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Physics Grade 12 Notes

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions, divided into areas such as mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Key concepts include Newton's Laws of Motion, the conservation of energy, and principles of electricity and magnetism. Understanding physics is crucial for advancements in technology, engineering, and science.

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97 views2 pages

Physics Grade 12 Notes

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions, divided into areas such as mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Key concepts include Newton's Laws of Motion, the conservation of energy, and principles of electricity and magnetism. Understanding physics is crucial for advancements in technology, engineering, and science.

Uploaded by

rohanadvaith10
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physics Class Notes

Introduction to Physics

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the interactions between


them. It explains natural phenomena and lays the foundation for
engineering, astronomy, and various scientific fields. Physics is divided
into classical mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, quantum
mechanics, and relativity.

Laws of Motion (Newton’s Laws)

First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless


acted upon by an external force.

Second Law (F = ma): The force acting on an object is equal to its mass
times its acceleration.

Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and


opposite reaction.

Work, Energy, and Power

Work (W) = Force × Distance (W = Fd, measured in Joules)

Energy is the ability to do work; it exists in forms like kinetic, potential,


thermal, and chemical energy.

Power (P) = Work/Time (P = W/t, measured in Watts)

Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed,


only transformed.

Thermodynamics

First Law: Energy is conserved.

Second Law: Entropy (disorder) of a system always increases.

Third Law: At absolute zero, entropy approaches a minimum.

Electricity and Magnetism

Ohm’s Law: Voltage (V) = Current (I) × Resistance (R)

Electric Power: P = VI (Voltage × Current)

Magnetic Fields are created by moving charges or currents.

Electromagnetic Induction: A changing magnetic field induces an electric


current.

Waves and Optics


Types of Waves: Mechanical (sound) and Electromagnetic (light)

Wave Properties: Frequency, Wavelength, Amplitude, Speed

Reflection & Refraction: Light changes direction when it bounces off or


passes through a medium.

Modern Physics

Quantum Mechanics: Describes particle behavior at atomic levels.

Theory of Relativity (Einstein): Space and time are relative; E = mc²


relates mass and energy.

Conclusion

Physics helps us understand the universe, from the smallest particles to


cosmic structures. It is essential in technology, engineering, and scientific
advancements.

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