Introduction: Paraphrasing the question

Starting Presentation Type Verb Description

The/ the given / the diagram / table / figure shows / represents / the comparison of…
supplied / the / illustration / graph / depicts / enumerates / the differences…
presented / the shown chart / flow chart / illustrates / presents/ the changes...
/ the provided picture/ presentation/ gives / provides / the number of…
pie chart / bar graph/ delineates/ outlines/ information on…
column graph / line describes / delineates/ data on…
graph / table data/ data expresses/ denotes/ the proportion of…
/ information / compares/ shows the amount of…
pictorial/ process contrast / indicates / information on...
diagram/ map/ pie figures / gives data on / data about...
chart and table/ bar gives information on/ comparative data...
graph and pie chart presents information the trend of...
about/ shows data the percentages of...
about/ demonstrates/ the ratio of...
sketch out/ summarises how the...

Example:
1. The diagram shows employment rates among adults in four European countries from 1925 to 1985.
2. The given pie charts represent the proportion of male and female employees in 6 broad categories,
dividing into manual and non-manual occupations in Australia, between 2010 and 2015.
3. The chart gives information about consumer expenditures on six products in four countries namely
Germany, Italy, Britain and France.
4. The supplied bar graph compares the number of male and female graduates in three developing
countries while the table data presents the overall literacy rate in these countries.
5. The bar graph and the table data depict the water consumption in different sectors in five regions.
6. The bar graph enumerates the money spent on different research projects while the column graph
demonstrates the fund sources over a decade, commencing from 1981.
7. The line graph delineates the proportion of male and female employees in three different sectors in
Australia between 2010 and 2015.

Tips:
1. For a single graph use 's' after the verb, like - gives data on, shows/ presents etc. However, if there
are multiple graphs, DO NOT use 's' after the verb.
2. If there are multiple graphs and each one presents a different type of data, you can write which graph
presents what type of data and use 'while' to show a connection. For example -'The given bar graph
shows the amount spent on fast food items in 2009 in the UK while the pie chart presents a comparison
of people's ages who spent more on fast food.
3. Your introduction should be quite impressive as it makes the first impression to the examiner. It either
makes or breaks your overall score.
4. For multiple graphs and/ or table(s), you can write what they present in combination instead of saying
which each graph depicts. For example, "The two pie charts and the column graph in combination
depicts a picture of the crime in Australia from 2005 to 2015 and the percentages of young offenders
during this period."
Introduction: What + Where + When

Example:
The diagram presents information on the percentages of teachers who have expressed their views about
the different problems they face when dealing with children in three Australian schools from 2001 to
2005.

What = the percentages of teachers...

Where = three Australian schools...
When = from 2001 to 2005…

Synonyms of overall:
In general In common Generally As a general It is obvious As is observed
speaking trend

As is presented It can be At the first A glance at the At the onset, it As on overall

clearly seen glance, it is graphs reveal is clear that trend
that clear that

Example:

1. In general, the employment opportunities increased till 1970 and then declined throughout the next
decade.
2. As is observed, the figures for imprisonment in the five mentioned countries show no overall pattern,
rather shows the considerable fluctuations from country to country.
3. Generally speaking, citizens in the USA had a far better life standard than that of remaining
countries.
4. As can be seen, the highest number of passengers used the London Underground station at 8:00 in the
morning and at 6:00 in the evening.
4. Generally speaking, more men were engaged in managerial positions in 1987 than that of women in
New York this year.
5. As an overall trend, the number of crimes reported increased fairly rapidly until the mid-seventies,
remained constant for five years and finally dropped to 20 cases a week after 1982.
6. At a first glance, it is clear that more percentages of native university pupils violated regulations and
rules than the foreign students did during this period.
7. At the onset, it is clear that drinking in public and drink driving were the most common reasons for US
citizens to be arrested in 2014.
8. Overall, the leisure hours enjoyed by males, regardless of their employment status, was much higher
than that of women.
Body paragraphs:
Starting:
1. As is presented in the diagram(s)/ graph(s)/ 13. It is interesting to note that...
pie chart(s)/ table... 14. It is apparently seen that...
2. As (is) shown in the illustration... 15. It is conspicuous that...
3. As can be seen in the... 16. It is explicitly observed that...
4. As the diagrams suggest... 17. It is obvious...
5. According to the... 18. It is clear from the data...
6. Categorically speaking... 19. It is worth noticing that...
7. Getting back to the details... 20. It is crystal clear/ lucid that...
8. Now, turning to the details... 21. It can be clearly observed that...
9. The table data clearly shows that... 22. It could be plainly viewed that...
10. The diagram reveals that... 23. It could be noticed that...
11. The data suggest that... 24. We can see that...
12. The graph gives the figure...

To report changes:
Trends Verb forms Noun forms

Increase rise / increase / go up / uplift / rocket(ed) a rise / an increase / an upward

/ climb / upsurge / soar/ shot up/ improve/ trend / a growth / a leap / a
jump/ leap/ move upward/ skyrocket/ soar/ jump / an improvement/ a climb.
surge.

Decrease fall / decrease / decline / plummet / a fall / a decrease / a reduction /

plunge / drop / reduce / collapse / a downward trend /a downward
deteriorate/ dip / dive / go down / take a tendency / a decline/ a drop / a
nosedive / slum / slide / go into free-fall. slide / a collapse / a downfall.

Steadiness unchanged / level out / remain constant / a steadiness/ a plateau / a

remain steady / plateau / remain the same stability/ a static
/ remain stable / remain static

Gradual Increase an upward trend / an upward

tendency / a ceiling trend

Gradual Decrease a downward trend / a downward

tendency / a descending trend

Standability / Flat level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant / No change, a flat, a plateau.

remain(ed) unchanged / remain(ed) stable /
prevail(ed) consistency / plateaued /
reach(ed) a plateau / stay(ed) uniform
/immutable / level(ed) out/ stabilise/
remain(ed) the same.

Examples:
1. The overall sale of the company increased by 20% at the end of the year.
2. The expenditure of the office remained constant for the last 6 months but the profit rose by almost
25%.
3. There was a 15% drop in the ratio of student enrollment in this University.
4. The population of the country remained almost the same as it was 2 years ago.
5. The population of these two cities increased significantly in the last two decades and it is expected
that it will remain stable during the next 5 years.
To report changes in a GRAPH
 Type of change Adverb form Adjective form

Rapid change dramatically / rapidly / sharply dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick

/ quickly / hurriedly / speedily / / hurried / speedy / swift /
swiftly / significantly/ significant / considerable /
considerably / substantially / substantial / noticeable.
noticeably.

Moderate change moderately / gradually / moderate / gradual /

progressively / sequentially. progressive / sequential.

Steady change steadily/ ceaselessly. steady/ ceaseless.

Slight change slightly / slowly / mildly / slight / slow / mild / tedious.

tediously.

Example:
1. The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in 2008.
2. There was a sharp drop in industrial production in the year 2009.
3. The demand for new houses dramatically increased in 2002.
4. The population of the country dramatically increased in the last decade.
5. The price of the oil moderately increased during the last quarter but as a consequence, the price of
daily necessity rapidly went up.

To represent frequent changes in graphs:

Type of Change Verb form Noun form

Rapid ups and downs wave / fluctuate / oscillate / waves / fluctuations /

vacillate / palpitate oscillations / vacillations /
palpitations

Example:
1. The price of the goods fluctuated during the first three months in 2017.
2. The graph shows the oscillations of the price from 1998 to 2002.
3. The passenger number in this station oscillates throughout the day and in early morning and evening,
it remains busy.
4. The changes of car production in Japan shows a palpitation for the second quarter of the year.
5. The number of students in debate clubs fluctuated in different months of the year and rapid ups and
downs could be observed in the last three months of this year.
Tips:
1. 4. DO NOT try to present every single data presented in a graph. Rather pick 5-7 most significant and
important trends/ changes and show their comparisons and contrasts.
2. The question asks you to write a report and summarise the data presented in graphs(s). This is why
you need to show the comparisons, contrasts, show the highest and lowest points and most striking
features in your answer, not every piece of data presented in the diagram(s).

Types of Changes/ Differences and Vocabulary to present them:

 Adjectives Adverbs

Great change / Overwhelming Overwhelmingly

Huge difference: Substantial Substantially
Enormous Enormously

Big change / Significant Significantly

Big difference: Considerable Considerably

Medium change / Somewhat Somewhat

Moderate difference: Moderate Moderately

Minor change / Fractional Fractionally

Small difference: Marginal Marginally
Slight Slightly

Dates, Months & Years related vocabulary and grammar:

» From 1990 to 2000, Commencing from 1980, Between 1995 and 2005, After 2012.
» By 1995, In 1998, In February, Over the period, During the period, During 2011.
» In the first half of the year, For the first quarter, The last quarter of the year, During the first decade.
» In the 80s, In the 1980s, During the next 6 months, In the mid-70s, Next 10 years, Previous year, Next
year, Between 1980 - 1990.
» Within a time span of ten years, within five years.
» Next month, Next quarter, Next year, Previous month, Previous year.
» Since, Then, From.

Percentage, Portion and Numbers:

Percentages:
10% increase, 25 percent decrease, increased by 15%, dropped by 10 per cent, fall at 50%, reached to
75%, tripled, doubled, one-fourth, three-quarters, half, double fold, treble, 5 times higher, 3 timers
lower, declined to about 49%, stood exactly at 43%.

Fractions:
4% = A tiny fraction.
24% = Almost a quarter.
25% Exactly a quarter.
26% = Roughly one quarter.
32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third.
49% = Around a half, just under a half.
50% Exactly a half.
51% = Just over a half.
73% = Nearly three quarters.
77% = Approximately three quarters, more than three-quarter.
79% = Well over three quarters.

Proportions:
2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.
4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.
16% = A small minority, a small portion.
70% = A large proportion.
72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.
89% = A very large proportion.

Words/ Phrases of Approximation - Vocabulary:

» Approximately
» Nearly
» Roughly
» Almost
» About
» Around
» More or less
» Just over
» Just under
» Just around
» Just about
» Just below
» A little more than
» A little less than.