Updated syllabus 2023-2025

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 Updated syllabus 2023-2025

6.1 Communication applications

6.2 Computer Modelling applications
6.3 Computer Control System
6.4 School management systems
Ch - 6 ICT Application

6.5 Online Booking systems

6.6 Banking applications
6.7 Computers in medicine
6.7 Expert systems
6.8 Computers in the retail industry
6.9 Recognition systems
6.10 Satellite systems
6.11 GPS, GIS and media communication

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6.1 Communication Applications

There are many ways in which we can

Ch - 6 ICT Application

communicate by making use of ICT technologies:

Mobile Phones
Websites
Flyers
Cartoons
Multimedia presentations
VoIP (Voice over internet protocol)
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➢What do we mean by based on…?

Ch - 6 ICT Application

Paper Based: communications that depends on the use

of papers
Mobile Based: communications that depends on the use
of mobiles
Computer Based: communications that depends on the
use of computers

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Paper Based
News Letter: Used by companies to communicate certain information to
staff and customers. May contain information on recent events and identify
success company may have experienced.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Brochures/Leaflet: Can be used to advertise a company or to be

informative. Brochures are normally printed on glossy paper with a high
quality finish.

Flyers: Informative document which can be distributed to promote or

create awareness of an up and coming events.

Posters: larger then flyers and are strategically positioned to promote and
create awareness. Displayed on billboards, notice boards, buildings as
part of an advertising campaign to target a specific target audience.

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Paper Based
Advantages
Not necessary to have a computer or
Ch - 6 ICT Application

internet connection.
You have a physical copy of the document.
Disadvantages
These communication would mainly be
distributed by hand.
Printing costs
Restricted to a smaller target audience.

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Posters are a good way of publicising, for example, a sporting event or
an
advertisement for a forthcoming movie. A sporting event poster would
need to
include at least the following information:
» what the event is and where it will take place
» date, time and place of event
Ch - 6 ICT Application

» admission fees (if any)

» contact details
» other information (such as whether there will be a crèche or facilities
for
people with disabilities).
The movie poster would need to include:
» an image taken from the movie to give some idea of the type of movie
(that is, comedy, horror, science fiction, and so on)
» the date of release
» a list of the main characters.
-

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Computer Based
Types of Communication & Purpose
Websites
Companies use websites as a means to communicate with existing and potentially new
customers.
Websites can be easily updated and can provide relevant and up to date information.
Websites can be used to research, social network, online gaming or for online
Ch - 6 ICT Application

shopping and banking.

Multimedia Presentations
A common use for presentations is to provide training in businesses or places of
education. The presentation will be a focal point on the projector whilst the speaker is
presenting.
Cartoons (Animations)
Music Scores
Advantages
Can include interactive elements such as sound, video, animation and
hyperlinks.
Can be available on different platforms.
Disadvantages
Websites can be hacked and information may be altered.
Setting up website and maintaining would be expensive and would require a
special skill set.
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Cartoons
3-D models that are used to spread a certain
message across and usually targets a young age
group.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Textures for example skin color, and clothes

Also effects such as their shadows are affected
And animation such as their effect of their
movement

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Music Scores
Music can now be created and edited on
Ch - 6 ICT Application

computers. Can be used as part of

adverts or slogans.
Multimedia presentation

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Computer Based
Advantages
Can include interactive elements such as
Ch - 6 ICT Application

sound, video, animation and hyperlinks.

Can be available on different platforms.
Disadvantages
Websites can be hacked and information
may be altered.
Setting up website and maintaining would
be expensive and would require a special
skill set.
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Mobile Based
Types of Communication & Purpose
Phone Calls: Allows users to make a audio phone calls to each other
from any location within the network coverage area.
Text Messages: Allows user to send simple messages to each other
even if the recipients phone is turned of or not within network
coverage.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Accessing the Internet: Email and social networking applications are

now available on mobile phones which makes it easier for users to
stay in contact with each other. Businesses can also use these apps
to advertise and communicate with customers.
Advantages
• Mobile phone is portable and can be used on the move.
• Mobile phone contracts can offer free minutes and texts.
• No need to use payphones (Mobile)
• Work can be done on the move
• You can reach anyone at any time regardless of your location
Disadvantages
• Long distance calls or phones calls in different countries could be
expensive.
• Mobile signal could be weak or non existent in some places.

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VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

When voice calls are taken place over an
internet connection
Ch - 6 ICT Application

To use VoIP, you need an internet connection

The only charge or fees is the monthly internet bill
There are many internet applications that use VoIP
such as:
CoolTalk
NetMeeting
MSN/Yahoo Messenger
Skype
Whatsapp
Viber
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 6.2 Modeling applications

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What is a Computer Model?
It is a computer program that attempts
to simulate areal-life system.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

It is a ‘virtual’ version of something in

the real-world.

The more accurate the model, the

closer it matches real-life.
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Why Are Computer Models Used?

1. To test a system without having to

Ch - 6 ICT Application

create the system for real.

2. To predict what might happen to a

system in the future.

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3. To train people to use a system

without putting them at risk.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

4. To investigate a system in great

detail
(A model of a system can be zoomed
in/out or rotated. Time can be
stopped, rewound, etc.)

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Designing
Safer Cars
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Training Weather
pilots to fly
an airplane Forecasting
Examples of
Computer
Modeling

Building
Running a Better
Business Bridges

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1- Designing Safer Cars

A computer model of a car can be

used to test how safe the design of
Ch - 6 ICT Application

the car is in a crash.

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2- Weather Forecasting
A computer model of
a weather system can be used
Ch - 6 ICT Application

to predict storms, the wind patterns,

temperatures, etc.

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3- Building Better Bridges

A computer model of a bridge can be
used to test the design.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

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4- Running a Business
A computer model of a business can
be used to help predict future
Ch - 6 ICT Application

profits.

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5- Training Pilots to Fly an Airplane

Flight simulators can be used to train
pilots before being allowed to fly a
Ch - 6 ICT Application

real airplane.

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Advantages of using simulation models

Cost – Don’t waste materials

cheaper to use a model / simulation.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Safer.
It can save time.
It is possible to experience lots of situation.

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Disadvantages of using simulation models

The differences between simulation and

reality.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

The person designing the model may

have made mistakes with the rules or the
variable data.
Some situations are hard to model .such
as……
Soul after death

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Disadvantages of robot:
Initial cost of equipment is high.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Equipment can go wrong.

Fewer people needed so leads to
unemployment.

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 6.3 Computer controlled
systems

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 6.6 Applications in Manufacturing Industries

Robots are used in manufacturing to help to improve productivity, consistency (in terms of final
finish) and to reduce overall running costs. Robots generally make the factory a much more safer
environment for workers.
How Are Robots Used in a Factory?
1. Lift heavy items
2. Assemble parts together
3. Paint items (Spraying)
4. Manufacturing Microchips

Robots are programmed with a

sequence of instructions. The Exact sequence of The robot is now able to carry out
programmer may guide the robot movement is stored the same sequence of instructions
through each step physically or by in the memory. over and over again.
controlling the robot by remote.

Advantages Disadvantages
• Robots can work 24/7 with the same consistency and Robots cannot easily adapt to a situation which is beyond
accuracy compared to humans. their sequence of instructions.

• Robots can be more productive than humans. Robots can be expensive to buy and maintain.

• Robots can work in extreme conditions not suitable for Some workers may loose their jobs as robots can do more
humans. labor intensive jobs.

• Robots do not need to be paid. People are deskilled due to robots doing more complicated
jobs.

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Advantages of Robotics:

Can operate continuously 24/7.

Ch - 6 ICT Application

Less expensive to run as, don’t have pay

wages.
Can work in dangerous places.
More accurate than human.
Can react quickly to changes in conditions.

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6.4 School management system

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Schools have to manage many different sets of data:

➢ Pupil information (name, contact details, etc.)
➢ Staff information (name, bank details for pay,
etc.)
Ch - 6 ICT Application

➢ Timetable (rooms, times, subject, staff, classes,

etc.)
➢ Pupil attainment (marks, grades, comments,
etc.)
➢ Pupil behaviour (dates, incidents, notes, etc.)
➢ Administration data (letters, forms, etc.)
➢ Financial records (wages, fees, etc.)
➢ Exam entries (times, dates, pupils, results, etc.)
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School Management System / School Information System:

Manages all of a school's data in a single, integrated application.

Ch - 6 ICT Application

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➢ School Reports
• Computers can be used to keep data on the academic
performance of the students in a school. This would be
Ch - 6 ICT Application

easier and quicker than writing out a report for each

student.

➢ School Libraries

• Many library systems are now computer controlled. They

usually involve the use of barcodes on the books being
borrowed and on the borrower’s library card.

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Why Use Computers to Keep Records?

Data that is stored on a computer (not like the data

written on paper) can be easily:
Ch - 6 ICT Application

organised / sorted in different ways

displayed / printed in a variety of styles and layouts
searched for specific things
updated - adding / changing / deleting items
backed-up - a copy can be made with just a few
clicks
stored / moved - a memory stick is much smaller
than a cupboard full of paper!
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What Might You Store on a Computer?

Your Address Book

To keep track of lots of telephone numbers,
Ch - 6 ICT Application

postal addresses, e-mail address, etc.

– Name
– Address
– Phone number (home)
– Phone number (mobile)
– Phone number (work)
– E-mail address
– Birthday
– Photograph
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4- School Reports

keep data on student academic

performance in a computerised database.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

This allows:
➢ The school to easily track how students are
doing as the year progresses,
➢And to make and print reports be very easy.

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A typical school report database might

contain:

Student ID
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Name
Tutor group
Grades for sem 1
Attendance for sem 1
Comments by teachers for sem 1
Grades for sem 2
Etc.
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School Library Database
To keep track of which books are available,
and who has borrowed any of them.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

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A typical school library system would store

the following information:
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Books Students Borrowings

ID number ID number Book ID

Title Name Borrower ID
Author Grade Date borrowed
Publisher Date of birth Returned?
Fiction? (Y/N) Fines to pay (Y/N)
Genre

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6.5 Online Booking System

Online booking systems use real time
processing which allows users to
Ch - 6 ICT Application

make and confirm bookings instantly.

Once payment has been received and
booking is confirmed then booking
can not be double booked.

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Example Uses of booking system:

Transport: Flight, Trains and Buses

Entertainment: Theatre, Cinema and
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Stadium
Accommodation: Hotels, Apartments and
Villas

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Booking system
Advantages Disadvantages
• User can check availability of tickets • It may be difficult to cancel a
Ch - 6 ICT Application

and compare prices on comparison booking and get your money back.
websites.
• Online booking services have
• Confirmation message is sent
known to crash to high level of
instantly once payment has been
authorised. traffic to the website.
• They prevent double booking as the • You are unable to receive specific
process is real time. This means if advice on your booking if it is done
somebody makes a booking then it online.
instantly becomes unavailable.
• Websites may not be user friendly
• You may receive special offers if you
and may make the booking
regularly book using a particular
booking website. process more difficult.

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Input: User will select the
requirements of the
booking. E.g. date of flights,
Airports, Location etc.

Processing : involves
Ch - 6 ICT Application

checking if bookings are

possible (availability)

Outputs:
booking confirmations
/rejections
alternatives/Payment

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 6.6 - Banking Applications

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Using Cash Machines (ATMs)

ATMs can be used to for a range of banking
services:
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Withdrawing cash
Depositing money
Checking the balance of accounts
Transferring money between accounts
Paying bills

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Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)
EFT is a system that allows money
transfer instructions to be sent directly to
a bank’s computer system.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

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ATM (Cash machines) can be used for various

purposes (including cash withdrawal/deposit,
checking/printing statement).
The PIN number is Customer may be asked to select a language.
compared with the PIN
Ch - 6 ICT Application

stored in the chip. If Pin

is the same then the The customer types in the PIN.
customer can Proceed.
Cash Withdrawal
If not customer will be If Pin is correct then the customer will select Cash Deposit
requested to re enter the a service. Check Balance
Pin. Print Statement
Phone Topup
If customer selects the Cash Withdrawal then
they are requested to select an amount to
The customer’s account
is checked to see if it has
withdraw.
sufficient funds. If there are sufficient funds and the amount is within
the card limit the required notes are issued.
The amount is also
checked against the card
limit or daily withdrawal
limit. Customer is requested if they would like a receipt.
The card is then returned to the customer.

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Electronic Payments for Goods (EFTPOS)

Banks allow goods to be paid for

electronically, using a system called
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Electronic Fund Transfer at Point-of-

Sale (EFTPOS).

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Credit/debit card transactions

Many credit/debit cards are equipped
with a chip as well as a magnetic stripe –
the chip contains key information such
Ch - 6 ICT Application

as the PIN.

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Cheques
Cheques are one of the oldest ways of paying
somebody for services or goods. Because it is
a relatively expensive, slow and less secure
Ch - 6 ICT Application

way of making payments, cheques are slowly

being phased out.

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Centralised clearing of cheques

This method was first introduced around 2017 and has now been
adopted by many banks worldwide. It is a much quicker system
than the previous method used to clear cheques.
In this method, cheques are cleared using an image-based
Ch - 6 ICT Application

system that speeds up the cheque clearing process considerably.

When a cheque is paid in to a bank, an electronic image is made
of the cheque using OCR software. All of the bank details plus the
sum of money to be paid are read

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Internet Banking

Customers can access their bank account

Ch - 6 ICT Application

from home using on-line banking services.

Customers can connect to the

bank’s secure (encrypted) website where
they login
usually with a username and a password).

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Customers can use the on-line

banking system to:
Ch - 6 ICT Application

❖ View bank satement

❖ Check the balance of bank accounts
❖ Pay bills
❖ Transfer money between accounts
(using EFT)
❖ Apply for loans, or other services

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Advantages to the bank of online banking:

The bank can reduce the number of

branches, which will reduce the costs.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Fewer bank staff are needed, which

lower total wages bill.

The bank staff can be less qualified

which reduces the wage costs.
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Disadvantages to the bank of online banking:

Have to employ and train staff with skills

Ch - 6 ICT Application

in computer / network development

and maintenance.

Have to spend out large amount of

money on new system to perform online
banking.

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Advantages to the customer of online

banking:

More convenient - can be used 24 hours

Ch - 6 ICT Application

a day, 7 days a week

Saves time and money since you don't

have to travel anywhere to use it

Can pay bills without the need for cheques

and money for parking.
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Disadvantages to the customer of

online banking:

Requires a computer and Internet access

Ch - 6 ICT Application

The worry of hackers accessing your

account and stealing money.

Lack of the personal touch you get when

baking at traditional branch.

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Telephone Banking
Similar to Internet banking, but does not
require a computer, only a normal
Ch - 6 ICT Application

telephone.

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The system works by you calling the bank's

telephone banking number then you:

Enter your account number (using the

Ch - 6 ICT Application

phone's number keys)

Enter your PIN
Then hear various options: ("Press 1 to find
your balance, Press 2 to transfer money...")
pick an option (using the phone's number
keys)
And so on...
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Customers can use the telephone banking

system to…

Check the balance of bank accounts

Ch - 6 ICT Application

Pay bills
Transfer money between accounts
(using EFT)
Speak to a bank staff to get financial advice

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The advantages of telephone banking are

similar to Internet banking, but there are some
extra things:
Ch - 6 ICT Application

1. You don't need a computer

2. You can speak to the bank’s staff

The disadvantage compared to Internet

banking:
1. The system can be difficult to use
(working through all of those menus)
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 6.7 - Computer in Medicine

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Mohammed
Mohammed
Mirghani
Mirghani
ICTICT
Teacher
Teacher
2020-2022
BES 65
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Type Use of Technology Advantages Disadvantages

Information • Keeping patient • Computers can take • Equipment

Systems in records in a database more accurate an more could be
Medicine so correct diagnosis can frequent readings of expensive.
be given according to patients. • Training would
patients medical history. • Computers can respond be required.
• Monitoring patients quicker to any changes • Regular
Ch - 6 ICT Application

in patients condition. maintenance of

(vital signs) using
• Staff are available to the system
measure and control
complete other tasks. would be
systems • Data can be stored in required.
• The use of expert central place. • Systems could
systems to diagnose an • Saving physical space stop
illness. which would be required responding.
to stored paper records.

3D printers • Surgical and • Printing is relatively • Technology is

Diagnostic Aids cheap. still in the earl
• Prosthetics • Printing can be faster stages of
• Tissue engineering compared to development.
• Artificial blood vessels manufacturing parts. • Limited
• Designs of medical selection of
materials
tools and equipment
available.

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Monitoring of Patients
Sensors are attached to the patient.
Sensors are used to monitor:
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Pulse rate (heart beats per minute)

Temperature
Breathing rate (breathes per minute)
Blood oxygen levels
Blood pressure

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Managing Patient Records

Hospitals make use of computerised
databases to store patient records:
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Patient data can be easily shared between

doctors, pharmacies and other hospitals
It is easy to search for and retrieve patient
records
Doctors can instruct a pharmacy to
issue medication for a patient (no paper
note needs to be written)
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The patient data that would be typically stored would
be:Patient ID (number or text) - this would be the key field
Name (text)
Date-of-birth (date)
Gender (boolean)
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Blood group (text)

Allergies (text)
Medical history (text)
Doctor currently treating (text)
Current symptoms (text)
Current diagnosis (text)
Current treatment (text)
Current medication (text)
X-rays or body scans (links to image/video files)
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Medical System Example

Ch - 6 ICT Application

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Medical System Example

Ch - 6 ICT Application

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 6.8 - Expert systems

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Expert system

Also called knowledge based system

Ch - 6 ICT Application

Definition
Program that behaves in the same as
a human expert in a specialist field

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An example expert system

http://www.yourdiagnosis.com/
Ch - 6 ICT Application

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Applications of expert systems:

- Prospecting for oil / mineral

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- Car engine fault diagnosis

- Tax advice
- Chess games
- Medical diagnosis
- Animal/Plant identification

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Expert systems consist of:

Knowled
ge base
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User Expert Inferenc

interfac system e engine
e s

Rule
base

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1. Knowledge base
– Huge data about a particular filed.
E.g. Medical system - All the
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knowledge about diseases from all

the best doctors in their fields.

2. Inference Engine
– A software attempts to derive answers
from the knowledge base using a form
of reasoning.
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3. Rule Base
– A set of rules that apply to the situation.
E.g. Medical system - one rule may be:
Ch - 6 ICT Application

“If the patient has a headache then

they should take two aspirin”.

4. A user interface
– To allow data/enquiries to be input and
results to be output.

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How an expert system is created and

evaluated
Experts are interviewed for requirements
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Data is collected from experts

Knowledge base is designed/created
Rule base is designed/created
Inference engine is designed/created
Input screen is designed/created
Output format is designed/created
Check the system with experts (Evaluation)
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How Do Expert Systems Work?

1. An interactive screen appears and asks
questions.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

2. Answers are typed in / options are

selected on a touch screen.
3. The inference engine compares the data
input with the knowledge base, using the
rules base until matches are found.
4. The system suggests the probable result.

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Advantages expert systems

Provide consistent answers.

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Never forget to answer a question.

Reduces time taken to solve a problem.

A less skilled work force is needed.

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Disadvantages of expert systems

Lack of common sense.

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Errors in knowledge base lead to incorrect

decisions being made.

Can be very expensive to set up.

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Note:
Expert systems only apply to situations which
follow scientific principles and use logical
reasoning to decision making.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

Plenary:
◼ Explain the function of a expert / knowledge
system.
◼ State and explain the four parts of an expert /
knowledge system.

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Example (1)
An expert system is used to help
Ch - 6 ICT Application

diagnose car engine faults.

Describe the inputs, outputs and
processing involved in such a system

[4]

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Answer:
1- Input
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- Symptoms are typed in

- Input direct from data logger/ Embedded
computer

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2- Processing
- Expert system compares symptoms with
those in the knowledge base
- Using inference engine
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- Using rules base

- Matches are found

3- Output
- Suggestions / Probable faults

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Example (2)
Doctors often use expert systems to
diagnose illnesses of patients.
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Describe how expert systems are used

in this process.
[4]

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1. Symptoms are entered

2. Uses interactive interface/Asks questions...
3. … based on previous responses
4. Expert system analyses data
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5. Inference engine compares symptoms

6. Compares with those held in knowledge
base…
7. … uses rules base
8. Matches are found
9. Suggests probabilities/possible diagnoses

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6.9 Computers in the Retail Industry

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 POS (Point of Sale) is the place a transaction
takes place. Customers can pay by cash or
using their debit/credit cards. Stock control
systems can automatically update stock
records when items are purchased at the POS.
-6
Bar code purchased
scanner used to cans
scan items at
POS
Current Stock 6 Cans Purchased Current Stock Level
Level 10 When goods are sold at the POS the stock 4
control system is automatically updated.

If Stock Falls Below 5

(Pre-set)
True: Reorder 10
Order is sent to the
Stock control system suppliers.
automatically updates the The suppliers send a delivery (10 Suppliers address
stock levels adding the cans of baeans) to the store. details stored in
delivered goods. database.
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 6.13 Computers in the Retail Industry
EFTPOS (Electronic Fund Transfer Point of Sale) is when a
customer uses a card to complete a transaction.
1. Customer gives bank card to cashier at POS.
Pin entered
has to be 2. The cashier enters the card in to the chip and pin
correct for the reader and confirms the value of the purchase.
transaction to
3. The customer is requested to enter their pin. If Pin
continue. The
matches the Pin stored on the chip then the
card will also
transaction can continue.
be checked
for validity If funds are not
4. The shops computer will use the account details on
(expiry available a declined
the chip to connect to the customers bank account
date/stolen). message will be sent
and check the balance.
to the stores
computer. The cashier
5. If funds are sufficient then the transaction will be
will then request for
approved.
another method of
6. The purchase amount is subtracted from the payment
customer’s account and deposited into the shops
banks account.
7. Once the transaction is complete receipt will be
printed. The cashier will give the card and receipt to the
customer.
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 6.13 Computers in the Retail Industry
Internet banking and shopping is becoming more popular to users due to the
development of the internet and the advancement of mobile internet technology.

Advantages Disadvantages
• Internet is now available on more platforms including • Online accounts could be
applications available on phones and tablets. hacked/cards details could be
• Internet can be accessed 24/7. stolen.
• No need to travel (saves money on travel/parking) • Users require a internet connection
• Saves time (No need to que in the banks or shops) and need to be computer literate.
• Access to wide range of goods on the internet. • Lack of socialising/exercising.
• Useful for individuals who find it difficult to travel and • You can not see the goods before you
goods can be delivered directly to your home. buy (try on clothes).
• People can spend more time doing other leisure • Delays in delivery.
activities.
Effect on the company
• Less retail outlets required which means no rent or utility costs.
• Less staff required in retail outlets however specialist staff would have to be
employed to maintain the website and run the dispatch department.
• Online presence would attract more customers (Global).
• Lack of customer interaction.

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 6.10 Recognition systems

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Recognition systems
➢ Recognition Systems are used to directly enter data into
a computer system. Recognition systems tend to be more
accurate and quicker method of entering data into a
Ch - 6 ICT Application

computer system compared to manual methods.

➢ there are systems such as the MICR, OCR, OMR, and RFID
that are recognition systems
➢ More OMR examples are:
▪ Multiple choice question papers
▪ Automatic number plate recognition(ANPR)system

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Recognition systems Examples
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6.11 Satellite Systems

➢ Global positioning Satellite (GPS)systems can determine a
specific locations using satellite navigation systems.
• Cars, Ships, Planes can use GPS when navigating to specific
locations.
Ch - 6 ICT Application

• Walkers to locate position on hills/mountains.

• Used by runners to calculate distance.

➢ Advantages:
▪ The driver doesn’t have to go back to the maps which makes it
safer while driving
▪ The system can warn drivers of the location of speed camera’s
▪ This system could also give you alternative routes for a faster trips
➢ Disadvantages:
▪ You have to update the maps or you would be given incorrect
instructions
▪ Loss of satellite signals can cause problems
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6.12 Satellite Systems
GIS (Geographic Information System)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for
capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on
Earth’s surfaceallows potential locations to be analysed based on
Ch - 6 ICT Application

specific queries.
USES
Used to capture, manage, analyse and display
geographically referenced information.
o Use to determine distance between two places.
o Used to find Community Services (e.g. Schools) the nearest petrol
station or restaurant, Road Networks etc.
o To protect animal and plant life in certain vulnerable
places.
o Can be used in geography, science or engineering lessons.
Environmental Features (e.g. Rivers)
Properties Details (e.g. rental properties)

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GIS will allow users to see specific details on

a location:
➢ Advantages:
▪ Combination of information into easily understood maps
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▪ Scientists and engineers are able to see the data in several

different ways in order to see patterns and relationships
Layering is when several different maps are places together to
make up combined maps made up of the specific queries that you
chose, GIS will then combine these specific details and allow the
user to specify certain criteria about a particular location.

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Media communication systems

➢ Communication media refers to methods of delivering
and receiving data using telecommunications
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➢ There are many medias in which you could send and

receive information from such as, Wi-Fi, Copper
cable, Fiber optics

➢ Signals are converted to analogue and then beamed

to the satellite from a satellite dish on earth. The
signals are transmitted delivered trough carrier waves
which consist of radio waves.
➢ Each signal has its own frequency and bandwidth, the
larger the bandwidth the more data is transmitted.

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END OF CHAPTER 6

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