MODE OF ACTION

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
VERSION 11.3, JANUARY 2025

PREPARED IRAC International MoA Working Group

APPROVED IRAC Executive
DISCLAIMER

The technical information contained in this publication is provided to you for your
reference. While CropLife International and the RACs make every effort to
present accurate and reliable information in the guidelines, CropLife International
and the RACs do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, timeliness, or
correct sequencing of such information. Inclusion of active ingredients and
products on the RAC Code Lists is based on scientific evaluation of their modes of
action; it does not provide any kind of testimonial for the use of a product or a
judgment on efficacy. CropLife International and the RACs are not responsible for,
and expressly disclaim all liability for, damages of any kind arising out of use,
reference to, or reliance on information provided in the guidelines. Listing of
chemical classes or modes of action in any of the CropLife International/RAC
recommendations must not be interpreted as approval for use of a compound in a
given country. Prior to implementation, each user must determine the current
registration status in the country of use and strictly adhere to the uses and
instructions approved in that country.

IRAC document protected by © Copyright 2025

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 2

Table of Contents
1. Scope …………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………...….……….4
2. Purpose ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….…………..4
3. What is resistance?.........................................................................................................................................................4
4. MoA, Target-site resistance and Cross-resistance ...……………………………………………………………….4
5. Use of alternations or sequences of different MoAs ……………….……………………………………….…......5
6. Non-target site resistance mechanisms ……………………………………………….………………………………….5
7. The MoA Classification Scheme ………………………………………………………………………………….………..….6
7.1 Rules for inclusion of an insecticidal agent in the MoA list ………………………………………………6
7.2 The Classification Table ……………………………………………………………………………………….………..….7
7.3 Criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information ………………………………………...….17
7.4 Notes regarding sub-groups ……………………………………………………………………………………..….…18
7.5 General notes & MoA Classification Scheme Updates……………………………………..……….……19

Appendix 1
Product labels: Indication of MoA of active ingredient and accompanying IRM advice…………….……20

Appendix 2
IRM principles recommended and endorsed by IRAC …………………………………………………………………….23

Appendix 3
MoA group descriptors……..……….………………………………………...………………………………………………………..…24

Appendix 4
Procedure for allocation of new insecticidal materials to the MoA Classification …………………….…..29

Appendix 5
Active Ingredients in alphabetical order with their MOA Classification .......................................................34

Appendix 6
Active ingredients pending registration…………………………….………………………………………………...…….……..42

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 3

1. Scope
The IRAC classification is intended to cover all materials, chemical, biological or other, that are used to
control insects or acarines on crops, in structures or in the environment. Some insecticides and acaricides
also control nematodes, but selective nematicides are covered in a separate Nematicide MoA
classification document available at https://www.irac-online.org/. Behaviour-modifying agents and
predatory insects/mites are not included. Products used only by direct application to animals or humans
for control of parasites are likewise not included.

Note: Inclusion in the MoA list does not necessarily signify regulatory approval.

2. Purpose
The IRAC Mode of Action (MoA) classification provides growers, advisors, extension staff, consultants
and crop protection professionals with a guide to the selection of acaricides or insecticides for use in an
effective and sustainable acaricide or insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy. In addition to
presenting the MoA classification, this document outlines the background to, and purposes of, the
classification list, and provides guidance on how it is used for IRM purposes. Many countries now require
the IRAC MoA group code included on labels and this is recommended even if not required. Labeling
guidelines are given in Appendix 1 and require that the active ingredient be listed in Appendix 5.
Procedures for requesting IRAC classification of a new/unlisted active ingredient are found in Appendix
4. This document is reviewed and re-issued as needed.

3. What is resistance?
Resistance to insecticides may be defined as ‘a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that
is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used
according to the label recommendation for that pest species’ (IRAC). This definition differs slightly from
others in the literature, but IRAC believes it represents the most accurate practical definition of relevance
to growers. Resistance arises through the over-use or misuse of an insecticide or acaricide against a pest
species and results from the Darwinian selection of resistant forms of the pest and the consequent
evolution of populations that are resistant to that insecticide or acaricide.

4. MoA, Target-site resistance and Cross-resistance

In many cases, not only does resistance render the selecting insecticidal or acaricidal agent ineffective, it also
confers cross-resistance to other structurally related agents. This is because agents with structural similarity

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 4

usually share a common target site within the pest, and thus share a common MoA. It is common for resistance
to develop that is based on a genetic modification of this target site. When this happens, the interaction of the
selecting insecticidal or acaricidal agent with its target site is impaired and the agent loses its pesticidal
efficacy. Because all insecticidal and acaricidal agents with structural similarity share a common MoA, there is
a high risk that existing or developing target-site resistance will confer cross-resistance to all agents in the
same group. It is this concept of cross-resistance within a family of structurally related insecticides or
acaricides that is the basis of the IRAC MoA classification.

5. Use of alternations or sequences of different MoAs

The objective of successful Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) is to prevent or delay the evolution of
resistance to insecticides, or to help regain susceptibility in insect pest populations in which resistance has
already arisen. Effective IRM is thus an important element in maintaining the efficacy of valuable insecticides.
It is important to recognize that it is usually easier to proactively prevent resistance from occurring than it is to
reactively regain susceptibility. Nevertheless, the IRAC MoA classification will always provide valuable
guidance to the design of effective IRM strategies.

Experience has shown that all effective insecticide or acaricide resistance management strategies seek to
minimise the selection for resistance from any one type of insecticide or acaricide. In practice, alternations,
sequences or rotations of insecticidal or acaricidal agents from different MoA groups provide a sustainable and
effective approach to IRM. This ensures that selection from insecticidal agents in any one MoA group is
minimised. The IRAC classification in this document is provided as an aid to insecticide selection for these
types of IRM strategies. Applications are often arranged into MoA spray windows or blocks that are defined by
the stage of crop development and the biology of the pest(s) of concern. Local expert advice should always be
followed regarding spray windows and timings. Several sprays of an insecticidal agent may be possible within
each spray window, but successive generations of a pest should not be treated with insecticidal agents from
the same MoA group.

Groups in the classification whose members do not act at a common target site are exempt from the
proscription against rotation within the group. These are Group 8, Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site)
inhibitors; Group 13, Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient; and all the
UN groups: UN, UNB, UNE, UNF, UNM, UNP and UNV.

To help delay resistance, it is strongly recommended that growers also integrate other control methods
into insect or mite control programmes. Further advice is given in Appendix 2.

6. Non-target-site resistance mechanisms

It is fully recognized that resistance of insects and mites to insecticides and acaricides can, and frequently
does, result from enhanced metabolism by enzymes within the pest. Such metabolic resistance
mechanisms are not linked to any specific site of action classification and therefore they may confer

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 5

resistance to insecticides in more than one IRAC MoA group. Where such metabolic resistance has been
characterized and the cross-resistance spectrum is known, it is possible that certain alternations,
sequences or rotations of MoA groups cannot be used. Similarly, mechanisms of reduced penetration of
the pesticide into the pest, or behavioural changes of the pest may also confer resistance to multiple MoA
groups. Where such mechanisms are known to give cross-resistance between MoA groups, the use of
insecticides should be modified appropriately.

Where the resistance mechanism(s) is unknown, the intelligent use of alternations, sequences or
rotations of insecticidal agents from different MoA classes remains an entirely viable resistance
management technique, since such a practice will always minimise selection pressures.

7. The MoA Classification Scheme

The IRAC MOA classification scheme is based on the best available evidence of the MoA of available
insecticidal and acaricidal agents. Details of the classification have been agreed upon by IRAC member
companies and approved by internationally recognized industrial and academic insect toxicologists and
biochemists.

Insecticidal and acaricidal agents are classified into two types of MoA groups: numbered groups whose
members are known or thought to act at specific target sites, and UN groups of undefined or unknown
mode of action. The only exceptions are the numbered groups 8, Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site)
inhibitors and 13, Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient, which
for historical reasons retain their legacy group numbers even though they are not acting at specific target
sites. Nevertheless, it is the intention of the IRAC MoA working group going forward to only assign group
numbers where there is good evidence of a common target site.

Insecticidal compounds, bacterial agents, extracts and crude oils, fungal agents, mechanical disruptors,
peptides and viruses of unknown Mode of Action are classified in groups UN, UNB, UNE, UNF, UNM,
UNP and UNV, respectively.

7.1 Rules for inclusion of an insecticidal agent in the MoA list

• Chemical nomenclature is generally based on ISO accepted common names.
• To be included in the active list, insecticidal agents must have a minimum of one registered
use in at least one country.
• In any one MoA classification sub-group, where more than one active ingredient in that sub-
group is registered for use, the sub-group name is used.
• In any one MoA classification sub-group, where only one active ingredient is registered for
use, the name of that exemplifying active ingredient may be used

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 6

7.2 The Classification Table

IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025

See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
1 1A Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb,
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Carbamates Butocarboxim, Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl,
inhibitors Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb,
Fenobucarb, Formetanate, Furathiocarb,
Nerve action Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb,
Oxamyl, Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiodicarb,
{Strong evidence that action at Thiofanox, Triazamate,Trimethacarb, XMC,
this protein is responsible for Xylylcarb
insecticidal effects}

1B Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-ethyl,

Organophosphates Azinphos-methyl, Cadusafos, Chlorethoxyfos,
Chlorfenvinphos, Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos,
Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos,
Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/ DDVP,
Dicrotophos, Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos,
Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos, Famphur,
Fenamiphos, Fenitrothion, Fenthion,
Fosthiazate, Heptenophos, Imicyafos,
Isofenphos, Isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-
phosphoryl) salicylate, Isoxathion, Malathion,
Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion,
Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate,
Oxydemeton-methyl, Parathion, Parathion-
methyl, Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone,
Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos-
methyl, Profenofos, Propetamphos, Prothiofos,
Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos,
Sulfotep, Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Terbufos,
Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiometon, Triazophos,
Trichlorfon, Vamidothion

2 2A
GABA-gated chloride channel Cyclodiene Chlordane, Endosulfan
blockers Organochlorines

Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for 2B
insecticidal effects} Phenylpyrazoles Ethiprole, Fipronil
(Fiproles)

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 7

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
3 3A Acrinathrin, Allethrin, d-cis-trans Allethrin, d-
Sodium channel modulators Pyrethroids trans Allethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin,
Nerve action Pyrethrins Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl isomer ,
Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin, beta-
{Strong evidence that action at Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, lambda-Cyhalothrin,
this protein is responsible for gamma-Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin, alpha-
insecticidal effects} Cypermethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, theta-
cypermethrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin ,
(1R)-trans- isomers], Deltamethrin, Empenthrin
(EZ)- (1R)- isomers], Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox,
Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate,
Flumethrin, tau-Fluvalinate, Halfenprox,
Imiprothrin, Kadethrin, Permethrin, Phenothrin
[(1R)-trans- isomer], Prallethrin, Pyrethrins
(pyrethrum), Resmethrin, Silafluofen, Tefluthrin,
Tetramethrin, Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomers],
Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin,

3B
DDT DDT
Methoxychlor Methoxychlor

4 4A
Nicotinic acetylcholine Neonicotinoids Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran,
receptor (nAChR) competitive Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid,
modulators Thiamethoxam,

Nerve action
4B
{Strong evidence that action at Nicotine Nicotine
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for 4C
insecticidal effects}
Sulfoximines Sulfoxaflor
4D
Butenolides Flupyradifurone
4E
Mesoionics Dicloromezotiaz, Fenmezoditiaz,
Triflumezopyrim

4F
Pyridylidenes Flupyrimin

5
Nicotinic acetylcholine Spinosyns Spinetoram, Spinosad
receptor (nAChR) allosteric
modulators – Site I
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 8

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
6
Glutamate-gated chloride Avermectins, Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin,
channel (GluCl) allosteric Milbemycins Milbemectin
modulators
Nerve and muscle action
{Strong evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

7 7A
Juvenile hormone receptor Juvenile hormone Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene
modulators analogues

Growth regulation 7B
{Strong evidence that action at Fenoxycarb Fenoxycarb
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for 7C
insecticidal effects} Pyriproxyfen Pyriproxyfen

8* 8A
Miscellaneous non-specific Alkyl halides 1,3-Dichloropropene, Methyl bromide and other
(multi-site) inhibitors alkyl halides
8B
Chloropicrin Chloropicrin

8C
Fluorides Cryolite (Sodium aluminum fluoride), Sulfuryl
fluoride
8D
Borates Borax, Boric acid, Disodium octaborate, Sodium
borate, Sodium metaborate

8E
Tartar emetic Tartar emetic

8F
Methyl isothiocyanate Dazomet, Metam, Methyl isothiocyanate
generators

9 9B
Chordotonal organ TRPV Pyridine azomethine Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon
channel modulators derivatives
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at 9D
one or more of this class of Pyropenes Afidopyropen
proteins is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 9

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
10 10A
Mite growth inhibitors Clofentezine Clofentezine, Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox
affecting CHS1 Diflovidazin
Hexythiazox
Growth regulation
{Strong evidence that action at
10B
one or more of this class of
Etoxazole Etoxazole
proteins is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

11 11A
Microbial disruptors of insect Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
midgut membranes and the insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai
proteins they produce Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
(Includes transgenic crops Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis
expressing Bacillus thuringiensis
toxins, however specific B.t. crop proteins: (* Please see footnote)
guidance for resistance Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab,
management of transgenic Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb,
crops is not based on rotation of Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1
modes of action)

11B
Bacillus sphaericus Bacillus sphaericus

12 12A
Inhibitors of mitochondrial Diafenthiuron Diafenthiuron
ATP synthase 12B
Energy metabolism Organotin miticides Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide
{Compounds affect the function
of this protein, but it is not clear 12C
that this is what leads to Propargite Propargite
biological activity}
12D
Tetradifon Tetradifon

13 *
Uncouplers of oxidative Pyrroles Chlorfenapyr
phosphorylation via
disruption of the proton Dinitrophenols DNOC
gradient
Sulfluramid Sulfluramid
Energy metabolism

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 10

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
14
Nicotinic acetylcholine Nereistoxin analogues Bensultap, Cartap hydrochloride, Thiocyclam,
receptor (nAChR) channel Thiosultap-sodium
blockers
Nerve action
{Compounds affect the function
of this protein, but it is not clear
that this is what leads to
biological activity}

15
Inhibitors of chitin Benzoylureas Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, Diflubenzuron,
biosynthesis affecting CHS1 Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron,
Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron,
Growth regulation Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron
{Strong evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
proteins is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

16
Inhibitors of chitin Buprofezin Buprofezin
biosynthesis, type 1
Growth regulation
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

17
Moulting disruptors, Dipteran Cyromazine Cyromazine
Growth regulation
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

18
Ecdysone receptor agonists Diacylhydrazines Chromafenozide, Halofenozide,
Methoxyfenozide, Tebufenozide
Growth regulation
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 11

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
19
Octopamine receptor agonists Amitraz Amitraz
Nerve action
{Good evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

20 20A
Mitochondrial complex III Hydramethylnon Hydramethylnon
electron transport inhibitors –
Qo site
Energy metabolism 20B
Acequinocyl Acequinocyl
{Good evidence that action at
this protein complex is
responsible for insecticidal
20C
effects}
Fluacrypyrim Fluacrypyrim

20D
Bifenazate Bifenazate

21 21A
Mitochondrial complex I METI acaricides and Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyridaben,
electron transport inhibitors insecticides Pyrimidifen, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad
Energy metabolism
{Good evidence that action at 21B
this protein complex is Rotenone Rotenone (Derris)
responsible for insecticidal
effects}

22 22A
Voltage-dependent sodium Oxadiazines Indoxacarb
channel blockers
Nerve action
{Good evidence that action at
this protein complex is 22B
responsible for insecticidal Semicarbazones Metaflumizone
effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 12

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
23
Inhibitors of acetyl-CoA Tetronic and Tetramic Spidoxamat Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen,
carboxylase acid derivatives Spiropidion, Spirotetramat
Lipid synthesis, growth
regulation
{Good evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

24 24A
Mitochondrial complex IV Phosphides Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide,
electron transport inhibitors Phosphine, Zinc phosphide
Energy metabolism
24B
{Good evidence that action at
Cyanides Calcium cyanide, Potassium cyanide, Sodium
this protein complex is
responsible for insecticidal cyanide
effects}

25 25A
Mitochondrial complex II Beta-ketonitrile
electron transport inhibitors derivatives Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumetofen

Energy metabolism
25B
{Good evidence that action at Carboxanilides
this protein complex is Pyflubumide
responsible for insecticidal
effects}

28
Ryanodine receptor Diamides Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole,
modulators Cyclaniliprole Flubendiamide, Tetraniliprole
Nerve and muscle action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein complex is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}

29 Flonicamid Flonicamid
Chordotonal organ
nicotinamidase inhibitors
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 13

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
30
GABA-gated chloride channel Isoxazolines Fluxametamide, Isocycloseram
allosteric modulators Meta-diamides Broflanilide

Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein complex is
responsible for insecticidal
effects}

31
Baculoviruses Granuloviruses (GVs) Cydia pomonella GV
Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV
Host-specific occluded
pathogenic viruses

{Midgut epithelial columnar cell

membrane target site – Nucleopolyhedroviruses Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV
undefined} (NPVs) Helicoverpa armigera NPV

32
Nicotinic Acetylcholine GS-omega/kappa GS-omega/kappa HXTX-Hv1a peptide
Receptor (nAChR) Allosteric HXTX-Hv1a peptide
Modulators - Site II

Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
one or more of this class of
protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

33
Calcium-activated potassium Acynonapyr Acynonapyr
channel (KCa2) modulators
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that action at
this protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

34
Mitochondrial complex III Flometoquin Flometoquin
electron transport inhibitors –
Qi site
Energy metabolism
{Modulation of this protein
complex has been clearly
demonstrated and the specific
target site responsible for
biological activity is distinct from
Group 20}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 14

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
35
RNA Interference mediated Ledprona Ledprona
target suppressors

Activation of the RNAi

mechanism which specifically
reduces abundance of the target
messenger RNA (mRNA)
resulting in the reduction of the
protein encoded by the mRNA.

36
Chordotonal organ Pyridazine Dimpropyridaz
modulators – undefined target pyrazolecarboxamides
site
Nerve action
{Modulation of chordotonal
organ function has been clearly
demonstrated, but the specific
target protein(s) responsible for
biological activity are distinct
from Group 9 and Group 29 and
remain undefined}

37
Vesicular acetylcholine Oxazosulfyl Oxazosulfyl
transporter (VAChT) inhibitor
Nerve action
Bind to VAChTs, causing
cholinergic synaptic
transmission block resulting in
nervous system shutdown and
paralysis. VAChTs are involved
in loading acetylcholine into
synaptic vesicles
UN* Azadirachtin Azadirachtin
Compounds of unknown or
uncertain MoA Benzoximate Benzoximate
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or Benzpyrimoxan Benzpyrimoxan
uncharacterized}
Bromopropylate Bromopropylate

Chinomethionat Chinomethionat

Dicofol Dicofol

Lime sulfur Lime sulfur

Mancozeb Mancozeb

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 15

 IRAC MoA Classification Version 11.3, January 2025
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.
Main Group and Primary Site Sub-group, class Active Ingredients
of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
Pyridalyl Pyridalyl

Sulfur Sulfur

UNB*
Bacterial agents (non-Bt) of Burkholderia spp
unknown or uncertain MoA Wolbachia pipientis (Zap)
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown or
uncharacterized}

UNE*
Botanical essence including Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides
synthetic, extracts and extract, Fatty acid monoesters with glycerol or
unrefined oils with unknown propanediol, Neem oil, Nonanoic acid, Sabadilla
or uncertain MoA extract
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

UNF*
Fungal agents of unknown or Akanthomyces muscarius Ve6
uncertain MoA Beauveria bassiana strains
Metarhizium brunneum strain F52
{Target protein responsible for Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

UNM*
Non-specific mechanical and Diatomaceous earth
physical disruptors Mineral oil
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

UNP*
Peptides of unknown or
uncertain MoA
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}
UNV*
Viral agents (non-baculovirus)
of unknown or uncertain MoA
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 16

 Table Notes

a) The color scheme used associates modes of action into broad categories based on the physiological
functions affected, as an aid to understanding symptomology, speed of action and other properties of
the insecticides, and not for any resistance management purpose. Rotations for resistance
management should be based only on the numbered mode of action groups.
b) Inclusion of an insecticidal agent in the classification above does not necessarily signify regulatory
approval.
c) MoA assignments will usually involve identification of the target protein responsible for the
biological effect, although groupings can be made where insecticidal agents share distinctive
physiological effects and are structurally related.
d) Groups 26 and 27 are unassigned at this time and have therefore been omitted from the table.
e) An insecticidal agent with an unknown or controversial MoA or an unknown mode of toxicity will be
held in group ‘UN’ or ‘UNB’, ‘UNE’, ‘UNF’, ‘UNM’, ‘UNP’, ‘UNV’ as applicable until evidence becomes
available to enable assignment to a more appropriate MoA class.
f) Actives in groups marked with an asterisk are thought not to share a common target site and
therefore may be freely rotated with each other unless there is reason to expect cross-resistance.
These groups are 8, 13, UN, UNB, UNE, UNF, UNM, UNP and UNV.
g) Different baculoviruses that target different insect orders may be used together without
compromising their resistance management. Rotation between certain specific baculoviruses may
provide resistance management benefits for some pests. Consult product-specific
recommendations.
h) While there is strong evidence that Bifenazate acts on the Qo site of Mitochondrial Complex III and
some Bifenazate resistance mutations confer cross-resistance to acequinocyl, the sites of action of
Fluacrypyrim and Hydramethylnon have not been determined.
i) Because of documented cross-resistance between dicofol, bromopropylate and abamectin, these
active ingredients should not be rotated after each other in an IRM program.

7.3. Criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information

{Strong evidence that action at this Potent effects on the function of the target protein and
protein (or protein complex) is either resistance due to mutation / overexpression /
responsible for insecticidal effects} removal of this protein or correlation of potency
between effects on the protein and biological activity for
a set of related insecticidal agents.
{Good evidence that action at this Highly potent effects on the function of the protein
protein (or protein complex) is combined with clearly consistent physiological effects
responsible for insecticidal effects}
{Insecticidal agents affect the Insecticidal agents (or their active principles) have
function of this protein, but it is not moderate or low potency on the function of the protein,
clear that this is what leads to and there is little or no evidence associating this effect
biological activity} with biological activity. Insecticidal agents may be
grouped because of similarity of structure and distinctive
physiological effect.

{Target protein responsible for Insecticidal agents may be grouped because of similarity
biological activity is unknown, or of structure and distinctive physiological effect.
uncharacterized}

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 17

7.4. Notes regarding sub-groups
Sub-groups represent distinct classes of insecticidal agents that are believed to have the same MoA but are
different enough in structure or mode of interaction with the target protein that the chance of selection for
either metabolic or target-site cross-resistance is reduced compared to closely related insecticidal agents.
Sub-groups may also distinguish insecticidal agents that are structurally similar but known to bind
differently within the target or to have differential selectivity among multiple targets. Evidence supporting
lack of cross-resistance between existing compounds within the Group and the new active ingredient
submission must be provided to support sub-grouping. This should include bioassay-based studies and
provide quantifiable resistance ratios between susceptible and resistant strains.

The cross-resistance potential between sub-groups is higher than that between different groups, so
rotation between sub-groups should be avoided. In exceptional circumstances (i.e. where effective
registered insecticides from other mode of action groups are unavailable) rotation may be considered
following consultation with local expert advice and where cross-resistance does not exist. These exceptions
should not be considered sustainable resistance management strategies, and alternative options should be
sought to maintain pest susceptibility.

The following notes provide additional information about particular sub-groups.

Sub-groups Notes
3A & 3B Because DDT is no longer used in agriculture, this is only applicable for the
control of insect vectors of human disease such as mosquitoes.
4A, 4B, 4C, Although these compounds are believed to have the same target site, current
4D, 4E & 4F evidence indicates that the risk of metabolic cross-resistance between
subgroups is low.
10A Hexythiazox is grouped with clofentezine because they exhibit cross-resistance,
even though they are structurally distinct. Diflovidazin has been added to this
group because it is a close analogue of clofentezine and is expected to have the
same mode of action.
11A Different Bacillus thuringiensis products that target different insect orders may
be used together without compromising their resistance management. Rotation
between certain specific Bacillus thuringiensis microbial products may provide
resistance management benefits for some pests. Consult product-specific
recommendations.
B.t. Crop Proteins: Where there are differences among the specific receptors
within the midguts of target insects, transgenic crops containing certain
combinations of the listed proteins provide resistance management benefits.
Although these compounds are believed to have the same target site, current
22A & 22B evidence indicates that the risk of metabolic cross-resistance between
subgroups is low.
Although these compounds are believed to have the same target site, current
25A & 25B evidence indicates that the risk of metabolic cross-resistance between
subgroups is low.

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 18

7.5. General notes & MoA Classification Scheme updates
• Further details on the MoA Group Descriptors are given in Appendix 3.

• A list of active ingredients in alphabetical order with their respective MoA classification is given in
Appendix 5.

• The Classification Scheme has been prepared using the most up-to-date information available to
IRAC. It is provided to user groups, grower organisations, extension personnel, regulatory
authorities such as the US EPA and all those involved in resistance management, as an agreed
definitive statement by the plant protection industry on the MoA of insecticides currently in use.

• The IRAC MoA classification is reviewed and reissued at intervals as required. The latest version
is always available for reference via the IRAC website (www.irac-online.org).

• Submissions for new active ingredients together with recommendations for their inclusion in
specific new or existing MoA classes, together with citations or evidence for classification should
be made to IRAC through the website.

• IRAC member companies review draft versions before an agreed final version of any update is
published. In addition, several internationally well-known insect toxicologists and biochemists can
be consulted regarding additions, deletions or other changes to the list. Details of the procedures
followed for allocation of new insecticidal materials to the MoA classification are given in
Appendix 4.

• Changes to the listing may have serious consequences. In those countries where insecticide labels
display the IRAC MoA number or class name as an aid to good IRM (see Appendix 1), changes may
be especially costly to implement. In general, changes are therefore only endorsed when the
scientific evidence supporting the change is compelling.

• Superseded, obsolete or withdrawn insecticidal agents for which no current registration exists, and
that are no longer in common usage, are not listed.

• In a continued effort to refine the list, readers are kindly asked to inform IRAC of factual errors or
omissions, citing definitive evidence wherever possible. Such submissions should be directed to
IRAC via the website. Suggestions for improvements are likewise welcome.

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 19

Appendix 1

Product labels: Indication of MoA of active ingredient and

accompanying IRM advice
To assist users in the selection of insecticides for use in IRM strategies employing sequences, rotations or
alternations of MoA groups, IRAC is encouraging producers to clearly indicate the IRAC MoA group
number and description on the product label, and to accompany this with appropriate advice of the type
indicated below. Thus, in addition to the detailed product information, handling, and safety information
required by local regulations, a typical label should clearly indicate the IRAC MoA Group number &
description, and minimal, brief advice on IRM as indicated in the example below.

Inclusion of the IRAC group on the label is a warrant from the manufacturer that the insecticide has been
classified by IRAC and is listed in Appendix 5 of this document, the only authoritative and comprehensive
list of IRAC-classified insecticides. If an insecticide is not listed in Appendix 5 and falls within the scope of
the IRAC classification as stated at the beginning of this document, please petition IRAC for classification
of the product, as directed in Appendix 4, before drafting a label. Insecticidal materials falling outside the
scope of the classification may be labeled as “Exempt from IRAC Classification”.

For resistance management purposes,

Product XXX insecticide is an IRAC MoA
Group 15 insecticide. Any insect population
may contain individuals naturally resistant
to Product XXX and other Group 15
insecticides. If these insecticides are used
repeatedly, the resistant individuals may
eventually dominate the pest insect
population. These resistant insects may not
be controlled by Product XXX insecticide or
by other Group 15 insecticides. To delay
the development of resistance:

• Avoid exclusive repeated use of

insecticides from the same chemical sub-
group, (indicated by the IRAC MoA Group
number).

• Alternate with products from other

IRAC MoA Groups

• Integrate other control methods

(chemical, cultural, biological) into insect
control programs.

For further information on resistance management and advice on IRM programmes contact your local
distributor.

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 20

LABELLING SPECIFICS
It is recommended that the MoA icon is displayed in a prominent position on the label. A position at the
top right of the front panel of the label is strongly recommended as shown in the example above. A clearly
defined font should be used, e.g., Arial or Calibri for users of Latin script. A black and white colour scheme
is recommended. The icon uses the word GROUP in capital letters in black font on a white background;
the mode of action letter or numeral should be in white font on a black background; the word
INSECTICIDE in capital letters in black font on a white background. Both lines, and the whole indicator,
are contained within black rectangles. See example below.

The words GROUP and INSECTICIDE in capital letters which should not be less than one-quarter of the
height of the largest letter or numeral on the label and be between 2 mm and 12.5 mm high. If more than
one insecticide is included in a product then the icon should be written in plural e.g. INSECTICIDES not
INSECTICIDE. The appropriate letter(s) or number(s) representing the Mode of Action (MoA) group(s) of
each active constituent(s) are to be inserted between the words GROUP and INSECTICIDE. The width of
the white line that separates the groups for the pesticides in a product with more than one active
ingredient should be defined. It should be wide enough so that when the icon is printed on small packets
the line is clear. The letter(s) representing the mode of action should be written in capital letters which
should not be less than one-half the height of the largest letter or numeral on the label and between 4 mm
and 25 mm high. The words GROUP and INSECTICIDE must be no less than half, and no more than the
actual size of the group number or letter.

Note that where a product has two or more active constituents, and these are represented by two or
more modes of action, you must use two or more appropriate MoA identifier letters or numbers in a single
statement. Alternatively, each individual active ingredient can be placed in a stacked format (see examples
below).

If the product contains two or more active constituents which perform different functions, for example,
an insecticide and a fungicide, you must show each function separately (that is, one indicator panel for the
insecticide and another for the fungicide component). See examples below.

Where required, appropriate translation should be used to ensure MoA labels are clear to product users.
Labelling should also consider the FAO/WHO Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice for Pesticides. MoA
labelling must follow all country regulations and may vary.

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 21

RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT LANGUAGE FOR PRODUCT LABELS
In addition to mode of action number labelling, it is strongly recommended by CLI and the Resistance
Action Committees (RACs) to include guidance on the management of resistance on the product label.
Where possible companies will voluntarily add resistance management language to their product labels
that explains how to use MoA information in resistance management recommendations.

IRAC recommends that resistance management guidelines be presented under a headed section titled:
“RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT” on all insecticide labels and the following three IRM elements be
incorporated in the text.

• The name of the active ingredient(s) and mode of action identifier (IRAC Mode of Action groups).

• A statement that the product should be rotated with different modes of action using mode of
action treatment windows.

• Guidance to avoid treating consecutive generations with the same mode of action

EXAMPLE OF AN IRM RECOMMENDATION ON AN INSECTICIDE PRODUCT LABEL:

PRODUCT NAME contains the ACTIVE INGREDIENT NAME and is an IRAC GROUP X insecticide. Do
not exclusively use PRODUCT NAME or other GROUP X insecticides to control the same pest
throughout the season. Avoid exposing consecutive generations of a pest to the same mode of action by
using the “application window” approach which rotates products from different mode of action groups.

An “application window” is the period of residual activity that a single application or sequential
applications of products from the same mode of action provide. It can also be defined as the duration of an
insect generation or if unknown, then use an approximate 30 day period. Rotate windows with treatments
of PRODUCT NAME and other Group X products followed by windows of treatments with other effective
products with different modes of action. Multiple applications (recommend no more than two) of the
same MoA insecticide are acceptable if they are used within the same application window.

Reference: CropLife International Mode of Action Labelling Guidance

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 22

Appendix 2

IRM principles recommended and endorsed by IRAC

• Consult a local agricultural advisor or extension services in the area for up-to-date recommendations
and advice on IPM and IRM programmes.

• Consider options for minimizing insecticide use by selecting early maturing or pest-tolerant varieties
of crop plants.

• Include effective cultural and biological control practices that work in harmony with effective IRM
programmes. Adopt all non-chemical techniques known to control or suppress pest populations,
including biological sprays such as Bt’s, resistant varieties, within-field refugia (untreated areas) and
crop rotation.

• Where possible select insecticides and other pest management tools that preserve beneficial insects.

• Use products at their full, recommended doses. Reduced (sub-lethal) doses quickly select populations
with average levels of tolerance, whilst doses that are too high may impose excessive selection
pressures.

• Appropriate, well-maintained equipment should be used to apply insecticides. Recommended water

volumes, spray pressures and optimal temperatures should be used to obtain optimal coverage.

• Where larval stages are being controlled, target younger larval instars where possible because these
are usually much more susceptible and therefore much more effectively controlled by insecticides
than older stages.

• Use appropriate local economic thresholds and spray intervals.

• Follow label recommendations or local expert advice for use of alternations or sequences of different
classes of insecticide with differing modes of action as part of an IRM strategy.

• Where there are multiple applications per year or growing season, alternate products of different
MoA classes.

• In the event of a control failure, do not reapply the same insecticide but change the class of
insecticides to one having a different MoA and to which there is no [locally] known cross-resistance.

• Mixtures may offer a short-term solution to resistance problems, but it is essential to ensure that each
component of a mixture belongs to a different insecticide MoA class, and that each component is used
at its full rate.

• Consideration should be given to monitoring for the incidence of resistance in the most commercially
important situations and gauge levels of control obtained.

• Withholding use of a product to which resistance has developed until susceptibility returns may be a
valid tactic if sufficient alternative chemical classes remain to provide effective control.

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 23

Appendix 3

MoA Group Descriptors

NERVE AND MUSCLE TARGETS
Most current insecticides act on nerve and muscle targets. Insecticides that act on these targets are
generally fast acting.

Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors

Inhibit AChE, causing hyperexcitation. AChE is the enzyme that terminates the action of the excitatory
neurotransmitter acetylcholine at nerve synapses.

Group 2: GABA-gated chloride channel blockers

Block the GABA-activated chloride channel, causing hyperexcitation and convulsions. GABA is the major
inhibitory neurotransmitter in insects.

Group 3: Sodium channel modulators

Keep sodium channels open, causing hyperexcitation and, in some cases, nerve block. Sodium channels
are involved in the propagation of action potentials along nerve axons.

Group 4: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators

Bind to the acetylcholine site on nAChRs, causing a range of symptoms from hyper-excitation to lethargy
and paralysis. Acetylcholine is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the insect central nervous system.

Group 5: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators – Site I

Allosterically activate nAChRs (at a site distinct from Group 32 - Site II), causing hyperexcitation of the
nervous system. Acetylcholine is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the insect central nervous
system.

Group 6: Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators

Allosterically activate glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls), causing paralysis. Glutamate is an

important inhibitory neurotransmitter in insect.

Group 9: Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators

Bind to and disrupt the gating of Nan-Iav TRPV (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid) channel
complexes in chordotonal stretch receptor organs, which are critical for the senses of hearing, gravity,
balance, acceleration, proprioception and kinesthesia. This disrupts feeding and other behaviors in target
insects.

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 24

Group 14: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers

Block the nAChR ion channel, resulting in nervous system block and paralysis. Acetylcholine is the major
excitatory neurotransmitter in the insect central nervous system.

Group 19: Octopamine receptor agonists

Activate octopamine receptors, leading to hyperexcitation. Octopamine is the insect equivalent of

adrenaline, the fight-or-flight neurohormone

Group 22: Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers

Block sodium channels, causing nervous system shutdown and paralysis. Sodium channels are involved in
the propagation of action potentials along nerve axons.

Group 28: Ryanodine receptor modulators

Activate muscle ryanodine receptors, leading to contraction and paralysis. Ryanodine receptors mediate
calcium release into the cytoplasm from intracellular stores.

Group 29: Chordotonal organ nicotinamidase inhibitors

Disrupt the function of chordotonal stretch receptor organs, which are critical for the senses of hearing,
gravity, balance, acceleration, proprioception and kinesthesia. This disrupts feeding and other behaviors
in target insects. Group 29 insecticides inhibit the enzyme nicotinamidase, which degrades the
endogenous TRPV modulator nicotinamide.

Group 30: GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators

Allosterically inhibit the GABA-activated chloride channel, causing hyperexcitation and convulsions.
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in insects.

Group 32: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators – Site II

Allosterically activate nAChRs (at a site distinct from Group 5 - Site I), causing hyperexcitation of the
nervous system. Acetylcholine is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the insect central nervous
system.

Group 33: Calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa2) modulators

Negative modulation of KCa2 causes hyperexcitation and convulsions. KCa2 channels are activated by
increase of the intracellular calcium concentration and are involved in the regulation of action potentials.

Group 36: Chordotonal organ modulators – undefined target site

Disrupt the function of chordotonal stretch receptor organs, which are critical for the senses of hearing,
gravity, balance, acceleration, proprioception and kinesthesia. This disrupts feeding and other behaviors
in target insects. Group 36 insecticides act at a site different from Group 9 and Group 29 insecticides and
are neither affecting TRPV channels nor nicotinamidase.

Group 37: Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) inhibitor

Bind to VAChTs, causing cholinergic synaptic transmission block resulting in nervous system shutdown
and paralysis. VAChTs are involved in loading acetylcholine into synaptic vesicles

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 25

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT TARGETS
Insect development is controlled by the balance of two principal hormones: juvenile hormone and
ecdysone. Insect growth regulators act by mimicking one of these hormones or directly perturbing cuticle
formation/deposition or lipid biosynthesis. Insecticides that act on individual targets in this system are
generally slow to moderately slow acting.

Group 7: Juvenile hormone mimics

Applied in the pre-metamorphic instar, these compounds disrupt and prevent metamorphosis.

Group 10: Mite growth inhibitors affecting CHS1

Inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of chitin.

Group 15: Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis affecting CHS1

Inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of chitin.

Group 16: Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1

Incompletely defined MoA leading to inhibition of chitin biosynthesis in a number of insect species,
including whiteflies.

Group 17: Moulting disruptors, Dipteran

Incompletely defined MoA that leads to moult disruption.

Group 18: Ecdysone receptor agonists

Mimic the moulting hormone, ecdysone, inducing a precocious moult.

Group 23: Inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Inhibit acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, part of the first step in lipid biosynthesis, leading to insect death.

RESPIRATION TARGETS
Mitochondrial respiration produces ATP, the molecule that energizes all vital cellular processes. In
mitochondria, an electron transport chain stores the energy released by oxidation in the form of a proton
gradient, which drives ATP synthesis. Several insecticides are known to interfere with mitochondrial
respiration by the inhibition of electron transport and/or oxidative phosphorylation. Insecticides that act
on individual targets in this system are generally fast to moderately fast acting.

Group 12: Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase

Inhibit the enzyme that synthesizes ATP.

Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient

Protonophores that short-circuit the mitochondrial proton gradient so that ATP cannot be synthesized.

Group 20; Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors – Qo site

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 26

Inhibit electron transport complex III, preventing the utilization of energy by cells by binding to the Qo
site.

Group 21: Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors

Inhibit electron transport complex I, preventing the utilization of energy by cells.

Group 24: Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors

Inhibit electron transport complex IV, preventing the utilization of energy by cells.

Group 25: Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors

Inhibit electron transport complex II, preventing utilization of energy by cells.

Group 34: Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors – Qi site

Inhibit electron transport complex III, preventing the utilization of energy by cells. In contrast to Group
20, Group 34 insecticides bind to the Qi site.

MIDGUT TARGETS
Lepidopteran-specific microbial toxins that are sprayed or expressed in transgenic crop varieties, and
baculoviruses.

Group 11: Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes

Protein toxins that bind to receptors on the midgut membrane and induce pore formation, resulting in
ionic imbalance and septicemia.

Group 31: Host-specific occluded pathogenic viruses

A baculovirus-unique Per os Infectivity Factor (PIF) protein complex on the virus promotes host-specific
infection by binding to PIF targets on midgut cells that are unknown but believed to be unique for each
baculovirus type. Infection is ultimately lethal.

TARGETED PROTEIN SUPPRESSORS

Multiple biological processes govern the accumulation of proteins critical to supporting a wide variety of
functions within insects. Protein suppressors act through reduction of specific protein levels in the pest
species. Insecticides that act in this manner are generally moderately slow acting.

Group 35: RNA interference mediated target suppressors

Activation of the RNAi mechanism which specifically reduces abundance of the target messenger RNA
(mRNA) resulting in the reduction of the protein encoded by the mRNA.

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 27

UNKNOWN OR NON-SPECIFIC TARGETS
Several insecticides are known to affect less well-described target-sites or functions, or to act non-
specifically on multiple targets.

Group 8: Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors

Group UN: Compounds of unknown or uncertain MoA

Group UNB: Bacterial agents of unknown or uncertain MoA

Group UNE: Botanical essence including synthetic, extracts and unrefined oils with unknown or
uncertain MoA

Group UNF: Fungal agents of unknown or uncertain MoA

Group UNM: Non-specific mechanical and physical disruptors

Group UNP: Peptides of unknown or uncertain MoA

Group UNV: Viral agents of unknown or uncertain MoA

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 28

Appendix 4

Procedure for allocation of new insecticidal materials to the

MoA classification
IRAC maintains the MoA Classification scheme as the definitive, globally recognised, ultimate authority
on insecticide modes of action. In order to provide the best possible information for resistance
management purposes, IRAC also issues regular updates of the scheme, in which newly introduced
insecticides are allocated to an appropriate MoA classification group and structural sub-group, and in
which re-classification or the correction of errors or anomalies for specific insecticidal agents is
undertaken considering definitive new information. This document details how these processes are
administered by IRAC.

Who is responsible for the process within IRAC?

The IRAC MoA Team comprises technical representatives of the member companies with expertise in
insect toxicology, pharmacology or biochemistry. All IRAC companies are eligible to contribute technical
expertise to the group. The group meets regularly to consider the content and detail of the MoA scheme
and makes proposals on significant additions, deletions or reallocations of insecticidal agents within the
scheme for consideration by the IRAC Executive.

Why and how often is the scheme updated?

New versions of the scheme are issued periodically as necessary, as a result of the MoA Team’s
consideration of new information. The introduction of major new MoA groups or the reallocation of
insecticidal agents or groups would merit the issue of a new version (vN). Minor changes or corrections
that do not significantly impact the scheme are undertaken automatically at intervals as necessary, and
sub-versions are issued (vN.n). New sub-versions may be issued up to several times per year as required,
while new full versions are not anticipated more than once per year. The potential impact of proposed
significant changes on derived versions of the scheme around the world is fully appreciated, especially in
countries where MoA labelling of products is used. The MoA team is cognisant of these impacts and
revisions are only proposed when the evidence for change is scientifically compelling.

What evidence is needed to support MoA classification of an

insecticidal agent?
Proposals for additions to the MoA scheme or for amendments to the current scheme should be
submitted to the IRAC MoA team (details below). These proposals will be considered by the Team and a

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 29

decision on the outcome will be provided to the proposer in due course. Published material in high
quality, front line, peer-reviewed, scientific journals is especially useful as a source of information for
consideration by the team, and those companies, bodies or individuals submitting proposals for
consideration by the team are strongly encouraged to provide such information wherever possible.
Corroborating information is also especially welcome. Unpublished material may be submitted in
evidence, and the MoA team will interpret this appropriately.

Several types of data can be used to establish MoA (including the activation of pro-insecticides to their
actives). Convincing evidence to support the MoA hypothesis is needed. This includes the demonstration
of a clear target effect (activation, inhibition, or modulation) at concentrations that can reasonably be
expected in the intoxicated organism. Preferably, these data may be corroborated by physiological and/or
symptomology studies to link insect mortality to the effect on the target site. A positive structure-activity
correlation of in vitro efficacy with insecticidal potency, and/or target site mutations conferring
resistance are required to further substantiate the proposed MoA.

What are the criteria for establishing MoA Sub-groups?

Sub-groups represent distinct chemical classes that are believed to have the same MoA but are different
enough in chemical structure or mode of interaction with the target protein that the chance of selection
for either metabolic or target-site cross-resistance is reduced compared to close analogs. Sub-groups may
also distinguish insecticidal agents that are structurally similar but known to bind differently within the
target or to have differential selectivity among multiple targets. Evidence supporting lack of cross-
resistance between existing compounds within the Group and the new active ingredient submission must
be provided to support sub-grouping. This should include bioassay-based studies and provide quantifiable
resistance ratios between susceptible and resistant strains.

The cross-resistance potential between sub-groups is higher than that between different groups, so
rotation between sub-groups should be avoided. In exceptional circumstances (i.e., where effective
registered insecticides from other mode of action groups are unavailable) rotation may be considered
following consultation with local expert advice and where cross-resistance does not exist. These
exceptions should not be considered sustainable resistance management strategies, and alternative
options should be sought to maintain pest susceptibility.

How are decisions made by the MoA Team?

Given the definitive nature of the IRAC MoA scheme, the MoA Team regards it as an absolute priority
that the highest levels of scientific integrity are always employed in the consideration and discussion of
allocation of insecticidal agents. In general, agreement on allocation of an insecticidal agent is usually
arrived at through consensus within the Team, following detailed discussion. Major decisions, for
example the introduction of new MoA classes or sub-classes are proposed to the IRAC Executive for
ratification. If the Team cannot agree it may choose to place the case with a panel of external MoA
experts to gain their written opinion before reconsidering the case. The composition of the expert panel

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 30

is agreed in advance by the Team. If after reconsidering the particular case the team is still in
disagreement, the matter will be passed to the IRAC Executive for further consideration. Where
individual members of the Team are subject to a conflict of interests through company affiliation or other
interests, they may choose to withdraw from discussion of particular insecticidal agents as they consider
appropriate.

How long does this process take?

The MoA Team has a duty to make a definitive decision on allocation of an insecticidal agent as quickly as
possible following receipt of appropriate supporting evidence. For straightforward cases that do not
require external consultation it should generally be expected that the Team could provide feedback to
proposers within 3 months. The need for external consultants may extend the process to 6 months.

To whom should proposals be sent?

Proposals for new insecticidal agents or for changes to the current IRAC MoA scheme should be
submitted to the IRAC MoA Team via the IRAC International Coordinator. A link to the coordinator is
provided on the IRAC website (www.irac-online.org) at the bottom of each page under ‘Contact’.
Alternatively, the online request can be completed at http://www.irac-online.org/submit-an-active/

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 31

Procedure for updates to IRAC MoA Classification Scheme
Proposer submits a request for classification of a
new AI or change of classification of an existing AI

https://irac-online.org/submit-an-active/

Supporting information is submitted

to the IRAC MoA Team

Proposer is advised
Review and assessment by External peer-review
if more information is
IRAC MoA Team as necessary
needed

Proposer is advised Decision is ratified by IRAC

of IRAC Executive Executive or vote is taken if
decision there is disagreement

MoA Scheme is updated in due course by MoA

Team either as a new version or sub-version

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 32

MoA Classification Guidance Matrix
Supporting Evidence for Classification Links

1. Existing Group
a. Existing Subgroup / no Subgroup
• Demonstration of a clear effect (activation, inhibition, or modulation)
on the target / signal transduction pathway at concentrations that can
reasonably be expected in the intoxicated organism
• A positive structure-activity correlation of in vitro efficacy with https://irac-
insecticidal potency and/or online.org/documents/established-
• Target site mutation(s) supporting the proposed MoA insecticide-target-site-
mutations/?ext=xlsx
• Physiological and/or symptomology studies to link insect mortality to
the effect on the target site / signal transduction pathway
b. New Subgroup (additional evidence required)
• Distinct chemical / biological class*
Evidence supporting lack of cross-resistance between existing resistance profiles of relevant
compounds within the Group and the new active ingredient: pests incl. references
• Quantifiable resistance ratios between field-relevant susceptible and https://irac-online.org/pests/
resistant strains
• In vitro studies (optional)

* Sub-groups may also distinguish insecticidal agents that are structurally similar but known to bind differently
within the target or to have differential selectivity among multiple targets.
2. New Group
• New chemical / biological class

• Demonstration of a clear effect (activation, inhibition, or modulation)

on the target / signal transduction pathway at concentrations that can
reasonably be expected in the intoxicated organism
• A positive structure-activity correlation of in vitro efficacy with
insecticidal potency and/or
• Target site mutation(s) supporting the proposed MoA
• Physiological and/or symptomology studies to link insect mortality to
the effect on the target site / signal transduction pathway
• Clear differentiation from existing sites in a known target / signal searchable online version of the
transduction pathway is required if activity on a new site in an existing MoA Classification
target / signal transduction pathway is claimed: this might include https://www.irac-online.org/modes-
experimental evidence that the insecticidal agent binds to a unique site of-action/
of an existing target which is not impacted by mutations conferring
resistance to the existing target
3. Unknown Mode of Action
If there is insufficient evidence supporting a defined Mode of Action,
insecticidal / acaricidal agents can be included in the classification
scheme in the Unknown Mode of Action category they fall under:
compounds, UN; bacterial agents, UNB; extracts and crude oils, UNE;
fungal agents, UNF; mechanical and physical disruptors, UNM;
peptides, UNP; viruses UNV

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 33

Appendix 5
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (ALPHABETICAL ORDER) WITH MOA
CLASSIFICATION.
This is the comprehensive reference list of IRAC-classified insecticides. If your active ingredient is not on
this list and falls within the scope of this classification as defined in section 1, please contact IRAC as
directed in Appendix 4.

MOA MOA
Active Ingredient Active Ingredient
No. No.

1,3-dichloropropene 8A Azamethiphos 1B

Abamectin 6 Azinphos-ethyl 1B

Acephate 1B Azinphos-methyl 1B

Acequinocyl 20B Azocyclotin 12B

Acetamiprid 4A Bacillus thuringiensis 11A

Acrinathrin 3A Bacillus sphaericus 11B

Acynonapyr 33 Beauveria bassiana strains UNF

Afidopyropen 9D Bendiocarb 1A

Akanthomyces muscarius Ve6 UNF Benfuracarb 1A

Alanycarb 1A Bensultap 14

Aldicarb 1A Benzoximate UN

Allethrin 3A Benzpyrimoxan UN

alpha-Cypermethrin 3A beta-Cyfluthrin 3A

Aluminium phosphide 24A beta-Cypermethrin 3A

Amitraz 19 Bifenazate 20D

Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV 31 Bifenthrin 3A

Azadirachtin UN Bioallethrin 3A

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 34

 MOA MOA
Active Ingredient Active Ingredient
No. No.

Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl Chlorantraniliprole 28

3A
isomer
Chlordane 2A
Bioresmethrin 3A
Chlorethoxyfos 1B
Bistrifluron 15
Chlorfenapyr 13
Borax 8D
Chlorfenvinphos 1B
Boric acid 8D
Chlorfluazuron 15
Broflanilide 30
Chlormephos 1B
Bromopropylate UN
Chloropicrin 8B
Buprofezin 16
Chlorpyrifos 1B
Burkholderia spp, UNB
Chlorpyrifos-methyl 1B
Butocarboxim 1A
Chromafenozide 18
Butoxycarboxim 1A
Clofentezine 10A
Cadusafos 1B
Clothianidin 4A
Calcium cyanide 24B
Coumaphos 1B
Calcium phosphide 24A
Cryolite 8C
Carbaryl 1A
Cyanide 24B
Carbofuran 1A
Cyanophos 1B
Carbosulfan 1A
Cyantraniliprole 28
Cartap hydrochloride 14
Cyclaniliprole 28
Chenopodium ambrosioides
UNE Cycloprothrin 3A
near ambrosioides extract

Chinomethionat UN Cydia pomonella GV 31

Mode of Action Classification v11.3

35
 MOA MOA
Active Ingredient Active Ingredient
No. No.

Cyenopyrafen 25A Diflovidazin 10A

Cyflumetofen 25A Diflubenzuron 15

Cyfluthrin 3A Dimethoate 1B

Cyhalothrin 3A Dimethylvinphos 1B

Cyhexatin 12B Dimpropyridaz 36

Cypermethrin 3A Dinotefuran 4A

Cyphenothrin (1R)-trans- Disodium octaborate 8D

3A
isomers]
Disulfoton 1B
Cyromazine 17
DNOC 13
d-cis-trans Allethrin 3A
d-trans Allethrin 3A
Dazomet 8F
Emamectin benzoate 6
DDT 3B
Empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomers] 3A
Deltamethrin 3A
Endosulfan 2A
Demeton-S-methyl 1B
EPN 1B
Diafenthiuron 12A
Esfenvalerate 3A
Diatomaceous earth UNM
Ethiofencarb 1A
Diazinon 1B
Ethion 1B
Dichlorvos/ DDVP 1B
Ethiprole 2B
Dicloromezotiaz 4E
Ethoprophos 1B
Dicofol UN
Etofenprox 3A
Dicrotophos 1B
Etoxazole 10B

Mode of Action Classification v11.3

36
 MOA MOA
Active Ingredient Active Ingredient
No. No.

Famphur 1B Flufenoxuron 15

Fatty acid monoesters with Flumethrin 3A

UNE
glycerol or propanediol
Flupyradifurone 4D
Fenamiphos 1B
Flupyrimin 4F
Fenazaquin 21A
Fluxametamide 30
Fenbutatin oxide 12B
Formetanate 1A
Fenitrothion 1B
Fosthiazate 1B
Fenmezoditiaz 4E
Furathiocarb 1A
Fenobucarb 1A
gamma-Cyhalothrin 3A
Fenoxycarb 7B
GS-omega/kappa HXTX-Hv1a 32
Fenpropathrin 3A
Halfenprox 3A
Fenpyroximate 21A
Halofenozide 18
Fenthion 1B
Helicoverpa armigera NPV 31
Fenvalerate 3A
Heptenophos 1B
Fipronil 2B
Hexaflumuron 15
Flometoquin 34
Hexythiazox 10A
Flonicamid 29
Hydramethylnon 20A
Fluacrypyrim 20C
Hydroprene 7A
Flubendimide 28
Imicyafos 1B
Flucycloxuron 15
Imidacloprid 4A
Flucythrinate 3A
Imiprothrin 3A

Mode of Action Classification v11.3

37
 MOA MOA
Active Ingredient Active Ingredient
No. No.

Indoxacarb 22A Methidathion 1B

Isocycloseram 30 Methiocarb 1A

Isofenphos 1B Methomyl 1A

Isoprocarb 1A Methoprene 7A

Isopropyl O- (methoxyaminothio- Methoxychlor 3B

1B
phosphoryl) salicylate
Methoxyfenozide 18

Isoxathion 1B
Methyl bromide 8A

Kadethrin 3A
Methyl isocyanate 8F

Kinoprene 7A
Metolcarb 1A

lambda-Cyhalothrin 3A
Mevinphos 1B

Ledprona 35
Milbemectin 6

Lepimectin 6
Mineral oil UNM

Lime sulfur UN
Monocrotophos 1B

Lufenuron 15
Naled 1B

Malathion 1B
Neem oil UNE

Mancozeb UN
Nicotine 4B

Mecarbam 1B
Nitenpyram 4A

Metaflumizone 22B
Nonanoic acid UNE

Metam 8F
Novaluron 15

Metarhizium brunneum strain

UNF Noviflumuron 15
F52
Omethoate 1B
Methamidophos 1B

Mode of Action Classification v11.3

38
 MOA MOA
Active Ingredient Active Ingredient
No. No.

Oxamyl 1A Profenofos 1B

Oxazosulfyl 37 Propargite 12C

Oxydemeton-methyl 1B Propetamphos 1B

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Propoxur 1A

UNF
Apopka strain 97
Prothiofos 1B
Parathion 1B
Pyflubumide 25B
Parathion-methyl 1B
Pymetrozine 9B
Permethrin 3A
Pyraclofos 1B
Phenothrin [(1R)- trans- isomer] 3A
Pyrethrins (pyrethrum) 3A
Phenthoate 1B
Pyridaben 21A
Phorate 1B
Pyridalyl UN
Phosalone 1B
Pyridaphenthion 1B
Phosmet 1B
Pyrifluquinazon 9B
Phosphamidon 1B
Pyrimidifen 21A
Phosphine 24A
Pyriproxyfen 7C
Phoxim 1B
Quinalphos 1B
Pirimicarb 1A
Resmethrin 3A
Pirimiphos- methyl 1B
Rotenone (Derris) 21B
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) UNM
Sabadilla extract UNE
Potassium cyanide 24B
Silafluofen 3A
Prallethrin 3A
Sodium borate 8D

Mode of Action Classification v11.3

39
 MOA MOA
Active Ingredient Active Ingredient
No. No.

Sodium cyanide 24B Temephos 1B

Sodium metaborate 8D Terbufos 1B

Spidoxamat 23 Tetrachlorvinphos 1B

Spinetoram 5 Tetradifon 12D

Spinosad 5 Tetramethrin 3A

Spirodiclofen 23 Tetramethrin [(1R)- isomers] 3A

Spiromesifen 23 Tetraniliprole 28

Spriropidion 23 Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV 31

Spirotetramat 23 theta-cypermethrin 3A

Sulfotep 1B Thiacloprid 4A

Sulfoxaflor 4C Thiamethoxam 4A

Sulfur UN Thiocyclam 14

Sulfuramid 13 Thiodicarb 1A

Sulfuryl fluoride 8C Thiofanox 1A

Tartar emetic 8E Thiometon 1B

tau-Fluvalinate 3A Thiosultap-sodium 14

Tebufenozide 18 Tolfenpyrad 21A

Tebufenpyrad 21A Tralomethrin 3A

Tebupirimfos 1B Transfluthrin 3A

Teflubenzuron 15 Triazamate 1A

Tefluthrin 3A Triazophos 1B

Mode of Action Classification v11.3

40
 MOA
Active Ingredient
No.

Trichlorfon 1B

Triflumezopyrim 4E

Triflumuron 15

Trimethacarb 1A

Vamidothion 1B

Wolbachia pipientis (Zap) UNB

XMC 1A

Xylylcarb 1A

zeta-Cypermethrin 3A

Zinc phosphide 24A

Mode of Action Classification v11.3

41
Appendix 6

Active Ingredients Pending Registration

Group numbers are proposed at this stage - the final number will be confirmed following
the first registration.

Main Group and Primary Site of Sub-group, class or Active Ingredient

Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

UNP U1-AGTX-Ta1b-QA U1-AGTX-Ta1b-QA Peptide

Peptides of unknown or uncertain Peptide
MoA
{Target protein responsible for
biological activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized

Perlite Perlite
UNM
Group UNM: Non-specific
mechanical and physical disruptors

35
RNA Interference mediated target
suppressors Vadescana Vadescana

Activation of the RNAi mechanism

which specifically reduces
abundance of the target messenger
RNA (mRNA) resulting in the
reduction of the protein encoded by
the mRNA.

Mode of Action Classification v11.3 42