were soluble previously begin to
precipitate.
 Five Phase of Landfill Gas
Contd.
• Phase V
– This is the maturation phase
– Rate of gas generation decreases as most of
the available nutrients have been removed
with the leachate, and substrates that remain
are highly stable.
– Principal gases evolved are methane and
carbon dioxide.
– Higher moisture content results in lower
production of gases.
 Generation of landfill gases
• The Landfill Gas Emission Model (LandGEM)
developed by USEPA describes gas production from
a landfill using the following equation:
 Bioreactor Landfills
• Problems identified in the operation and
maintenance of a traditional municipal
solid waste such as
– build-up of methane gas inside the landfill
leading to risk of explosion
– leachate draining into groundwater resulting in
damage to humans and the environment
– A bioreactor landfill is one which alternate of
engineered landfill when land is not availabe.
 Types of bioreactor landfills
1. Aerobic
I. Leachate drained from bottom layer and re-circulated to the landfill
cell
II. Air circulated into waste
III. Microbial activity improved

2. Anaerobic
I. Moisture added to waste mass (in the form of re-circulated leachate
or other sources)
II. Biodegradation of organic fraction of waste to methane occurs in
absence of oxygen

3. Hybrid
I. Sequential aerobic-anaerobic process
II. Organic content degraded in upper sections of landfill
III. Methane gas collected from lower sections of landfill
Source: www.ohioline.osu.edu
Recovery of
Biological
Conversion
Products:
Compost and
Biogas
 Learning Objectives

I. Composting 2. Bio gasification

II. Benefits I. Anaerobic processing

II. Types of digesters

III. Processes
III. Biogas plants in India
IV. Stages

V. Technologies
 Composting
• In the broadest sense, any organic material that
can be biologically decomposed is compostable.
• Biodegradation is a natural, ongoing biological
process that is a common occurrence in both
human-made and natural environments.
• In many parts of the world, particularly
villages in tropical and sub-tropical regions ,
where farmers still rely almost entirely on
organic manures.
 Composting Cont…
A composting process has three products:
• Compost for use as an organic fertilizer
• Salvaged materials which can be sold for re-
cycling
• “Contraries”, which are of no value and must be
disposed of by landfill.
General Equation for composting:
Organic fraction of MSW +O2 +Nutrients +
m.o

Compost + New Cells + dead cells +

Composting Process
by-
product
s

End Product
 Physical Processes
• Particle size:
– The optimum particle size has enough surface area for rapid
microbial activity and also enough void space to allow air to
circulate for microbial respiration.

• Temperature:
– optimum temperature range is between 32° and 60° C
– Temperatures above 65° C are not ideal for composting as
thermal destruction of cell proteins kill the organisms.

• Mixing:
– Mixing and agitation distribute moisture and air evenly, and
promote the breakdown of compost clumps.
 Chemical Processes
• Carbon/energy source:
– The carbon contained in natural or human-based
organic materials may or may not be biodegradable.
– The material is biodegraded depends on the genetic
makeup of the microorganisms present and the
organic molecules that the organism decomposes.
• Nutrients:
– Among the plant nutrients (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium), nitrogen is of greatest concern
– The carbon-nitrogen ratio is considered critical in
determining the rate of decomposition
 Chemical Processes
• Nutrients:
– In general, an initial ratio of 30:1 (C: N or Carbon: Nitrogen) is
considered ideal.
– Higher ratios tend to retard the process of decomposition, while
ratios below 25:1 may result in odour problems.
– As the composting process proceeds and carbon is lost to the
atmosphere, this ratio decreases.
– The composting process slows, if there is not enough nitrogen,
and too much nitrogen may cause the generation of ammonia
gas, which can create unpleasant odours.
– To lower the carbon to nitrogen ratios, nitrogen-rich materials
such as yard trimmings, animal manures, or bio solids are often
added
– Finished compost should have ratios of 15 to 20:1.
 Chemical Processes
• Moisture:
– In general all forms of life water is essential i.e., 70 to
80% of total weight where as compostable materials
have lower than ideal water content,i.e., 50 to 60% of
total weight
– Excessive moisture and flowing water form leachate,
which creates potential liquid management problems
including water and air pollution (e.g., odour).
– For example, excess moisture interrupt oxygen
transfer to the microbial cells, can increase the
possibility of developing anaerobic conditions and
may lead to rotting and obnoxious odours.
 Chemical Processes
• Oxygen:
– Composting is considered an aerobic process.
– Decomposition can occur under both aerobic
(requiring oxygen) and anaerobic (lacking oxygen)
conditions.
– To maintain aerobic conditions, in which
decomposition occurs at a fast rate, the compost pile
is mechanically aerated or turned frequently to
expose the microbes to the atmosphere and to create
more air spaces by fluffing up the pile.
– A 10 to 15% oxygen concentration is considered
adequate
 Chemical Processes
• pH:
– The pH factor affects the amount of nutrients
available for the microorganisms
– A pH between 6 and 8 is considered optimum
– It can be adjusted upward by the addition of lime, or
downward with sulphur
– Although such additions are normally not necessary
– Wide swings in pH are unusual, since organic
materials are naturally well buffered with respect to
pH changes
– Note that down swings in pH during composting
usually do not occur.
 Biological Processes
• Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and
actinomycetes as well as larger organisms such
as insects and earthworms play an active role in
decomposing the organic materials.
• There are four phase of biological process
– Mesophilic, or moderate-temperature phase:
– Thermophilic, or high-temperature phase:
– Cooling phase:
– Maturation or curing phase:
 Control Parameters in Composting
Parameter Values
Particle size 25-75 mm
Moisture content 50-60%
C/N 25-50
pH 7-7.5
Temperature 50-55O C
Blending and seeding Controlled by blending ratio
Air supply Frequent turning
Mixing and turning First turn on the 3rd day then on
alternative days
Pathogen control Maintain a temperature of final compost
@70O C for 1 to 2 days.
Odour Controlled by air supply
 Punch Gave
Material Quantity
Cow Dung 250 Gram
Cow Urine 500ml
Cow milk 500ml
Cow Ghee 250Gram
Cow Curd 500 Gram
Banana 5 No.
All the above material mixed in Mud Pot and leave for 15 days. Then spread
uniformly in the pit.
Dose: Five (5) Liter/3M3
Design: Take depth 1m; Area = 3m 2
Take length to width proportion 1.5:1; so length = 2m (6.5ft.) and width =
1.5m(4.87 ft.)
For this design take double quantity as mentioned in table.
 Composting Stages
1. Preparation
I. Sorting of recyclable materials
II. Removal of non-combustibles
III. shredding, pulping, grinding and the adding
of sludge
2. Digestion
I. windrow composting in open windrows
II. mechanical composting in enclosed
digestion chambers
 Composting Stages
3. Curing
I. Curing to enhance the metabolism of
microbes and complete reaction for
composting
4. Screening or finishing
I. Compost is screened or finished to meet the
market specifications
5. Storage or disposal
I. composting plant must have a 6- month
storage area
 Composting technologies
• Windrow composting
– municipal solid waste (MSW) windrows are
1.5 to 3 meters high and 3 to 6 meters wide

Producing compost
using this technology usually takes about 4
to 6 months.
Aerated static pile composting
Producing compost using this technology
usually takes about 6 to 12 weeks.
 Vertical composting reactor
• It is generally over 4 meters high
• Static pile composting, a stable porous
structure is important in vertical reactors
 Bangalore Method
• This is an anaerobic method conventionally
carried out in pits.
• Formerly the waste was anaerobically stabilized
in pits where alternate layers of MSW and night
soil were laid.
• The pit is completely filled and a final soil layer is
laid to prevent fly breeding, entry of rain water
into the pit and for conservation of the released
energy.
• The material is allowed to decompose for 4 to 6
months after which the stabilized material is
taken out and used as compost.
 Indore Method
• This method of composting in pits involves filling
of alternate layers of similar thickness as in
Bangalore method.
• However, to ensure aerobic condition the
material is turned at specific intervals for which a
60 cm strip on the longitudinal side of the pit is
kept vacant.
• For starting the turning operation, the first turn is
manually given using long handled rakes 4 to 7
days after filling. The second turn is given after 5
to 10 more days.
Cont…
• Further turning is normally not required
and the compost is ready in 2 to 4
weeks.
• In the urban areas, due to extensive
provision of water carriage system of
sanitation, night soil is not available.
• Composting of MSW alone is hence
often carried out.
• Aerobic composting of MSW is
commonly carried out in windrows.
 Comparison of the Methods
• The Bangalore method requires longer time for stabilization
of the material & hence needs larger land space, which is in
short supply in urban areas. The gases generated in this
anaerobic process also pose smell & odor problems.
• The Indore method on the other hand stabilizes the material
in shorter time & needs lesser land space. As no odorous
gases are generated in this process, it is environmental
friendly& hence commonly preferred.
• While the organic matter is stabilized during the
composting process, the moisture content also changes.
The non decomposable are also rejected. Hence the
quantity of compost is much lesser that the input & is
normally around 50% and the exact value depends upon
the characteristics of the input material.
 Vermicomposting
• Earthworms help convert organic waste into
valuable nutrients for crops, through a process we call
“vermicomposting.”
• Why use Vermicompost?
• Promotes faster growth of plants, increases crop yield
• Produces crops with a better taste, luster and lasting
quality, without toxic residues: crops can therefore fetch
a higher price in the market
• Increases water-holding capacity of soil
• Easy to produce and low in cost
 Vermicomposting Cont…

• Other benefits for farmers:

• Reduces salinization and acidification
• Reduces soil erosion
• Induces resistance to pest and disease
attack
• Enhances soil productivity
• Increases crop yield with less irrigation
• Lowers risk of crop loss due to pest attack
 What materials are required
to start a vermicompost
• Material Quantity
– Cement ring ~90 cm diameter, ~30 cm
height(or pit or walled enclosure)
– Polythene sheet (big enough to cover the
bottom of the cement ring)
– Dry organic wastes (DOW) 50 kg Rock
phosphate (RP)
– 15 kg Earthworms (EW) 500-750 worms
– Water (W) 5 L every three days
Hazardous Waste Management
• What is a Hazardous Waste ?
– “Hazardous Waste” is a waste which could
potentially threaten human health or the
environment.
– This includes waste which exhibit one of four
hazardous characteristics:
• Ignitability (flammability)
• Corrosively
• Reactivity (oxidizer)
• Toxicity (poison)
 Identification of
“Hazardous Waste”
1. Characteristics such as ignitibility,

corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity of the

substance.

2. The list provided by government agencies

declaring that substance as hazardous.

 A waste exhibits the
characteristic of
• Ignitability • Corrosive
(flammability) • aqueous and has a pH
– Liquid containing less less than or equal to 2
than 24% alcohol by or greater than or equal
volume
– has a flash point less
to 12.5
than 60 0C (140 F). • corrodes steel at a rate
– is a solid capable of greater than 6.35 mm
causing fire through (0.250 inch) per year
friction, absorption of
moisture/water or • Examples – battery
spontaneous chemical acid, phenol wastes,
change e.g. Paint thinner acidic wastes
 A waste exhibits the
characteristic of
• Reactivity • Toxicity
• Reacts violently with • Has an acute effect at
water/moisture LD50 or LC50

• Forms an explosive • concentration greater

mixture with water than or equal to 0.001%
by weight
• Generates toxic gases
when mixed with water • Or experience or
testing has shown it to
• Capable of detonation be toxic.
when subject to a
strong initiating force
 Sources of hazardous waste in
MSW
Typical Hazardous household product
Product Concern Disposal
Ø Household cleaner
• Ammonia & ammonia •Corrosive •Hazardous waste
based cleaner facility, or dilute small
•Chlorine bleach •Corrosive amounts
•Furniture polish •Flammable • - do-
•Glass cleaner •Irritant •Hazardous waste facility
•Outdated medicines •Hazardous to others •dilute small amounts
•Oven cleaner •Corrosive •dilute small amounts
•Shoe polish •Flammable •Hazardous waste facility
•Toilet cleaner •Corrosive •Hazardous waste facility
ØPersonal care •Hazardous waste facility
products •Poison, Flammable
•Nail polish remover •Poison •dilute small amounts or
•Medicated shampoos •Poison flush down toilet
•Hair waving lotion
 Sources Cont….
Typical Hazardous household product
Product Concern Disposal
Ø Automotive products
• Antifreeze •Poison •Hazardous waste
•Brake & Transmission •Flammable facility,
fluid •Corrosive •Hazardous waste facility
•Car batteries •Flammable •Recycling center
•Waste oil •Recycling center
ØPaint products •Flammable
• Enamel, oil-based, •Flammable •Donate or Hazardous
latex waste facility
•Paint solvents and •Corrosive, poison
thinner •poison, some are •Hazardous waste facility
•Miscellaneous products Flammable
•Photographic chemicals •Hazardous waste facility
•Pesticides, herbicides, •Poison •Or County Dept. of
and fertilizers Agriculture
•Weed killers
 Distribution of hazardous waste
material found in MSW

Item Percent
Household and cleaning products 40
Personal care products 16.4
Automotive products 30.1
Paint and related products 7.5
Pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides 2.5
Others 3.5
 Hazardous waste compounds produced by
commercial, Industrial and agricultural
activities
Name Formul Use Concern
a or
symbo
l
Nonmetals
Arsenic As Alloying additive for metals, Carcinogen and mutagen,
especially lead and copper as Long term: Cause of fatigue &
shot, battery grids, cable, boiler loss of energy.
tubes
Seleniu Se Electronics, Xerographic plates, Long term: Red staining of
m TV camera, Photocells, fingers, teeth and hair; general
magnetic computer cores, solar weakness; depression,
batteries, rectifiers, Ceramics irritation of nose and mouth
(colorant for glass)
 Hazardous waste compounds produced by
commercial, Industrial and agricultural
activities
Name Formula Use Concern
or symbol
Metals
Barium Ba Getter alloys in vacuum tubes, Flammable at room
deoxidizer for copper, spark pug temperature in powder form
alloys Long term: Increase blood
pressure and nerve block
Cadmium Cd Electrodeposited and dipped Toxic by inhalation of dust or
coatings on metals, bearing and fumes.
low-melting alloys, fire Long term: Concentrates in
protection system, nickel- the liver, kidneys and thyroid,
cadmium storage batteries, hyper-tension suspected effect
fungicide, photography and
lithography
Chromiu Cr Alloying and plating element on Hexavalent chromium
m metal and plastic substrate for compounds are carcinogenic
corrosion resistance, Protective and corrosive on tissue.
 Hazardous waste compounds produced by
commercial, Industrial and agricultural
activities
Name Formula Use Concern
or symbol
Metals
Lead Pb Storage batteries, gasoline additive, Toxic by ingestion or inhalation of
paint pigments, cable covering, dust or fumes.
ammunition, piping, tank linings, Long-term: Brain, nervous system,
solder and fusible alloys, vibration and kidney damage; birth defects
damping in heavy construction, and
other bearing alloys
Mercury Hg Amalgams, catalyst, electrical Highly toxic by skin absorption
apparatus, cathodes for production and inhalation of fume or vapor
of chlorine and caustic soda, Long-term: Toxic to central
instruments, mercury vapor lamps, nervous system, may cause birth
mirror coating, arc lamp defects
Silver Ag Manufacture of silver nitrate, Toxic metal
Colloidal silver is used as nucleating Long-term: permanent grey
agent in photography and medicine discoloration of skin, eyes and
mucous membranes
 Hazardous waste compounds produced by
commercial, Industrial and agricultural
activities
Name Formula Use Concern
or symbol
Organic compounds
Benzene C6 H6 Manufacturing of dodecylbenzene A carcinogen, Highly toxic,
(Benzol) (detergents), cyclohexxane (for Flammable, dangerous fire
nylon), benzene sulfonic acid as risk
solvent
Dichloromet CH2Cl2 Paint removers, solvent Toxic, carcinogen,
-hane degreasing, plastic processing, narcotic
(Methylene blowing agent in foams, solvent
chloride) extraction
Tetrachloroe CCl2CCl2 Dry-cleaning solvent, vapor- Irritant to eye and skin
thene degreasing solvent, drying agent
for metals, heat transfer medium
Pesticides, C12H8OC Insecticide and fumigant Toxic by inhalation and
herbicides, l6 skin absorption,
insecticides carcinogen
 Hazards associated with
Persistence & non-persistence
Non-persistent organic wastes -Toxicity problems primarily to
oil, low molecular solvent, some environment biota at the source or
biodegradable pesticides (organo- point off release.
phosphates, carbamates, triazines, -Toxic effect occur rapidly after
anilines, urea) waste oils, most exposure (acute & sub-acute)
detergents
Persistent organic wastes - Immediate toxic effects (acute and
High molecular weight chlorinated and sub-acute) may occur at the source or
aromatic hydrocarbons, some point of release.
pesticides(Chlorinated insecticides like - Long-term chronic toxicity may result.
hexachlorobanzene, DDT, DDE, Linden - Transport of organic waste from the
) PCBs, Phthalates source can result in wide spread
contamination and bio-concentration in
the food chain.
- Environmental transport may expose
biota to lower level of the pollutant,
resulting in chronic toxicity
 Listed hazardous wastes
• F-list: The list consists of solvents commonly
used in degreasing, metal treatment baths and
sludges, wastewaters from metal plating
operations and dioxin containing chemicals
• F-listed hazardous wastes with their code
numbers
• (F001) carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride,
trichloroethylene & 1,1,1, trichloroethane
• (F004) cresylic acid
• (F005) benzene methyl ethyl ketone, toluene
 Listed hazardous wastes
• K-list: The K-list contains hazardous
wastes generated by specific industrial
processes.
• Examples of industries, which generate K-
listed wastes include wood preservation,
pigment production, chemical production,
petroleum refining, iron and steel
production, explosive manufacturing and
pesticide production.
 Listed hazardous wastes
• P and U lists: The P and U lists contain
discarded commercial chemical products.
• The primary distinction between the two lists is
the quantity at which the chemical is regulated.
• The P-list hazardous wastes are regulated when
the quantity generated per month, or
accumulated at any time, exceeds one kilogram
(2.2 pounds)
• U-listed hazardous wastes are regulated when
the quantity generated per month exceeds 25
kilograms (55 pounds)
 Evaluation of contaminant
persistence
• The half life concept can be used to
calculate the relative environment
persistence of various hazards waste:
• Decay of hazards material follows first-
order reaction

• Where [C] = concentration at time t

• t = time;
 Evaluation of contaminant
persistence
• The integrated form of Eq. 1
• Where

• When half of the initial material has

decayed away;
• The corresponding time is given by the
following expression:
Q. Determined the time required for the concentration of toluene and
Dieldrin spilled in a shallow leached treatment pond to be reduced to
one half of their initial values assume the first order removal constants
for toluene and Dieldrine are 0.0665/hr and 2.665x10-5/hr respectively.

• For Toluene

• For Dieldrin
 Storage and collection

1. Wastes stored in large-capacity tanks are

either drained or pumped into collection
vehicles

2. Wastes stored in sealed drums or sealed

containers are loaded by hand or by
mechanical equipment onto flatbed
trucks.
Equipment for Collection of
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Wastes Disposal and
Storage Methods
 HAZARDOUS WASTE
TREATMENT
• Prior to disposal, hazardous wastes need
appropriate treatment, depending on the
type of waste to recover useful products.
• The various options for hazardous waste
treatment can be categorized under:
• Physical & chemical
• Thermal
• Biological treatments.
 Physical and chemical
treatment
• Filtration and separation: Filtration is a method
for separating solid particles from a liquid using
a porous medium.
• The driving force in filtration is a pressure
gradient, caused by gravity, centrifugal force,
vacuum, or pressure greater than atmospheric
pressure.
– The application of filtration for treatment of
hazardous waste fall into the following
categories:
• Clarification
 Physical & Chemical treatment
Contd..
• Chemical precipitation:
– In this soluble substance is converted to an
insoluble form either by a chemical reaction or
by change in the composition of the solvent.
• Chemical oxidation and reduction (redox):
– In these reactions, the oxidation state of one reactant
is raised, while that of the other reactant is lowered.
– Some of the commonly used oxidising agents are
sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, calcium
hypochlorite, potassium permanganate and ozone
 Thermal & Biological treatment
Thermal Biological
• Incineration: • Land treatment:
• Pyrolysis: – Biodegradable wastes are
suitable for land treatment.
– Radioactive wastes, highly
volatile, reactive,
flammable liquids and
inorganic wastes such as
heavy metals, acids and
bases, cyanides and
ammonia are not
considered for land
treatment.
– Microorganisms
– Enzymatic systems
 Legislative Trends and Impacts
Aim: Because so much of the current activity in the field of solid waste
management, especially with respect to resources recovery and ground
water quality is a direct consequence of recent legislation.
(1) to review the principal pieces of legislation that have affected the
entire field of solid waste management and
(2) to present the impacts of legislation on engineering and scientific
activities for solid waste management.
(1) This information provides some perspective on the political environment in which
solid waste management is now conducted and introduces.
(2) the most important knowledge is required to associated with the preparation of
planning reports, permits, and collections of scientific data.
 History of Legislation
• public health agencies, conservationists, ands concerned
citizens have pressured Congress and state legislatures to
take action.
• The earliest legislation was passed in the nineteenth century.
• In 1899 the Rivers and Harbors Act directed the Army Corps
of Engineers to regulate the dumping of debris in navigable
waters and adjacent lands.
• when the Solid Waste Disposal Act, Title 2 of Public Law
89-272, was enacted by Congress in 1965.
 Free India started late with
environmental legislation
1974Water Act (mentions sewage but not
pollution
by garbage)
1981Air Act (no mention of smoke pollution
from
burning waste)
1986Environment Protection Act
(no mention of urban solid
waste)
1991Coastal Regulation Zones
(no mention of garbage dumped in
EP Act 1986 makes possible
the issuance of many Rules:

1989 Hazardous Waste Rules

1998 Biomedical Waste Rules
1999 Rules for Recycled Plastics,
1999 Fly Ash Notification
2000 Municipal Solid Waste
Rules
2000 Battery Mgt & Handling
Rules
 Solid Waste disposal Act, 1965
The intent of this act was to
1. Promote the demonstration, construction, and application of solid waste
management and resource recovery system that preserve and enhance the
quality of air, water, and land resources .
2. Provide technical and financial assistance to state and local government
and inter state agencies in the planning and development of resources
recovery and solid waste disposal program.
3. Promote a national research and development program for improved
management technique ;more effective organizational arrangement ; new
and improved method of collection ,separation recovery and recycling of
solid waste ;and environmentally safe disposal of non-recoverable residues.
4. Provide for the promulgation of guidelines for solid waste collection ,
transport separation , recovery and disposal system.
5. Provide for training grants in occupation involving the design ,operation and
maintenance of solid waste disposal system .
 National environmental policy act
1969
• The national environmental policy act of 1969 is an all
encompassing congressional law.
• It effect all projects that have some federal funding or that come
under the regulation of federal agencies .
• If any shortcomings and has caused delay in the completion of some
project ,it has served a useful purpose in giving the public an
opportunity to participate in the decision making process.
• The act specific the creation of the council on environmental quality
in the office of the president.
• This body has the authority to force every federal agency to submit
to the council an Environmental impact statement (EIS) on every
activity or project.
• Every conceivable effect on the environment must be taken into
account because the EIS become a legal document that may have
to be defended in court.
 Resources recovery Act 1970
• The solid waste disposal act of 1965 was
amended by public law 95-512, the
resources recovery act of 1970 .
• This act directed that the emphasis of the
national solid waste management
programme should be shifted from
disposal as its primary objective to
recycling and reuse of recoverable
material in solid wastes, or to the
conversion of wastes to energy.
 RESOURCE Conservation and
recovery act 1976
• Progress under the resources recovery act 1970 caused Congress
to pass Public law 94-580, the resource conservation and recovery
act [RCRA] , in 1976.
• The legislation had a profound effect on solid waste management .
• At this time EPA presented a set of guideline for solid waste
management to the public.
• The RCRA legislation gave the legal basis for implementation of
guidelines and standard for soiled waste storage ,treatment, and
disposal.
• RCRA was amended and reauthorized by various public law in
1978,1980,1982,1983,1984,1986, and 1988,.
• In 1980 and 1984 Congress was preoccupied with hazardous waste
and the establishment of a strong regulatory frame work for its
storage , treatment, and disposal.
• The EPA publish draft guidelines for municipal solid waste
management in 1978 and expended those guidelines in 1984 and
1988.
• Congress is holding hearing for the reauthorization of RCRA in
1992.
 Comprehensive Environmental
response , compensation and Liability
act 1980
• Public law 96-510,42,U.S.C. Article9601, the
comprehensive environmental Response,
compensation and liability act [CERCLA] OF 1980
was enacted:
• to provide a means of directly responding , and
funding the activities of response.
• to problem at uncontrolled hazardous waste disposal
sites.
• to uncontrolled MSW landfills are facilities that have
not operated or are not operating under a RCRA
permit.
• to uncontrolled MSW landfills both active and closed,
are subject to CERCLA activities if they are
demonstrated to contain hazardous waste or if to be
the source of hazardous wastes.
• CERCLA became commonly known as the super fund
 Public utility regulation and policy
act 1981
• The public utility regulation and policy act [PURPA] of
1981 is a congressional law that among its statutes
,directs and private utilities to purchase power from
waste to energy facilities .
• The manner in which utility set prices of the energy
they purchase is also addressed.
• The intent is to establish a consistent method of
reporting utility costs by all public utility across the
nation.
• This would make it possible to estimate more
accurately potential revenues from the sale of
electricity generated from solid waste ; fueled energy
plants.
• The legislation has been very effective in advancing
the use of solid waste as a fuel in generating
electricity.