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vi Contents

2.3 F
ormatting the Title Page, Wording the Title, and Writing the Author Note 31
2.3.1 Formatting the Title Page 31
2.3.2 Wording the Title 32
2.3.3 Writing the Author Note 32
2.4 Abstract 33
2.4.1 Writing the Abstract 33
2.4.2 Formatting the Abstract 33
2.5 Introduction 34
2.5.1 Introduce Generally and Gently 34
2.5.2 Introduce Key Issues 35
2.5.3 If Necessary, Introduce Key Definitions 35
2.5.4 Introduce and State Your Thesis 35
2.5.5 Arouse the Reader’s Curiosity 36
2.6 Body 36
2.6.1 Make the Material Tell a Coherent Story: Have a Theme, Organize Your
Notes, and Outline Your Paper 36
2.6.2 Be Both Concise and Precise 40
2.6.3 Focus on Facts and Fairness 41
2.6.4 Know Your (Facts’) Limitations 42
2.7 Conclusion 42
2.7.1 Conclude by Summing Up Your Case 42
2.7.2 Conclude—Do Not Introduce 43
2.8 References 43
2.9 Tense 44
2.10 Sample Term Paper 44
2.11 Checklist for Evaluating Your Paper 59
2.12 Summary 60

CHAPTER 3

Writing Research Reports and Proposals 61

3.1 G
eneral Strategies for Writing Your Paper: Presenting,
Writing, and Planning Its Different Parts 61
3.1.1 Main Headings and Sections: Formatting the Research
Paper’s 10 Sections 62
3.1.2 The Value of Writing Your Paper out of Order 62
3.1.3 The General Plan of Your Paper 62
3.2 Formatting the Title Page, Wording the Title, and Writing the Author Note 65
3.2.1 Formatting the Title Page 65
3.2.2 Wording the Title 66
3.2.3 Writing the Author Note 67
3.3 Abstract 68
3.3.1 Writing the Abstract 68
3.3.2 Keywords 70
3.3.3 Finishing and Formatting the Abstract Page 70

3.4 Introduction 70
3.4.1 Introduce the General Topic 71
3.4.2 Review Relevant Research and Theory 71
3.4.3 Introduce the Hypothesis 73
3.5 Method 74
3.5.1 Participants or Subjects 75
3.5.2 Apparatus 76
3.5.3 Materials or Measures 77
3.5.4 Design and Other Optional Subsections 77
3.5.5 Procedure 78
3.6 Results 79
3.6.1 Statistical Significance 80
3.6.2 Formatting Statistical Information 81
3.6.3 When Not to Use Either a Table or a Figure 82
3.6.4 When to Use Tables 82
3.6.5 Creating Tables 82
3.6.6 When to Use Figures 85
3.6.7 Creating Figures 85
3.6.8 Units 91
3.7 Discussion 91
3.7.1 Briefly Restate the Results 92
3.7.2 Relate Results to Other Research 93
3.7.3 State Qualifications and Reservations—And Use Them
to Propose Future Research 94
3.7.4 Explain the Research’s Implications 95
3.7.5 Conclude 95
3.8 References 96
3.9 Appendixes 96
3.10 Tense 97
3.11 Sample Research Report 98
3.12 Report and Proposal Content Checklist 113
3.13 Summary 118

CHAPTER 4

Finding, Reading, Citing, and Referencing Sources 119

4.1 Finding Information 119
4.1.1 Starting Your Search: Databases, Search Terms, and Secondary Sources 119
4.1.2 Using One Reference to Find More References 122
4.1.3 Deciding What to Read: Choosing Acceptable Sources 124
4.2 Reading 129
4.2.1 Read Purposefully 129
4.2.2 Take Thoughtful, Useful Notes—And if You Copy, Be Careful 130
4.2.3 Reread 130
4.2.4 Revise Your Notes 130

4.3 Citations: What to Cite and Why 134

4.3.1 Citing From Secondary Sources 134
4.3.2 Citing Information Obtained From the Internet 135
4.3.3 Citing Personal Communications 135
4.4 General Rules for How to Format Citations 136
4.4.1 What Your Citation Should Include: Usually, Only Name and Date 136
4.4.2 General Strategies for Formatting Author and Date Information:
Use Only Name Citations and Parenthetical Citations 137
4.5 F
ormatting Individual Citations: Principles and Examples 139
4.5.1 Work by One Author: Whether the Listed Author
Is a Person, Organization, or “Anonymous” 140
4.5.2 Work by Two Authors 140
4.5.3 Work by Three, Four, or Five Authors 141
4.5.4 Work by Six or More Authors 141
4.5.5 Work by Author Sharing Same Last Name as Another Cited Author 142
4.5.6 Work With No Listed Author 142
4.5.7 Works With Dating Problems: Not Published, Not Yet
Published, No Publication Date, Multiple Publication Dates 142
4.5.8 Works From Nontraditional Sources: Personal Communications and
Secondary Sources 143
4.6 Formatting Multiple Citations 143
4.6.1 More Than Two Works by Different Authors 143
4.6.2 More Than Two Works by the Same Author 144
4.6.3 Citing the Same Work by the Same Author More Than Once 144
4.6.4 Citing the Same Work by the Same Authors More Than Once 145
4.7 Paraphrasing 145
4.8 Quoting 146
4.8.1 Embedded Quotations 146
4.8.2 Block Quotations 147
4.9 Deciding What to Reference 148
4.9.1 Cite but Do Not Reference Communications That Cannot Be Retrieved 148
4.9.2 Reference Secondary Sources You Read but Not
Original Sources That You Only Read About 149
4.10 Formatting References 150
4.10.1 Starting the Reference Page 150
4.10.2 General Tips for Formatting Individual References 151
4.10.3 Put Your References in Alphabetical Order
and Follow These Rules to Break Ties 152
4.10.4 Formatting the First Part of the Reference: The Author Names 154
4.10.5 Formatting the Second Part of the Reference: The Publication Date 155
4.10.6 Formatting the Third Part of the Reference: The Title 156
4.10.7 Abbreviations 156
4.10.8 Referencing Books 156
4.10.9 Referencing Book Chapters 158
4.10.10 Referencing Journal Articles 160

4.10.11 Referencing Abstracts of Journal Articles 162

4.10.12 Referencing Internet Sources 162
4.11 Checklists 167
4.11.1 Academic Honesty Checklist 167
4.11.2 Formatting Citations Checklist 168
4.11.3 Finding and Using Sources Checklist 169
4.11.4 Reference Page Checklist 169
4.12 Summary 171

CHAPTER 5

Making Your Case: A Guide to Skeptical Reading

and Logical Writing 175
5.1 Deductive Arguments 176
5.2 I nductive Arguments: Making Relatively
Careful Generalizations 178
5.3 Argument by Analogy 180
5.4 Overview of Problems in Making Arguments 181
5.5 Appeals to Emotion, Faith, or Authority 181
5.5.1 Appeals to Emotion 181
5.5.2 Appeals to Faith 181
5.5.3 Appeals to Authority 181
5.6 Unfair Arguments 182
5.6.1 Ad Hominem Arguments 182
5.6.2 Ignoring Contradictory Evidence 182
5.6.3 Straw Man Arguments 183
5.7 General Errors in Reasoning From Evidence 183
5.7.1 Inferring Causation From Correlation 183
5.7.2 Making Something out of Nothing: Misinterpreting Null Results 186
5.7.3 Adding Meaning to Significance: Misinterpreting Significant Results 186
5.7.4 Trusting Labels Too Much: Not Questioning Construct Validity 188
5.7.5 Not Questioning Generalizations 189
5.8 Critical Thinking Checklist 190
5.9 Summary 190

CHAPTER 6

Writing the Wrongs: How to Avoid Gruesome Grammar, Putrid

Punctuation, and Saggy Style 193
6.1 Elements of Grammar 194
6.1.1 Nouns 194
6.1.2 Personal and Impersonal Pronouns 195
6.1.3 Verbs 197
6.1.4 Articles 198
6.1.5 Adjectives 199

6.1.6 Adverbs 199

6.1.7 Prepositions 200
6.1.8 Conjunctions 201
6.1.9 Relative Pronouns 202
6.1.10 Phrases 203
6.1.11 Clauses 203
6.1.12 Sentences 203
6.1.13 Paragraphs 204
6.2 Punctuation 205
6.2.1 End Marks (Periods, Question Marks, Exclamation Points) 205
6.2.2 Commas 205
6.2.3 Semicolons 206
6.2.4 Colons 206
6.2.5 Apostrophes 206
6.2.6 Parentheses 207
6.2.7 Dashes 207
6.2.8 Hyphens 207
6.2.9 Quotation Marks 208
6.3 Usage 208
6.3.1 Know What You Mean 208
6.3.2 Let the Reader Know What You Are Comparing 212
6.3.3 Use Comparatives and Superlatives Correctly 212
6.3.4 Divide or Reconnect Run-On Sentences 213
6.3.5 Help Readers Get “It” (and Other Pronouns) by Specifying Nonspecific
Referents 213
6.3.6 Attribute Humanity Only to Humans 214
6.4 Writing With Style 215
6.4.1 Accentuate the Positive 215
6.4.2 Point the Way Within and Between Paragraphs 215
6.4.3 Use Parallel Construction 216
6.4.4 Use a Consistent, Formal Tone 217
6.4.5 Use Small Words and Short Sentences 217
6.4.6 Be Precise 217
6.4.7 Be Concise 218
6.4.8 Be Cautious 218
6.5 Your Own Style 220
6.6 Checklists 220
6.6.1 Parts of Speech 220
6.6.2 Punctuation 221
6.6.3 Style 222
6.7 Summary 222

CHAPTER 7

Preparing the Final Draft 225

7.1 Presentation: Appearance Matters 225
7.1.1 Paper, Margins, Spacing, and Spaces 225
7.1.2 Word Processor Settings: Making Your Word Processor
Help You 226
7.1.3 Fonts 227
7.2 APA Format 227
7.2.1 Page Headers and the Title Page 227
7.2.2 Paragraphs 228
7.2.3 Headings 228
7.2.4 Italics 229
7.2.5 Abbreviations 230
7.2.6 Numbers 232
7.2.7 Tables and Figures 233
7.3 Conclusions 234
7.4 Format Checklists 234
7.4.1 General Appearance Checklist 234
7.4.2 Headings and Headers Checklist 234
7.4.3 Numbers Checklist 235
7.4.4 Citations and References Checklist 235
7.4.5 Abbreviations Checklist 235
7.4.6 Title Page Checklist 236
7.5 Summary 236

References 239
Appendix A APA Copy Style Versus APA Final-Form Style 241
Appendix B Problem Plurals 243
Index 247

1. Why is my professor asking me to write a paper?

2. Why is it important to write a good paper?
3. How can this book help me?

In the next few sections, we will answer these questions.

Why Professors Assign Papers

Some day, employers may use brain scans to find out which applicants will become
trusted, expert workers. Today, professors use papers to help you develop and display
the skills that will help you become a trusted expert: learning independently, thinking
critically, communicating clearly, representing both the evidence and other people’s
contributions honestly, and working conscientiously.
Producing an original paper shows that you are someone who can leave the class-
room to find, evaluate, and produce knowledge. Producing a well-written paper shows
that you can share your knowledge and sell your ideas. Producing an intellectually hon-
est paper—one that not only gives proper credit to others for their ideas, words, and
contributions but also includes evidence that goes against your position—shows that
you can be fair, considerate, and honorable. Producing an “A” paper shows that you can
◆◆ complete tasks on time,
◆◆ follow directions,
◆◆ work independently, and
◆◆ produce an excellent product.
The skills that you will display in your paper will be refined as you write that paper.
As you prepare to write your first draft, you will become a more independent learner
and thinker because you have to do the following tasks:
◆◆ find relevant material in journals,
◆◆ read and understand complex material,
◆◆ evaluate what you read,
◆◆ organize both your notes and your thinking about what you read, and
◆◆ create new knowledge by pulling together information from several different
sources and critically analyzing that information.

xiii

As you write and rewrite drafts of your paper, you refine two general skills: thinking
clearly and writing clearly. Finally, as you proof and polish your paper so that you can
present your professor with an error-free paper by the deadline, you develop time
management, stress management, and detail management skills that will help you in
almost any job.

Why You Should Write a Good Paper

Writing a good paper will help you impress teachers and employers with your in-
tegrity and independence, your professionalism and persistence, as well as your re-
sourcefulness and reliability. Writing will also help you achieve the goals that make
psychology appealing: describing, explaining, and controlling thoughts and behavior.
As a writer, you are trying to describe, explain, and control your own thoughts. By
writing well, not only will you discover your own thoughts (to quote Forster, 1927,
p. 101, “How can I know what I think until I see what I say?”), but you will also learn
to evaluate your own thinking. You will see where your thinking is logical, where it is
biased, where it is based more on faith than on evidence, and where it is slightly disor-
ganized—and you will use those insights to improve your thinking.
Successful writing also requires that you understand and control the mind of the
reader. Indeed, King (2000) argues that writing is almost like telepathy—your vision
is sent into a reader’s mind. At a more practical level, you want to control the reader’s
heart, mind, and behavior. For example, you want the reader (your professor) to give
you a good grade.
Finally, writing a good paper is its own reward. As Chesterfield (1739/1827) wrote,
“Next to the doing of things that deserve to be written, there is nothing that gets a
person more credit or pleasure than to write things that deserve to be read” (p. 99).
Ideally, as you prepare to write your paper, you will be doing things—conducting re-
search studies or having insights—“that deserve to be written,” and, as you polish your
paper, your work will “deserve to be read.” Thus, our dream is that, after writing one
of your papers, you will—at least momentarily—feel like Plato (trans. 1932) felt when
he wrote, “What task in life could I have performed nobler than this … to bring the
nature of things into the light for all to see?” (Epistles, 7.341.d).

How This Book Can Help You

This book is full of tips, checklists, and practical advice to improve your writing.
You will gain so much insight into how professors look at papers that you will be able
to grade—and correct—your paper before it reaches your professor.
◆◆ Chapter 1 helps you understand what teachers look for in papers so that you can
avoid the most common errors that students make, regardless of what kind of
paper you are writing.
◆◆ Chapter 2 helps you write better essays and term papers by telling you the
secrets of writing such papers, showing you an example paper, and giving you a
checklist that helps you evaluate and improve your own paper.

◆◆ Chapter 3 helps you write better research reports and proposals by giving you
useful tips, an example research report, and a research report checklist.
◆◆ Chapter 4 helps you find the references you need and shows you how to make
sense of them after you have found them. Then, it helps you avoid two common
student mistakes: (a) not citing sources correctly and (b) not referencing sources
correctly.
◆◆ Chapter 5 helps you understand what professors mean by “critical thinking.”
After reading Chapter 5, (a) you will be more likely to find flaws that others
made in their research and in their arguments, and (b) you will be less likely to
make those mistakes in your research and in your arguments.
◆◆ Chapter 6 contains a review of basic grammar as well as some tips on how to
write well. You will probably consult this chapter when you are editing the next-
to-final draft of your paper. You may also find the definitions of grammatical
terms helpful in trying to decipher the American Psychological Association’s
(APA) Publication Manual.
◆◆ Chapter 7 will be useful as you prepare to print out the final draft of your paper.
Follow the formatting tips in that chapter to ensure that your paper makes a
good first impression.
◆◆ Appendix A lists the key differences between APA copy style (the format of an
unpublished manuscript submitted to an editor for review) and APA final-form
style (the format of a published article). If your professor asks you to use APA
final-form style, Appendix A will be invaluable. By highlighting the formatting
rules that published articles follow, it will help you use a published article as a
model for your paper. If your professor asks you to use APA copy style, Appendix
A will still be valuable. By highlighting the differences between published articles
and unpublished manuscripts, it will help you know what you should not model
from published articles. For example, you will know that although published
articles are single-spaced, your unpublished manuscript should be double spaced.
◆◆ This book’s website (http://www.writingforpsychology.com) contains many
useful resources, including
◆◆ screen shots that show you exactly how to set up your word processor to
make it work for you,
◆◆ templates that you can use so that your paper will be correctly formatted,
◆◆ practice quizzes that you can take, and
◆◆ sample papers that you can grade.

Formatting Practices We Use That You Should Not

As you can see from the table of contents, the section headings of this book contain
both a number and a title (e.g., Chapter 1’s third section is “1.3 Understanding APA
Style”). When you have a specific question about how to write your paper, having
these section numbers in the headings will help you quickly find the section of this

book that has the answer to your question. However, in your papers, do not use numbers
to label your headings.
We have also used formatting to help you easily spot examples. All examples are in
a “typewriter” font (like this). When we are contrasting examples of correct and incor-
rect writing, we include these symbols for quick reference:
a check mark next to good examples
an “x” next to bad examples

However, in your papers, use Times New Roman font.

Finally, we use footnotes to draw your attention to particular points. However,
when you write papers for psychology classes, do not use footnotes.

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
To the Professor
When you ask students to write an APA-style paper, many of them are clueless
both about why you are forcing them to go through such an onerous ritual and about
whether you will find their sacrifices (their papers) acceptable. In this book, we help
students understand and meet your expectations by (a) explaining the purpose behind
papers, (b) helping students understand how to write for an academic audience,
(c) giving them strategies for accomplishing the many tasks involved in writing a good
paper, (d) showing them how to avoid common mistakes, (e) giving them examples
they can model, and (f ) giving them checklists so that they can monitor their own
performance.
Admittedly, if you had enough time, you could do what this book does. You could
give your students lectures on APA style; assign the APA’s Publication Manual; prepare
handouts that explain the Manual; take students on tours of both the library and the
writing center; and teach students about grammar, logic, and plagiarism. However, if
you assign this book, you will not need to provide detailed instructions about writing
in APA style; avoiding plagiarism; or finding, citing, and referencing sources. Instead,
the only instructions you will need to give your students are a general description of
the project, a due date, and a word limit.

Acknowledgments
The first edition of this book was an adaptation of the fourth edition of Robert
O’Shea’s Writing for Psychology (2002). Therefore, we owe a great debt to the indi-
viduals whose constructive comments shaped that successful book: Kypros Kypri,
Lea McGregor Dawson, Lorelle Burton, Sue Galvin, Jamin Halberstadt, Cindy Hall,
Neil McNaughton, Jeff Miller, David O’Hare, Ann Reynolds, Rob Thompson, Diana
Rothstein, and 13 anonymous reviewers.
The second edition of this book was an improvement over the first edition, thanks
mostly to award-winning journalist K. Lee Howard’s editing skills, psychology profes-
sor Ruth Ault’s advice on teaching APA style, and English professor Darlynn Fink’s
advice on teaching writing. In addition, psychology professor Jeanne Slattery’s com-
ments about how to teach writing to psychology majors improved Chapter 1, philoso-
phy professor Todd Lavin’s comments about how to teach critical thinking improved
Chapter 5, and history professor Robert Frakes’s comments about how to prevent
student writing errors improved Chapter 6.
This edition of Writing for Psychology: A Guide for Students owes a tremendous debt
to two people we consider coauthors of this book: psychology professor Ruth Ault and
English professor Darlynn Fink. We thank them not only for their editing skills but
also for their insights about how to teach writing. In addition, we owe a substantial debt
to psychology professor Thomas Vilberg for his extensive comments on Chapter 3, to

xvii

hilosophy professor Jamie Phillips for his invaluable comments on Chapters 1 and 5,
p
and to reference librarian Mary Buchanan for her comments on Chapter 4.
We would also like to thank the following reviewers for their constructive
comments: Marie Balaban, Eastern Oregon University; Shannon Edmiston, Clar-
ion University; Michael Hulsizer, Webster University; Hal Miller, Brigham Young
University; Moises Salinas, Central Connecticut State University; Vann B. Scott Jr.,
Armstrong Atlantic State University; Linda Mezydlo Subich, University of Akron;
and Daniel Webster, Georgia Southern University. In addition, we would like to
thank the entire team at Cengage, particularly Timothy Matray, Acquiring Spon-
soring Editor; Lauren K. Moody, Assistant Editor; and Dewanshu Ranjan, Project
Manager at PreMediaGlobal.

What Every Student Should Know

About Writing Psychology Papers

1.1 Understanding the Written and 1.5 Submitting the Finished Product
Unwritten Directions
1.6 Avoiding Common Problems:
1.2 Understanding Academic Values A Checklist

1.3 Understanding APA Style 1.7 Summary

1.4 Writing and Revising

To write successfully, you need to write for your audience. Unfortunately, most
students do not understand how writing for a psychology professor is different from
writing an e-mail to a friend or writing an essay for an English teacher. Therefore, in
this chapter, we will help you understand your professor’s expectations about how you
should plan, write, revise, and present your paper so that you can write a paper that has
the intellectual weight, formal tone, editorial sound, and professional look that your
professor—and you—will like.

1.1 Understanding the Written and Unwritten Directions

Most professors will expect you to write your paper using American Psychological
Association (APA) copy style, the style used for submitting a manuscript to a jour-
nal. Therefore, this book focuses on helping you write in that style. However, you
still need to pay attention to your professor’s formatting instructions because your
professor may impose formatting requirements that are more extensive than APA’s.
For example, your professor may require a special cover sheet or require that your
paper be between 10 and 12 pages long.
Although it is important to know your professor’s formatting requirements, it is
essential that you know what type of assignment you have and what goals your profes-
sor has for the assignment. You should know whether you are writing a paper about
a study that you either conducted or plan to conduct (if so, consult Chapter 3) or

whether you are writing an essay or term paper that will be based on other people’s
studies (if so, consult Chapter 2).
Once you know what type of assignment you have, try to find out your professor’s
goals for the paper. For example, if your professor’s main goal for a term paper is that
you analyze strengths and weaknesses of research studies, you should write a different
paper than you would if your professor’s goal is that you find and summarize recent
research on your topic.
Once you understand your professor’s main goals, you may still be frustrated
because he or she has not answered your main question: “Exactly what do you want?”
Three obstacles prevent your professor from answering that question in as much
detail as you might like.
First, if your professor told you exactly how to write the paper, the professor would
be writing the paper for you. Thus, just as your professor would not tell you exactly
how to take a multiple-choice test (“Answer ‘a’ for question 1, ‘c’ for question 2”), your
professor is not going to tell you exactly how to write the paper.
Second, if your professor gave you detailed instructions on how to write the paper,
those instructions would be hundreds of pages long. Consequently, your professor
must use shorthand. For example, “appropriately referenced” is shorthand for the
rules you will find in Chapter 4; “making a logical argument and informed criticisms”
is shorthand for following the rules you will find in Chapter 5; “grammatical and well
written” is shorthand for following numerous grammatical rules, the most important
of which are explained in Chapter 6; and “conforming to APA format” is shorthand
for following the rules we describe in Chapter 7.
Third, if, as is usually the case, many of your professor’s goals for the paper are
the same goals that almost all professors have, your professor may think those goals
“go without saying.” One reason that almost all professors have similar expectations
is that almost all professors share certain underlying values that affect what professors
expect from a paper. Unless you understand those values, you cannot write a paper
that your professor—or other psychology professors—will like. Therefore, we will
devote the next section to helping you understand how academic values should guide
you throughout the writing process.

1.2 Understanding Academic Values

Researchers across all academic disciplines value objective understanding and
genuine knowledge. Consequently, academics value virtues that lead to achieving
such understanding and knowledge (e.g., basing opinions on facts, being open to
new evidence) and reject those human tendencies that work against such under-
standing and knowledge (e.g., forcing evidence to fit preconceived opinions, being
closed-minded).
Behaving consistently with traditional academic values is not something only aca-
demics do. It is something most professionals do. Indeed, one reason psychologists,
physicians, accountants, judges, and other professionals go to college is to make it
more likely that they will behave consistently with academic values such as being hon-
est and seeking knowledge. You and the rest of society hope that experts will carefully

come to conclusions based on thoughtful, fair, and honest evaluations of the evidence,
and then clearly state those conclusions.
To help you visualize how academic values are the values professionals should hold,
imagine that a crime scene investigator (CSI) is testifying in court. You hope that the
CSI is behaving consistently with academic values by being fair, being honest, and
presenting a conclusion that makes sense based on a careful examination of the best
evidence available. You would not want to hear that the CSI had used a discredited
procedure, hidden some evidence, or not considered an alternative explanation for
the evidence. Similarly, when your professor looks at your paper, the professor would
not want to see that you failed to be fair, failed to consider key evidence, or failed to
consider alternative explanations. Instead, as you will see in the next sections, your
professor will expect your paper to show that you have the following academic values:
◆◆ the curiosity to find out what others have said, done, and thought;
◆◆ the humility and wisdom to learn from what others have said, done, and
thought;
◆◆ the honesty to give others credit when you use what you have learned from
them, such as when you quote, paraphrase, or summarize what others have said;
◆◆ the originality to come to a conclusion that is not merely a summary of what
others have said, but rather is based—at least in part—on your own thinking;
◆◆ the rationality to support your conclusion with logic and evidence;
◆◆ the integrity to present evidence that does not fit with your conclusion; and
◆◆ the objectivity to acknowledge alternative explanations for the evidence that you
present in support of your conclusion.

1.2.1 Be Informed: Read to Write

Professors value knowledge, learning, and tracing the history of an idea. Most
professors want you to demonstrate these values by expressing well-supported and
well-informed opinions. They want you to build on what others have found and done.
Therefore, before writing your paper, find, study, and understand what is already
known about your topic. (In section 4.1, we will show you some strategies for using
the library and the Internet to get resources that both you and your professor will find
worthy. In section 4.2, we will discuss strategies to help you digest the information
you obtain.)

1.2.2 Make a Claim: Have a Point, Get to That Point,

and Stick to That Point
To show that you have found what is already known about your topic, you would
cite key sources (usually, by stating the source’s author’s last name and the year
the source was published) and quote, paraphrase, or summarize material from that
source. If you merely quote other people’s words, your acknowledgment that you are

quoting others (by citing the source’s author, year it was published, and page number
and indicating—usually by quotation marks—which words are from that source)
shows that you have found background material, but not that you understand that
material. If you paraphrase—restate other people’s ideas in your own words—from a
source, your paraphrase shows that you understand the individual sentences that you
paraphrased, but does not show that you understand the passage as a whole. If you
summarize material from a source, your summary shows that you understand the
main point of what you found, but not that you can use what you found. Therefore,
to show that you are not merely regurgitating (quoting), restating (paraphrasing), or
condensing (summarizing) the information you have found, use that information to
support a claim. Ideally, that claim will be an original idea based on your thinking
about what you have read.
If you are writing a term paper, your claim will be a thesis statement (see 2.1). You
must support your thesis statement by interpreting, analyzing, and synthesizing the
information you have uncovered. (For more on writing a term paper, see Chapter 2.)
If you are writing a research paper, your claim will be your hypothesis. You will
use the works of others to argue that (a) the hypothesis being tested is reasonable
and interesting, (b) the procedure used was a good way to test the hypothesis, and
(c) the results have important implications. (For more on writing a research paper,
see Chapter 3.)

1.2.3 Defend Your Claim with Logic and Evidence

Not only must you make a claim, but you must also support it. However, you
should not support it by asserting how strongly you feel that it is true—deluded
people can feel quite strongly that they are being controlled by radio waves. Nor
should you use techniques common to talk-radio hosts: ridiculing those who support
other claims, appealing to emotions, and arguing that popular opinion must be right.
Instead, support your claim with logic and evidence.
To see how well you supported your claim with logic, read your paper while taking
the position of someone who disagrees with your conclusion. Start by questioning
whether your conclusions logically follow from your assertions. Specifically, assume
that your evidence is factually sound and then ask two questions.
First, ask, “Do the reasons and arguments I give clearly lead to my conclusion?”
Asking that question may help you identify places where your reasons seem to contra-
dict each other, where you included reasons that seem irrelevant to your conclusion,
where you failed to spell out all of the steps in your reasoning, or where you leapt
to a conclusion—and may prevent your professor from writing “does not follow” on
your paper.
Second, ask, “Could someone use my arguments to support a different conclusion?”
Asking that question may help you realize that your argument is not as strong as you
originally thought—and may prevent your professor from writing “not necessarily” or
“that is just one interpretation” on your paper.
Once you establish that your conclusions logically follow from your assertions
(if you need help finding or fixing problems with your paper’s logic, see Chapter 5),

uestion whether your assertions are true and supported by evidence. If you find that
q
you have made unsupported statements that a skeptic could question, cite evidence to
back up those claims by using at least one of the following two approaches.
The first, and most common, way to mount an empirical defense is to cite evidence
from a study someone else conducted. For example, if you assert that children with
high self-esteem are more resistant to peer pressure than children with low self-
esteem, support would be that someone has tested children’s resistance to conformity
and found children with high self-esteem to be more resistant to conformity pressure
than children with low self-esteem. Your citation will usually include a description—
in your own words—of the study or its findings, along with the last name(s) of the
person(s) who conducted it and the year it was published. Thus, you might cite such
a study this way:
Miller (1988) found that, relative to children with low self-esteem, children with high
self-esteem are more likely to resist pressure from peers to use drugs and alcohol.

A full reference to each citation should appear in the reference list at the end of
your paper (see 4.10). For example, you would reference the Miller (1988) study this
way:
Miller, R. L. (1988). Positive self-esteem and alcohol/drug related attitudes among
school children. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 33, 26–31.

(To learn more about citing material in the body of your paper and referencing it
in the reference list, see Chapter 4.)
The second way to mount an empirical defense is to present evidence from a study
you conducted. We will discuss how to report such evidence in Chapter 3.
Although you should present evidence to support your main point, you should
make the case for both sides because (a) your professor will expect you to present
both sides and (b) fairness and honesty demand that you present both sides. To avoid
being unfair, identify weaknesses in studies that appear to support your main point and
discuss studies that seem to contradict your main point.

1.2.4 Be Honest
Whereas being unfair may hurt your grade, being dishonest may end your college
career. The two types of dishonesty that are most likely to lead to a range of penalties
including being kicked out of school are (a) falsifying data and (b) plagiarism.
Falsifying data is either altering or inventing data. Most of your professors are
deeply committed to using data to find truth. Therefore, most of your professors
would be outraged at anyone who falsified data. In short, do not falsify data: For most
class projects, both the chances and the costs of getting caught are high.
Plagiarism involves presenting someone’s words or ideas as your own. The words
or ideas that you must be most careful about crediting are those that come from class-
mates, roommates, professors, and published authors.
Although isolating yourself from classmates would prevent you from plagiariz-
ing from them, such isolation is often undesirable or impossible. On group projects,

Mr Mannering read the letter, and shrugged his shoulders.

“It must be one thing or the other with him.”

“It’s a pity it should always be the wrong thing,” said Mr

Robert, mechanically resuming his march. “The matter has
blown over, and there’s an end of it. A pretty girl, and a
fresh start, and not one of us but is ready to shake hands.
What on earth can he expect more?”

“You must have patience,” said Mr Mannering. “The lad is

sore and unhappy, he may be looking at the matter from an
entirely different point of view to yours, and at any rate he
is not one to shake off either accusation or act readily.”

“Well,” said his brother, with a little wonder, “you have been
his best friend throughout, even to disbelieving plain facts.”

“You should read more classic poetry, Robert.”

“Pooh! Why?”

“You would get rid of that terribly prosaic estimation of

facts. They may be as deceptive as other many-sided
things.”

“Well, as Anthony insists upon drawing his sword and

holding us all at arm’s length, I wish the fact that half a
hundred women are coming to trample down my turf were
deceptive. What a difference there would have been a year
ago!” added Mr Robert, with a sigh of regret. “That boy
would hare been up here twenty times a day, planning and
contriving, and worrying us out of our senses. It is not right
of him, Charles, whatever you may say; it’s not right for the
poor girl.”

“Will you be so good as to close that window, Robert?” said

his brother, shivering. “When your guests come I shall be
doubled up with rheumatism. To drag me into society is
really an act of cruelty, for I am quite unfit for it, and as
useless as a log.”

Mr Robert stopped his march, and looked at his brother with

a comically grave expression of sympathy. The same little
comedy was acted again and again, Mr Mannering
protesting against the society in which he delighted, and a
victim to aches and pains until the guests arrived, when he
became the perfect host, only occasionally indulging himself
with an allusion to his sufferings, and full of the social
presence of mind invaluable under the circumstances.

Ada had been as much offended at Anthony’s desertion as it

was possible for one of her nature to be, but it could not
seriously ruffle her temper. All her life had been spent in a
kindly appreciative atmosphere, and a certain placid self-
satisfaction seems irrepressibly to radiate from such lives.
No doubts were likely to trouble her. She was too serenely
comfortable to be conscious of the little stings and darts
which torment some people every day. She was haunted by
no sense of short-coming. There looked out at her from the
glass a pretty smiling face, her uncle and aunt petted her,
the days were full of easy enjoyment,—all of us have been
sometimes puzzled with these lives, which irritate us at the
very moment of our half-envy of a placidity which seems so
far beyond our reach. And now, although Anthony’s absence
caused her a prick of mortification, she had no intention of
resigning, in consequence, any of the honours which the
occasion might bring to her feet, nor even the attendance of
an admirer, for she had persuaded good-natured Mrs
Bennett—always readily moved to anything in the shape of
a kindness, and especially of one which affected the bodily
comfort of her acquaintances—to offer a seat in the carriage
to Mr Warren, a young would-be lawyer who was working
under Mr Bennett, and who would otherwise have had to
tramp out along the dusty road, instead of, as now,
appearing in the freshest of attire, ready to be Ada’s very
obedient servant, and not at all ill-pleased to stand, if only
for a day, in what should have been Anthony’s place.

It gave Winifred a start to come upon the two walking

towards the green-houses; Ada with much the same little
air of prettiness and self-consciousness which she had
displayed towards Anthony on the day of the sisters’ visit,
Mr Warren certainly more attentive and lover-like than the
real lover had been. And Ada was not in the least
discomposed by the look of astonishment in Winifred’s clear
eyes. There was, on the contrary, a triumphant tone in her
voice.

“We are going to see Mr Mannering’s ferns. It is such a

delightful day. I do think it was so charming of Mr
Mannering to give this party, but then he is charming, and I
was just telling Mr Warren that I had lost my heart to him.”

It is strange how from some lips praise of those we like

becomes much more unbearable than its reverse. Winifred
had never felt so uncharitably towards Mr Robert.

They went on through the flickering sunshine—which the

bordering espalier trees were not tall enough to shadow—
talking and laughing, while Winifred looked after them with
a perplexed sadness for Anthony. What was he about?—why
was he not here?—did he think he could escape pain like
this? She was right in concluding that his absence would not
improve his position, for people who came with the
intention of being gracious were thrown back upon
themselves. It looked odd, they said, to see Miss Lovell
there and Mr Miles absent. It left the party incomplete. The
day was exquisite: a little breeze rustled through the great
elms, the lights were laden with colour, there were grave
sharply cut shadows on the grass, a soft fresh warmth, full
of exhilaration, Mr Robert’s brightest flowers sunning
themselves, but—somehow or other there was a jar. Even
Mrs Bennett began to look a little troubled at the speeches
which reached her ears, especially when Mrs Featherly drew
her chair close to her, and began what she intended for
consolation.

“You and Mr Bennett should have made a point of it, you

should indeed, if only in consideration of what is past,” she
said, shaking her head impressively. “There can be no doubt
but that it was his duty to come. And it always grieves me
deeply when you see people endeavouring to evade a duty.”

“He has gone to London,” said poor Mrs Bennett, with a

feeble show of indignation. “And my husband says that
ladies have no idea of what business requires.”

“I flatter myself that there is nothing of Mr Featherly’s

business which I do not know as well as he does himself,”
said Mrs Featherly loftily, “and I should make it a point of
principle to be acquainted with that of any one likely to
become connected with our family, especially if there were a
past to be considered. But of course, if Mr Bennett is
satisfied—and he is, I believe, remarkable for his caution?”

It was one of Mrs Featherly’s peculiarities to credit people

with virtues which could not be considered strong marks in
their character. Caution was so far from being Mr Bennett’s
prerogative, that one or two little difficulties in his
profession had arisen from his lack of that lawyer-like
quality. Mrs Bennett thought of moving to another part of
the garden, but she was in a comfortable chair and could
see no other vacant seat, so she murmured an assent and
let her tormentor run on.

“One is bound at all times to hope for the best, and, of

course, we feel an interest in this young man, the son of a
neighbouring clergyman and all, as my husband very
properly remarked. But it is most unfortunate. Poor Ada, I
am really quite sorry for her, and so is Augusta. Were you
thinking of moving? I know you are so active that I dare say
you hardly share my relief in sitting still. With a parish like
ours I assure you the responsibilities become a very heavy
burden, but, as you say, there are family responsibilities
which are scarcely less trying, and poor Ada not being your
daughter—”

It was like a nightmare. Poor Mrs Bennett, who had not

thought much of Anthony’s going to London, and was
conscious of all the capabilities of comfort around her,
began to feel as if everything were wrong, and had no
weapons with which to defend herself. Luckily for her Mr
Mannering came by, and she almost caught at him as he
passed.

“It is rather hot here,” she said, searching about for some
physical means of accounting for her discomfort. “I think I
should like to move to a shadier part.”

“We will both go,” said Mrs Featherly, spreading out her
dress. “Now that you are here, Mr Mannering, I may as well
remind you of your promise of subscription to our organ.
Was it you or Mr Robert?—but of course it is the same
thing.”
“I wish it were,” said Mr Mannering, in his courteous, easy
manner. “Robert is the philanthropic half of the house, and I
have every desire to benefit by his good deeds. I always aid
and abet them at any rate, so that, if you will allow me, I
will make him over to you where he shall not escape.”

“Ah, but you must assist us, too,” said Mrs Featherly. “It is a
most dangerous doctrine to suppose that you can avoid
responsibilities. That is just what I was pointing out to our
friend. Naturally she and Mr Bennett feel much anxiety with
regard to their niece, and it is so unfortunate that Mr Miles
did not make a point of being here to-day at all events.”

There are some people in the world for whom it seems the
sun never shines, the flowers never blow, the earth might
be sad-coloured, for anything that it matters. Even Mrs
Bennett, whom all these things affected in a material sort of
way, was more influenced by them than Mrs Featherly, who
shut them out of her groove with contempt.

“Here is Miss Chester,” said Mr Mannering with some relief,

for he did not quite know how to separate the two ladies.
“Miss Winifred, I want you to be kind enough to help Mrs
Featherly to find my brother. He is avoiding his debts, and
must be brought to book. Mrs Bennett is tired, and I am
going to take her to a shady seat.”

Mr Mannerings voice was too courteous for Mrs Featherly to

be able to persuade herself that she was affronted, but she
certainly felt that she had not said so much as she intended
to Mrs Bennett upon the subject of Anthony’s delinquencies.
She was not really a malicious woman, but she considered
that her position gave her a right of censorship over the
morals of the neighbourhood, and that it was both
incumbent upon her to see that people acted up to their
duties, and to speak her mind when she was of opinion that
they in any degree came short of them. And as she never
had any doubt as to the exact line of duty which belonged
to each person, she was not likely to distrust her own power
of judgment. She prepared herself to deliver a little homily
to Winifred.

“My dear, I was so surprised to see Bessie here. Does your

father really think it wise for so young a girl? Why, she will
not come out for another year and a half.”

“Bessie will be seventeen in October,” said Winifred, “and

she has coaxed papa into promising that she shall go to the
December ball at Aunecester.”

All Mrs Featherly’s ribbons shook with disapproval.

“The Aunecester ball! Impossible! It would be most

injudicious. Eighteen is the earliest age at which a girl
should come out. Augusta was eighteen, I remember, on
the twentieth of December, and the ball was on the twenty-
seventh. If her birthday had not fallen until after the ball,
Augusta has so much proper feeling that no consideration
would have induced her to persuade me to allow her to go.
She would have known it was against my principles.
Eighteen. Eighteen is the earliest, and Bessie will not be
eighteen for a year. I must speak to Mr Chester myself, and
point out the impropriety. I must, indeed.”

“My father has promised,” said Winifred, smiling. “He never

will call back a promise.”

“He must be made to see that it is a matter of principle. The

young people of the present day have the most
extraordinary ideas. Now, there is Anthony Miles. Why is he
not in his proper place to-day, when, in consideration of his
position, and out of regard for our excellent friends, we
were willing to meet him, and to let bygones be bygones?”
“Anthony need fear no bygones,” said Winifred, with an
indignant flush burning on her cheek.

“You must allow other people to be the best judge of that,”

said Mrs Featherly, drawing herself up stiffly. “Both Mr
Featherly and I are of opinion that appearances are very
much against him; and appearances, let me assure you, are
exceedingly momentous things. At the same time, it may be
the duty of society to make a point of not proceeding to
extremities, and, taking into consideration the young man’s
position in the county as a gentleman of independent
means, as the son also of your late Vicar, society in my
opinion acted as it should in extending its congratulations
on the approaching event, while the young man has, to say
the least, been injudicious. Most injudicious.”

“It is certain that he would not meet society on such terms,”

said Winifred, with difficulty commanding her voice.

“My dear, a young lady should not undertake a gentlemans

defence so warmly.”

Poor Winifred was helpless, angry, and provoked almost to

tears. For though her heart was not too sore to be
generous, every now and then so sharp a pang struck
through it, that her only refuge seemed to lie in such hard
thoughts of Anthony as should convince herself that she
was indifferent. She did not want to be his defender. And
yet it was unendurable to hear him suspected. Perhaps she
did the best that she could when she stopped and said
gravely,—

“If we talk about him any more, I might say things which
you might call rude, and you are too old a friend for me to
like to affront you. But I want you to understand that
Anthony Miles was brought up like our brother, and I know
it is as impossible for him to have done such an act as you
suppose, as for my father to have done it. There is some
unfortunate mistake. Please, whether you believe me or
not, do not say any more about it. Did you not wish to see
Mr Robert? There he is. I must go to Bessie.”

So poor Winifred carried her swelling heart across the

sunshine which lay warm on the soft grass, and past the
blossoming roses, leaving Mrs Featherly more keenly
mortified than she knew. No possibility of a last word was
left to her, and she was so utterly discomfited that she even
forgot the organ and Mr Robert. But as she drove home she
said to her husband,—

“James, we shall pass that man Smiths, and I must beg

that you will get out and tell him that I cannot allow Mary
Anne to come to the Sunday school with flowers in her
bonnet.”

“If you wish it, my dear, of course,” Mr Featherly said

reluctantly. “But it might be as well not to irritate that man
just as he is beginning to show signs of a better—”

“Principle is principle.” Mrs Featherly had never felt so

uncompromising. It was one of those odd links of life which
baffle us. Here were Anthony and Winifred and Mr
Mannering’s garden party unconsciously playing upon big
Tom Smith and poor little blue-eyed Mary Anne, who had
somewhere picked up a bit of finery, and decked herself
out. Mrs Featherly had received a check that day, and
wanted to feel the reins again. “Principle is principle,” she
said unrelentingly.
Chapter Twenty Four.
“The days have vanished, tone and tint,
And yet perhaps the hoarding sense
Gives out at times (he knows not whence)
A little flash, a mystic hint.”

In Memoriam.

When September came, things had changed but little since

the summer, except that talk had drifted into other
channels, and there was less curiosity in noticing Anthony
Miles’s behaviour. He still kept aloof from his friends, and
looked worn and haggard, while the charm which used to
take the people by storm was rarely visible. The men, who
had never liked him so well as the women, grumbled at his
manners, and the women confessed that he had lost his
pleasantness. Winifred, who now scarcely saw him, used to
wonder how true it was, and what she would have found out
if the old intercourse had not ceased. One day, when she
and Bessie were in the High Street of Aunecester, they met
the Bennetts, and Anthony with them; and as they were
coming out of a shop it was impossible to avoid walking
with them, though he was so cold and constrained that
Winifred longed to escape. It was a keen autumnal day, the
old town had put on its gayest, in honour of a visit from
some learned Association or other; there were bright flags
hung across the narrow street, setting off the picturesque
gables and archways, and here and there decking some
building black with age.

“Are you going to the concert?” asked Mrs Bennett. “Ada

would be sadly disappointed if I did not take her; but,
really, I have been sitting in the hall and listening to all
those lecturers until I have a headache. I think it would be
much nicer if they stopped now and then, and let one think
about it, for I became quite confused once or twice when
the heat made me doze a little, and I heard their voices
going on and on about sandstones, and slate, and things
that never seemed to come to an end.”

“I was so glad to get out,” Ada said. “I believe Anthony

wanted to stay, but I really could not, it was much too
learned for me. I suppose you liked it, Miss Chester?”

It seemed as if she could not resist a little impertinent ring

in her voice when she spoke to Winifred, and Bessie was
going to rush in with a headlong attack, when Mrs Bennett
made one of her useful unconscious diversions.

“There are the Needhams,” she said.

“They are going to the concert, I dare say,” said Ada.

“Anthony, I hope you took good seats for us?”

“I took what I was given,” he said, a little shortly, and at

that moment Ada spied Mr Warren, and invited him
graciously to accompany them. It turned out that he had no
ticket, and Anthony immediately offered his own.

“Then I shall go back to the hall,” he said, “for Pelham is

going to speak, and one does not often get such an
opportunity.”

“That will be a capital plan,” said Ada. Winifred could not tell
whether she were vexed or not. To her own relief they had
reached the end of the street, and there was a little
separation; the concert people went one way, the Chesters
another, Anthony went back to his lecturing. Just as they
parted Winifred asked for Marion.
“She is better, thank you,” he said gravely. “She has been
very ill, but we hope it will all go well now.”

“I did not know she had been ill,” said Winifred. She could
not avoid a reproachful jar in her voice, and the feeling that
her lot was harder than Anthony’s, since she met distrust
from him, and he only from an indifferent world. “Does he
think we are made of stone?” she said, walking away with a
sad heart. Perhaps she was not far wrong. For Anthony’s
was a nature which such a blow as he had received,
anything indeed which shook his faith in himself or in
others, would have a disposition to harden, and all that was
about him would certainly take its colouring from himself.
He was letting his sympathies dry up, almost forcing them
back out of their channels, and was ceasing to believe in
any broader or more genial flow in others. People are not so
much to us what they are as what we see them, so that
there are some for whom the world must be full of terrible
companions.

And with poor Anthony the colouring he laid on at this time

was cold and grey enough. Every gleam of brightness lay
behind him in the old days which had suddenly grown a
lifetime apart,—school, college, home, where on all sides he
was the most popular, the most brilliant, the most full of
life. And now—old friends had failed him, old hopes had
been killed, old aims seemed unreal, old dreams
foolishness. The saddest part of it all was that he was
making even his dreariest fancies truth. There are few
friendships that will stand the test of one dropping away
from the bond: as to hopes and dreams and aims, they too
become what a man makes them,—no less and no more. He
was beginning to feel with impatient weariness that his
engagement was not fulfilling even the moderate amount of
contentment which he had expected. He had never
professed to himself any overwhelming passion of love for
Ada, but he had turned to her when he was sore and wroth
with all the world, and it had seemed to him as if here were
a little haven of moderate calm. If he had loved her better
he would have felt as if she had a right to demand more,
but I doubt whether this ever troubled him. With an older
man also the experiment might have succeeded better, but
his life was too young, and as yet too full of mute
yearnings, for a reaction not to follow. It was not that clear-
sightedness was awakened in him: the girl’s character was
just one which the dullest woman would have fathomed,
and scarcely a man have read rightly,—it was rather a
cloudy dissatisfaction, a weariness, a consciousness that
neither touched the other nor ever would, a sense of failure.
No thought of escape was haunting him, he had a vague
impression that his destiny might for a time be delayed, but
meanwhile his destiny stood before him, and he knew that
he was moving towards it, whether with willing or reluctant
steps.

Of Winifred he thought very little. He did not choose to

think of her. If ever there had been a day when it had
seemed as if she might have become a part of his life, that
day was gone like many another day. She and the world
were against him, and if his own heart had been on that
side, poor Anthony in his desperation would have fought
against them,—heart and all. It would all come to an end
some time, and meanwhile—Well, meanwhile he could go on
towards the end.

As he walked down the old street under the flags, a sudden

brightening of sunshine lit up the gay fluttering colours, a
fresh breeze was blowing, the houses had irregular lines,
rich bits of carving, black woodwork,—an odd sort of
mediaeval life quietly kept, as it were, above the buying and
selling and coming and going: now and then a narrow
opening would disclose some little crooked passage, narrow,
and ill-paved with stones which many a generation had
worn down; while between the gables you might catch a
glimpse of the soft darkness of the old Cathedral rising out
of the green turf, trees from which a yellow leaf or two was
sweeping softly down, a misty, tender autumnal sky, figures
passing with a kind of grave busy idleness. There was a
band marching up the street, and at the corner Anthony
met Mr Wood, of the Grange, and at the same moment Mr
Robert Mannering.

“Glad to see you,” said the latter, ignoring the younger

man’s evident desire to hurry on. “You’re the very couple I
should have chosen to run my head against, for Charles
never rested until he had made Pelham and Smith, and half
a dozen of their like, engage to dine with us to-morrow, and
they’ll certainly not be content with me for a listener, so
take pity, both of you, will you? Half past seven, unless they
give us a terribly long-winded afternoon, and then Mrs
Jones will be in a rage, and woe betide us!”

“No, no,” said Mr Wood, shaking his head, and going on.
“Don’t expect me. I’ve just had a dose of Smith, and his
long words frighten me. They don’t seem quite tame.”

“I’m sorry that I can’t join you,” said Anthony, putting on

his impracticable look.

“Come, come. You’ve treated us very scurvily of late. Miss

Lovell must spare you for once, Anthony.”

“Thank you. It is not possible.”

He said it so curtly, that Mr Robert’s face grew a shade

redder; but as he watched the young man walking away
down the street with short, quick steps, the anger changed
in a moment into a sort of kind trouble.
“He’ll have none of it, and if it’s shame I don’t know but
what I like him the better, poor boy! I know I’d give pretty
nearly anything to be able to put out my hand and tell him I
believe that confounded story to be a lie. But I can’t, and he
knows it. The mischief I’ve seen in my day that had money
at the bottom of it! Well, I hope that pretty little girl will
make him a good wife, and I shall make it up to Margaret’s
child by and by. There goes Sir Peter, on his way to
patronise the Association, I’ll be bound. He’ll walk up to the
front and believe they know all about him, how many
pheasants he has in his covers, and what a big man he is in
his own little particular valley. Why shouldn’t he?—we’re all
alike. I caught myself thinking that Parker would be
astonished if he could only see my Farleyense; and there’s
Charles as proud as a peacock over his Homer that he’s
going to display, and Mrs Jones thinking all the world will be
struck with the frilling in which she’ll dress up her ham, and
so we go on,—one fool very much like another fool. And as
the least we can do is to humour one another, and as, to
judge from the shops, the Association has in it a largely
devouring element, I’ll go and look after Mrs Jones’s
lobster.”

He turned down a narrow street. The Cathedral chimes were

ringing, dropping down one after the other with a slow
stately gravity. People were making their way across the
Close to the different doors. The streets had their gay flags,
and carriages, and groups in the shops, and mothers
bringing little convoys from the dancing academy, and
stopping to look at materials for winter frocks,—but hardly a
touch of these excitements had reached the Close. It
seemed as if nothing could ruffle its quiet air; as if, under
the shadow of the old Cathedral, life and death itself would
make no stir. The chimes ceased, the figures had gone
softly in; presently there floated out dim harmonies from
the organ. As Mr Mannering passed along under one of the
old houses he met the Squire.

“Winifred and Bess are there,” he said, nodding towards the

Cathedral. “The children like to go in for the service. They’re
good children—mine—God bless them!” he went on, with a
sudden abruptness which made Mr Robert glance in his
face.

“Good? They’re as good as gold.”

“So I think, so I think. Bess, now. She’s a spirit of her own,

up in a moment, like a horse that has got a mouth worth
humouring, but all over with the flash, and not a bit of
sulkiness to turn sour afterwards. And Winifred, she’s been
a mother to her sister. She has, hasn’t she, Mannering?”

“Don’t harrow a poor old bachelor’s feelings. You know I

have lost my heart to Miss Winifred ever since she was ten
years old, and she refused to marry me, even then,—point-
blank.”

But the Squire did not seem to be listening to his answer, or

if he heard it, it blended itself with other thoughts. He said
with something that seemed like a painful effort, “Pitt had a
notion that Anthony Miles liked Winifred. There never was
anything of the kind, but he took it into his head. I’m glad
with all my heart that Pitt was mistaken, for I would not
have one of my girls suffer in that way for a thousand
pounds. But I’ve been thinking to-day,—I don’t know what
sets all these things running in my head, unless it is that it
is my wedding-day.—My wedding-day, seven-and-twenty
years ago, and little Harry was born the year after. I wasn’t
as good a husband as I should have been, I know,
Mannering, but I used to think, if little Harry had lived—”
He stopped. He had been speaking throughout in a slow
disjointed way, so unlike himself that Mr Robert felt
uncomfortable while hardly knowing why.

“Come,” he said cheerily. “Look at your two girls, and

remember what you have just been saying about them.”

The Squire shook his head.

“They’re well enough,” he said, “but they’re not Harry. Who

was I talking of—Anthony Miles, wasn’t it? I’ve been
thinking that perhaps I’ve been too hard on the boy. It
would have broken his father’s heart if he had known it, for
there wasn’t a more honourable man breathing; but if my
Harry had grown up, though he never could have done such
a thing as that, he might have got into scrapes, and then if
I had been dead and gone it would have been hard for
never a one to stick by the lad. I don’t know how it is. I
believe I’ve such a hasty tongue I never could keep back
what comes uppermost. Many a box in the ear my poor
mother has given me for it, though she always said all the
same, ‘Have it out, and have done with it, Frank.’ It was a
low thing for him to do, sir,” went on the Squire, firing up,
and striking the ground with his stick by way of emphasis,
“but—I don’t know—I should be glad to shake hands with
him again. Somehow I feel as if it couldn’t be right as it is,
with his father gone, and my little lad who might have
grown up.”

And so, across long years there came the clasp of baby
fingers, and the echo of a message which was given to us
for a Child’s sake,—peace and good-will.

“I wish you would,” Mr Mannering said heartily. “He is

somewhere about in the town at this very minute; perhaps
you’ll meet him. Only you mustn’t mind—”
He hesitated, for he did not feel sure of Anthony’s manner
of accepting a reconciliation, or whether, indeed, he would
accept it at all, and yet he did not like to throw difficulties in
the way. But the Squire understood him with unusual
quickness.

“You mean the lad’s a bit cranky,” he said, “but that’s to be

expected. Perhaps he and I may fire up a little, for, as I
said, I’m never sure of myself, but there’s his father
between us, and—well, I think we shall shake hands this
time.”

Not as he thought; but was it the less truly so far as he was

concerned? For a minute or two Mr Robert stood and looked
after him as he went along the Close, a thick, sturdy figure,
with country-cut clothes, and the unmistakable air of a
gentleman. The Cathedral towers rose up on one side in soft
noble lines against the quiet sky, leaves fluttered gently
down, a little child ran across the stones in pursuit of a
puppy, and fell almost at the Squire’s feet. Mr Robert saw
him pick it up, brush its frock like a woman, and stop its
cries with something out of his pocket. The child toddled
back triumphant, the Squire walked on towards the High
Street, and Mr Robert turned in the other direction. Some
indefinite sense of uneasiness had touched him, though,
after all, there was no form to give it. If Mr Chester’s
manner had been at first slightly unusual, he explained it
himself by saying that he had been stirred by old
recollections, and the vagueness his friend had noticed
quite died away by the end of their conversation. He was
walking slowly, but with no perceptible faltering.

“And a man’s wedding-day must be enough to set things

going in his head,” Mr Robert reflected. “If matters had
fallen out differently now with Margaret Hare—Well, well, so
I am going to make an old fool of myself, too. I’d better get
on to the carrier, and set Mrs Jones’s mind easy about her
lobster.”

Distances are not very great in Aunecester, and it did not

take long for Mr Mannering to reach the White Horse,
transact his business, and go back to the principal street to
wait for his brother. There was one particular bookseller’s
shop, to which people had parcels sent, and where they
lounged away what time they had in hand, and just before
he reached it Mr Mannering noticed an unusual stir and
thickening of the passers-by. He concluded that the band
might be playing again, or that some little event connected
with the Association had attracted a crowd. It was not until
he was close to one of the groups that the scattered words
they let fall attracted his attention.

“An accident, did you say?” he said, stopping before a man

whose face was red and heated.

“Yes, sir. A gentleman knocked down. That’s the boy, and a

chase I’ve had to catch him.”

Mr Mannering began to see a horse, a policeman, and a

frightened-looking lad in the midst of the crowd.

“Nothing very serious, I hope?”

“It looked serious, sir, when we picked him up. He is took

into the shop, and they’ve sent for the doctor. Boys don’t
care what they ride over.”

“I fancy something was wrong before the horse touched

him, though,” said another man, with a child in his arms.
“There was time enough else for him to have got out of the
way.”
“Who is it?” asked Mr Mannering, with a sudden wakening
of anxiety. At that moment Anthony Miles came quickly out
of the shop, almost running against him in his hurry.

“Have you seen them?” he said hastily, when he saw who it

was. His face was drawn and pallid, like that of a man who
has received a great shock.

“Who, who?” said Mr Robert, gripping his arm. “It isn’t the
Squire that’s hurt?”

“Yes,” said Anthony impatiently. “He’s in there. Somebody

must find Winifred, or she’ll be in the thick of it in a
minute.”

“She is at the Cathedral, she and Bessie,” said Mr

Mannering, asking no more questions, but feeling his heart
sink. “They must be coming out about this time. God help
them, poor children!”

Anthony was off before the words were out of his mouth. Mr
Robert, his kind ugly face a shade paler than usual, turned
into the shop, which was full of curious customers, and
made his way to a back room to which they motioned him
gravely.

It was a little dark room, lit only by a skylight, on which the

blacks had rested many a day, and hung all round with
heavy draperies of cloaks and other garments, which at this
moment had something weird in their familiar aspect. The
Squire had been laid upon chairs, hastily placed together to
form a couch; the doctor and one or two of the shop-people
were talking together in a low voice as Mr Robert came in,
and a frightened girl, holding a bottle in her hand, stood a
little behind the group.
By their faces he knew at once that there was no hope.
Perhaps for the moment what came most sharply home to
him was the incongruity of the Squire’s fresh open-air daily
life, and this strange death-room of his. He said eagerly to
the doctor,—

“Can’t we get him out of this?”

“Not to Thorpe,” Dr Fletcher said gravely. “But we can move

him to my house. I have sent for a carriage.”

“Is he quite unconscious?”

“Quite. There will be no suffering.”

There was no need to ask more. Death itself seems as

helplessly matter of fact as the life before it. Mr Robert
stood and looked down with moist eyes at the honest face
that had been so full of vigour but the day before, when the
Squire went through his day’s shooting like a man of half
his years; and then thought of him as he had seen him that
very hour, on his way to make peace, comforting a little
child. Those had been his last words, the kind, good heart
showing itself behind its little roughnesses, and softened as
it may have been—who knows?—by a dim foreshadowing.
Chapter Twenty Five.
“Its silence made the tumult in my breast
More audible; its peace revealed my own unrest.”

Jean Ingelow.

Anthony told everything on their way from the Cathedral to

the shop, for, indeed, he did not know what might not have
happened even in so short a time. But except that the
crowd had pretty well dispersed, leaving only a few of the
more curious idlers to hang about, all was much as he left
it, outside and in. Bessie was crying and trembling, but
Winifred went softly in, without looking to the right or left,
and, kneeling by her father’s side, clasped his hand in hers.

“We are going to take Mr Chester to my house, where he

will be a good deal more comfortable,” said the doctor with
the cheerfulness which is at all events intended for
kindness.

“Not home?” Winifred asked, without looking up.

“My dear, the long drive would be more than he could bear
while he is in this condition,” said Mr Robert gravely. “And
now Dr Fletcher will have him altogether under his care,
which is particularly desirable. The carriage is here: we only
waited for you.”

She rose up, showing no agitation except a tremulous

shiver which she could not repress, while Bessie clung to
her and sobbed convulsively. Anthony, who was greatly
shocked, had fallen involuntarily into his old brotherly ways.
He brought a fly, and put the two sisters into it, and when
Bessie looked at him imploringly, got in by their side instead
of walking round with Mr Mannering. It was like a dream,
the flags, and the bustle, and the people coming down the
street from the concert, and this sad cloud chilling their
hearts. He saw on the other side Mrs Bennett, and Ada, and
Mr Warren: Ada was staring in wonder, but he cared nothing
for that or anything else except the beseeching look in
Winifred’s sad eyes.

By the time they reached the doctor’s house, Bessie had

rallied from the first terror of the shock, and Winifred was
as outwardly calm as possible, ready to receive her father,
quick to comprehend Dr Fletcher’s directions, and so helpful
and quiet that it was only now and then that Anthony knew
that she turned to him with a mute appeal in the look, as if
in this wave of sorrow she too had forgotten all
estrangement and coldness, and gone back to the old days
which both believed had passed away forever. There was a
strange sort of tender pride in the way he watched her,
which must have startled himself if he had been aware of it.
But he was not. He was not thinking about himself, and,
indeed, might have argued that the veriest stranger must
have been touched and moved at such a time. When he was
obliged to leave her, he could hardly bear to do so.

“I may come back in the morning, may I not?” he said,

unable to avoid saying it.

“Do come,” Winifred had answered with a quiet acceptance,

of his help, and going on to tell him what was wanted from
Hardlands. As he went out of the door he met Mr Robert
coming to see if he could be of any further use.

“I have made Charles go home, for he is not fit for this sad
business,” said Mr Robert in an altered voice. “Poor things,
poor things! It is one comfort to know he does not suffer.
Fletcher says he will not recover consciousness. Good
Heavens, I can’t believe it now! His last words,—ah! to be
sure, Anthony, he was going off after you when it
happened.”

And he told him what the Squire had said.

It touched Anthony inexpressibly, but it seemed also to

bring back an avenging army of forgotten things, so that Mr
Robert could not understand what made his face grow dark,
and let his voice drop coldly as if it were a shame to waste a
sacred thing on one so unforgiving, not knowing to what his
words had suddenly recalled him. The past had been sweet
through all its sorrow, and now it was over, and he must
gather up his burden.

“The Bennetts are at Griffith’s, and were inquiring for you.

Good-night,” said Mr Mannering shortly.

Anthony went mechanically towards the bookseller’s,

knowing exactly all that would be said to him, the
exclamations and questions which Ada was likely to pour
out seeming unutterably wearisome at this moment when
Winifred’s face would persistently rise before him, so brave,
so patient, so womanly in its sorrow, that Ada could not
stand the contrast. And yet he was to marry Ada, to
become one with her, to swear to love her. He turned white
when the thought struck him suddenly, as if it were a new
knowledge. She was standing at the bookseller’s door,
waiting impatiently, and smiling a pretty show of welcome,
as usual.

“I am so glad you are come, Anthony; it was such a pity

you did not go to the concert. And poor old Mr Chester,—do
tell us all about it I don’t think I shall ever fancy
Springfield’s shop again.”
“I don’t wonder you are shocked,” Anthony said, rousing
himself and conscious that he owed her amends for the very
agony of the last few minutes. “It seems hardly possible as
yet to realise it.”

“No, it is dreadful,” said Ada, her looks wandering away.

“Does Miss Chester feel it much? She looks as if it would
take a good deal to move her. There are the Watsons,—you
didn’t bow.” Mrs Bennett’s face at the other end of the shop
looked like a refuge to which he might escape. To escape,—
and he was to marry her! He had not yet heard the end of
the petty inquiries which fluttered down upon him, but at
length he saw Mrs Bennett and Ada driving away, and Ada
pointing towards Springfield’s and explaining. Anthony went
quickly into a back room, wrote two or three letters to the
Squire’s nearest relations, rode as fast as he could to
Thorpe, gave Miss Chesters directions to the Hardlands
servants, and then, after a moment’s thought, turned his
horse’s head back to Aunecester.

He said to Dr Fletcher, “Do not say anything of my being

here to Miss Chester; it can do no good, I know, but—we
were near neighbours, and I may as well sleep to-night at
the Globe, so as to be at hand if I am wanted. You’ll send
for me if I can do anything of any sort? And there is no
change?”

“None whatever. We have, of course, had a consultation,

and Dr Hill entirely takes my view of the case. I regret that
I cannot tell you that he is more hopeful. I am inclined to
think Mr Chester’s condition not altogether attributable to
the blow, but that there might have been a simultaneous
attack.”

There was nothing to stay for, and Anthony went, though

not to the inn. He walked about the old town for more hours
than he knew, thinking of many things. Those last words of
the Squire had touched him acutely, and his thoughts were
softened and almost tender towards the friends whose
countenance he had been rejecting. But the idea which
seemed to hold him with a rush of force was that he must
see Winifred again; that, happen what might, it was
impossible but that there should be a meeting, if not one
day at least another. It did not strike him as an
inconsistency that this thing which he wanted had been
within his reach a hundred times when he would not avail
himself of it; like most men when under the influence of a
dominant feeling, he did not care to look back and trace the
manner in which its dominion had gradually asserted itself,
nor, indeed, to dwell upon it so far as to admit that it was a
dominion at all. Was he not to marry Ada Lovell? Only pity
moved him, pity that was natural enough, remembering the
old familiar relations, or allowing himself to dwell upon the
sweet womanly eyes which no darkness could shut out from
him. For gradually the dusk had deepened into night, the
Close in which he found himself was singularly deserted,
now and then a figure that might have been a shadow
passed him, a quiet light or two gleamed behind homely
blinds, and by and by was extinguished, the trees stood
black and motionless against the sky, only the great bell of
the Cathedral clock now and then broke the silence, and
was answered far and near by echoing tongues. Such a
night was full of tender sadness, to poor Anthony perhaps
dangerously soft and sweet, for he had been living of late,
in spite of his engagement, in an atmosphere of cold
restraint, peculiarly galling to his reserved yet affectionate
nature. All Ada’s pretty assurances and the pleasant
amenities of the Bennetts’ house had never removed the
chill. They were something belonging to him, at which he
looked equably, but they had never become part of himself.
Alas, and yet to-day a word or two of Winifred’s—Winifred
whom he did not love—had pierced it.
Winifred—whom he did not love.

With one of those unaccountable flashes by which an image

is suddenly brought into our memory, there started before
him a remembrance of her in the old Vicarage garden, that
Sunday morning when he and she had strolled together to
the mulberry-tree,—the quaintly formal hollyhocks, the
busy martins flashing in and out, the daisies in the grass,
Winifred softly singing the old psalm tune, and laying the
cool rose against her cheek. Had he forgotten one of her
words that day, this Winifred whom he did not love? And
then he thought of her again at a time which he had never
liked to look back upon, that winter day when she had met
him in the lane, a spot of warm colour amidst the faded
browns and greys,—thought of the gate and the cold distant
moorland, and the words which had struck a chill into his
life. It had seemed to him then as if it had been she who
had done it, and he had never been able to dissociate her
from her tidings; so that no generous pity for the woman
who had wounded him, nor any understanding that she had
done it because from another it might have come with too
cruel harshness, had stirred his heart, until now when
another compassion had forced the door, turned his eyes
from himself, and shown him what Winifred had been.

The darkness reveals many things to us, and that night

other things were abroad in the darkness,—death, the
unfulfilled purpose of one whom he had chosen to regard as
his enemy, if, indeed, it were not rather that God had
fulfilled it in his own more perfect way,—these were working
upon him, however unconsciously. Yet those revelations
were full of anguish, opening out mistake after mistake in a
manner which to a man who has over-trusted himself
becomes an intolerable reproach. The accusation which had
seemed literally to blast his life stood before him in juster,
soberer proportions; his manner of meeting it became more
cowardly and faithless, made bitter by an almost entire
forgetfulness of the Hand from which the trial came. And in
the midst of his angry despair, by his own act he must
deliberately add another pang to his lot, and, putting away
his friends, bind himself for life to a woman for whom his
strongest feeling was the fancy for a smiling face. Perhaps,
as yet, he hardly knew how slight that feeling was, but even
by this time he was bitterly tasting the draught his own
weakness had prepared. These thoughts all came to him
with a quiet significance, adding tenfold to their power, yet
touched by a certain solemn gravity which gave him the
sense for which he most craved just now, the old childlike
trustfulness in an overruling care. As we sow, so we must
reap, but even the saddest harvest may yield us good
sheaves, though not the crop we longed and hoped to
gather. And this night was the first hour which seemed to
bring Anthony face to face with his own work.

He had been walking mechanically about the Close. Turning

out of it at last, he went back to Dr Fletcher’s house, and
looked up at a light burning in an upper window, little
thinking, however, that it was a watch by the dead, and not
by the living, that it marked; for in spite of what Dr Fletcher
had told him, the tidings he heard in the early morning fell
like an unexpected blow. He would have gone away without
a word, but that Dr Fletcher came out at the moment.

“There was never any rally or return to consciousness,” he

said, leading the way into the dining-room, where his
breakfast was spread, “and although this naturally
aggravates the shock to his daughters, they have been
spared a good deal that must have been very painful, poor
things! My wife is with them. Will you have a cup of coffee
with me?”
“He was always supposed to have such a good constitution,”
said Anthony, looking stunned.

“Perhaps not so good as it seemed. He led a regular life,

temperate and healthy,—I only wish there were more like
him,—and he had never been tried by any severe illness. As
to this, a more tenacious vitality might only have prolonged
the suffering. I think you said you had written to the
relations? I would have telegraphed this morning, but Miss
Chester was anxious that her aunt should be spared the
shock.”

“My letters will bring them as soon as possible,” Anthony

said. “There is a sister of the Squire’s, a widow, an invalid,
and her step-son is quartered at Colchester. Besides them
there are only cousins. Mrs Orde will start at once—But,
good heavens,” he went on, breaking down, and burying his
face in his hands, “it is so awfully sudden! What will they
do?”

Dr Fletcher made no immediate reply. He was a kind-

hearted man, but his sympathies were chiefly bounded by
his profession, and it was easier for him to be energetic in
behalf of a suffering body, than to express anything which
touched more internal springs. He was wondering whether
Anthony would have the courage to face a woman’s grief,
and meditating on the possibility of giving up his own
morning’s work, when he said aloud, quietly,—

“Miss Chester will probably return to Hardlands to-day. Is

there any one who can be with her and her sister?”

“My mother is their oldest friend,” Anthony said, without

looking up, and pushing his plate from him with a slight
nervous movement. The doctor waited for some assurance
to follow this assertion, but Anthony could not give it, for
his mind quickly ran over the situation, and foresaw that his
mother’s kindness would not suffice to guide her past the
little embarrassments which awaken so great throbs of pain
at such a time. Finding he was silent, Dr Fletcher went on,—

“Would you wish me to inquire whether Miss Chester is

ready to see you? That is, unless I can persuade you to take
a little more food?”

“I am quite ready,” said Anthony, getting up hastily. He

dreaded the interview fully as much as the doctor had
divined, and the force with which he compelled himself to
meet it produced a certain hardness which, to a shallow
observer, might appear like cold indifference: certainly there
were hard-set lines on his face as he stood at a window
waiting for Winifred. Trees, with iron railings before them,
were planted in the space in front of Dr Fletcher’s house;
there were crimson berries on the thorn-trees, a robin or
two hopping about familiarly, a grey rainy-looking sky, and
now and then a warning drop on the pavement below.
Winifred did not come at once, for it was difficult for her to
leave Bessie, who was overwrought as much with terror as
sorrow; and Anthony, having strung himself up to the
meeting, lost himself again in thoughts which grew out of
but did not absolutely belong to it, and did not hear her
behind him when at last she entered the room.

When he turned round she was standing close by him, and

put out her hand.

“I thought you would come,” she said simply.

But she saw in a moment that it was she who must be the
comforter, and went on without leaving a pause which
should oblige him to speak. “It was all so calm and so
peaceful that I cannot realise anything beyond the comfort
of knowing that he had no suffering to endure. Poor Bessie’s
grief seems something for which I am very sorry, but in
which I have no share. It must be as I have read and never
quite believed, that a great shock deadens all one’s
perceptions.”

“Yes, indeed,” said Anthony, relieved by her quietness and

the simple words which had nothing constrained about
them. “And by and by you will be thankful that you were
with him,—so close at hand—”

“O, I am thankful now!” said Winifred, with intense

earnestness. “It does not seem as if one could have borne it
to be otherwise; but now I have all the last looks,—the
knowledge that there was nothing lost. You can think what
that must be.”

Twenty-four hours had put away on her side all the divisions
that had existed, and taken her back to the old familiar
friendship, so that if she remembered any cause of
estrangement, it was that she might touch it softly, and let
Anthony feel that it had only been a shadow, not affecting
the true kindness of her father. With an instinctive loyalty
she would have liked to clothe the dead in a hundred
virtues. But Anthony himself was feeling the separation with
a strength that almost maddened him. There was a gulf
between them which was of his own digging. There they
were, he and she, and yet he could not put out a hand,
could not take her to his heart and comfort her. As she
spoke he shook his head with a quick gesture, throwing it
back, and turned away from her towards the window,
against which the rain was now pattering gently. Winifred
was surprised, and a little hurt, but as it struck her that he
might dread what she was going to say, she went on with a
voice that faltered for the first time,—
“Dr Fletcher told me that you would settle for me what
ought to be done, but—perhaps—I believe that I can give
directions—if it is painful to you—”

“That is impossible,” Anthony said, almost sharply, and

without looking round. “I will do it all,—why else am I
here?”

She drew back almost imperceptibly, but then, as if moved

by an opposite feeling, went up to him, and touched his
arm.

“Anthony,” she said in a low voice.

If it was to oblige him to look at her she succeeded, for he

immediately glanced round, although he did not answer,
and indeed she went on hurriedly,—

“I dare say you think I do not know, but Dr Fletcher

explained to me that there must be an inquest. It is not so
painful as you fancy,—nothing seems painful just now,—do
not be afraid to tell us what is necessary. Dr Fletcher says it
had better be here, he will make them come as soon as
possible, and he wishes us to go back to Hardlands at once.
I would rather have stayed, but I can see that it would be
bad for Bessie, and—he would have liked her to be spared.
Richardson is in the house, if you would tell him to go back,
and bring the carriage at once—and,”—she hesitated
wistfully, for it did not seem quite so easy to her to ask
anything of Anthony as it had been at the beginning of their
interview—“would it be possible for you to stay,—so as to be
at hand,—to stay until to-morrow, or till my cousin comes?
Some one must be here,” she said, with a little passionate
cry of sorrow, as her self-control broke down; “he shall not
be left alone.” She stopped again, this time for an answer,
but when none came she said with an effort, “Perhaps you
cannot stay,—perhaps Mr Mannering would come?”

“Of course I shall stay,” Anthony said, in a bitter, half-

choked voice.

He knew that she thought him cruelly hard and cold: he

heard her give a little sigh as she moved away a step or
two, but it was with almost a feeling of relief, anything
being better than that she should know the real feelings of
the moment. Winifred was not thinking of him as he
imagined, but something in his manner brought to her a
keen impression of the breach between the dead and the
living, which she had been trying to make him forget. She
stood for a moment with her hand on the door, and her
head bent,—thinking. She said at last, softly and pleadingly,
—

“If it has not been between you and him of late quite as it
was in the old days, you will not remember that any more,
will you, Anthony? If he ever did you an injustice in his
thoughts, it was not willingly, only—only one of those
misunderstandings which the best, the noblest, sometimes
fall into. If he had lived he would have told you this himself
one day, and therefore I say it to you from him,” she added,
lifting her eyes, and speaking with grave steadfastness, as if
she were indeed delivering a message from the dead, “and I
know that you will be glad to think that it is so, and to help
us for his sake.”

The moment she had said this she went away so quickly
that Anthony’s call did not even reach her ears. It was only
one word, “Winifred!” but it was as well she did not hear,
since one word is sometimes strong enough to carry a
whole load of anguish and of yearning love.
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Writing for Psychology 7th Edition Robert O'Shea -

The McGraw-Hill Guide: Writing for College, Writing for

Technical Writing for Success 4th Edition (eBook PDF)

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Writing Research Reports and Proposals 61

Finding, Reading, Citing, and Referencing Sources 119

4.3 Citations: What to Cite and Why 134

4.10.11 Referencing Abstracts of Journal Articles 162

Making Your Case: A Guide to Skeptical Reading

Writing the Wrongs: How to Avoid Gruesome Grammar, Putrid

6.1.6 Adverbs 199

Preparing the Final Draft 225

1. Why is my professor asking me to write a paper?

In the next few sections, we will answer these questions.

Why Professors Assign Papers

Why You Should Write a Good Paper

How This Book Can Help You

Formatting Practices We Use That You Should Not

However, in your papers, use Times New Roman font.

What Every Student Should Know

1.3 Understanding APA Style 1.7 Summary

1.4 Writing and Revising

1.1 Understanding the Written and Unwritten Directions

1.2 Understanding Academic Values

1.2.1 Be Informed: Read to Write

1.2.2 Make a Claim: Have a Point, Get to That Point,

1.2.3 Defend Your Claim with Logic and Evidence

Mr Mannering read the letter, and shrugged his shoulders.

“It must be one thing or the other with him.”

“It’s a pity it should always be the wrong thing,” said Mr

“You must have patience,” said Mr Mannering. “The lad is

“You should read more classic poetry, Robert.”

“You would get rid of that terribly prosaic estimation of

“Well, as Anthony insists upon drawing his sword and

“Will you be so good as to close that window, Robert?” said

Mr Robert stopped his march, and looked at his brother with

Ada had been as much offended at Anthony’s desertion as it

It gave Winifred a start to come upon the two walking

“We are going to see Mr Mannering’s ferns. It is such a

It is strange how from some lips praise of those we like

They went on through the flickering sunshine—which the

“You and Mr Bennett should have made a point of it, you

“He has gone to London,” said poor Mrs Bennett, with a

“I flatter myself that there is nothing of Mr Featherly’s

It was one of Mrs Featherly’s peculiarities to credit people

“One is bound at all times to hope for the best, and, of

It was like a nightmare. Poor Mrs Bennett, who had not

“Here is Miss Chester,” said Mr Mannering with some relief,

Mr Mannerings voice was too courteous for Mrs Featherly to

“My dear, I was so surprised to see Bessie here. Does your

“Bessie will be seventeen in October,” said Winifred, “and

All Mrs Featherly’s ribbons shook with disapproval.

“The Aunecester ball! Impossible! It would be most

“My father has promised,” said Winifred, smiling. “He never

“He must be made to see that it is a matter of principle. The

“You must allow other people to be the best judge of that,”

“It is certain that he would not meet society on such terms,”

“My dear, a young lady should not undertake a gentlemans

Poor Winifred was helpless, angry, and provoked almost to

So poor Winifred carried her swelling heart across the

“James, we shall pass that man Smiths, and I must beg

“If you wish it, my dear, of course,” Mr Featherly said

“Principle is principle.” Mrs Featherly had never felt so

When September came, things had changed but little since

“Are you going to the concert?” asked Mrs Bennett. “Ada

“I was so glad to get out,” Ada said. “I believe Anthony

It seemed as if she could not resist a little impertinent ring

“There are the Needhams,” she said.

“They are going to the concert, I dare say,” said Ada.

“I took what I was given,” he said, a little shortly, and at

1.2.2 Make a Claim: Have a Point, Get to That Point,