^TRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

25
MENDEL'S PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE (MENDELISM)
1. Principle of Paired Factors : Each character is represented in an organism by at least two aletes
genes (factors), lie
ot the same locus on the homologoús chromosome. They may represent the same or alternate expression of a
chafacter. e.g., TT or Tt or tt.
, Frinciple of Dominance :Each character is represented by two contrasting factors in aheterozygous individual/
hybrid. Out of the two factorS, one express itselfcalled dominant and the other remains unexpressed is called
recsive.
T-Tallness (T) is dominant and dwarfness (t) is recessive.
eg
RRed (R) is dominant and white (r) is recessive.
Principle/Law of Segregation/Law of splitting of Hybrids/Law of Purity of Gametes :The two factors
for acharacter segregate from each other at the time of formation of gametes and then get paired again in
different offsprings as per the principle of probability.
This law can be deduced with monohybrid cross like.
" Tall (TT) ×dwarf (tt) plant
" Red (RR) x white (rr) flowers
Black (BB) × white (bb) seed coat
Smooth (SS) x wrinkled (ss) seed coat
Short (HH) × long (hh) hair etc.
segregation of two factors of a trait during gametogenesis (Anaphase Iof meiosis). As a result
It involves
gametes are always pure for a character. fertilization.
offspring due to chance fusion of gametes during
The factors get distributed randomly in the
alternatives of the trait.
F, generation carries factors of both the pure dominant, pure recessive and hybrid i.e., both
the
F, generation consists of three types of
individuals as
contrasting traits appear in this generation.
Let : T represent tall plant (Dominant)
trepresent dwarf plant (recessive)
Parental phenotype Pure TalI Plant x Pure Dwarf Plant
Parental genotype TT X

Meiosis
Gametes (n)
Random fertilisation
Tt Tt Tt Tt
P, Phenotypeall heterozygous tall plants.
The F,generation were self pollinated Tt Tt
F genotype (2n)
X

Meiosis. Gametes (n)

Random fertilisation

F, genotypes (2n) Tt Tt Tt t
Tall Dwarf

F, Phenotype: 3 Tall : Dwarf

F, Genotype : Tt :2Tt :tt
1: 2 :1
Probability : 25%: 50% : 25%
offormation of gametes
Amonohybrid cross in pea showing that factors of acharacter 'segregate atthe timne
 ZOOLOG
not remain linked in the
4. Principle/Law of lndependent Assortment : Two factors for a character do
butgets rearranged randomly. offspring
This principle can be studied by means of a dibybrid cross.
" Yellow, round seed (RRYY) ×green, wrinkled seeds (rryy).
" Barking trait, crect ears (BBEE) ×silent trait, drooping ear (bbee) dog.
F, generationcarries heterozygous form for both the traits.
each of the two charart
The occurance of four types of plants in F, generation shows that the factors of
assort independent of the other as if the other pair of factors are not present. It can be proved by studying the
individual characters separately.
Let: Yrepresent yellow colour, yrepresent green colour
R represent round seed, r represent wrinkled seeds.
Yellow, round x green, wrinkled seeds
Parental phenotype yyrT
Parental Genotype (2n) YYRR
Meiosis
Gametes (1n) YR YR YR YR yr yr yr yr
Random fertilization YyRr
F generation (2n)
F,Phenotype Allheterozygous yellow and heterozygous round seeds.
F,generation was self pollinated
F, phenotype YyRr X
YyRr
Meiosis
Gametes YR yR yr Yr YR yR yr Yr
Rendom
Fertilisation
F, Genotype : YR Yr yR yr
YYRR YYRr
YR
yellow round
YyRR YyRr
yellow round yellow round yellow round

Yr YYRr YYr YyRr Yyr

yellow round yellow wrinkled yellow round yellow wrinkled

yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr

yellow round yellow round green roUnd green round

yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr

yellow round yellow wrinkled yyrr
green round green wninkled

phengtvpic Ratio: Yellow round: yellow wrinkled : green round: green

9 wrinkled
3
Seed colour : Yellow
Green
(9+3) 12 4(3 + 1)
3
Seedtexture: Round Wrinkled
(9 +3) 12 : 4 (3 + l)
3
 } eg. involves It-
(a) Postmendelian
ominance | Incomplete
alleles. trom the CENETIC
Intragenic
Incomplete I. same
Inheritance
fineorthe It Partial typical
notype It gene,
Intragenic/nterallelic
is phenotype.
pfoduces ful lTheir
Hybrid hybrid the is
dominance, interaction PRINCIPLES
the mixture dominant-recessive discoveries
demandfor F, flowers. pink have phenomenon or producing
enomenon Andalusian Mirabilus alleles i.e., Interallelic
instead individuals has
two Dominance/Mosaic
a of none between
types show new the codominance, are
of whereas food fowis
jalapa expression AFTER
of
showing when appear phenotype
quantitative expression thwhere e Inheritance based
of twO
have flowers
(Gulbans/four contrasting phenotype.
both Both both MENDEIPOST-MENDELIAN alleles on
minant blue two
multiple different gene
the black
whiteand(BW) existing phenotypiceffectwhich of the
pure the of
genes inheritance/Blended
factorgenes interactions.
forms, has tw o
and due o' i.e.,
of in
clock
pure and one factors. no isfor
cessive an to
black a
fine genotypic genes.dominant.
particular e.g.
allelic varieties state plant) dominant They
mixing(BB) Epistasis,
genes,
expression.
different orTwo
form. pair i.e., and So different are
and ratio trait or
contribute are red allele the polygenes, Intergenic/Non-allelic more " of
ofAntirrhinusInheritance/lntermediate
wasters the white and is express complementary two
same expression
produces chromosomes
independent
two
(WW). white, GENETICSINON-MENDELISM tynes
basic .
equally i.e.,
colours. in partially pleotropy,
when
majus th is
are Ifintermediate half of
not th e th e
and These (Snapdragon these and
tw o traitwhen genes, interactgenes
depéndently eatable. lethal
two
blueforms ar e present in supplementary present
crossed, dominant
inheritance.e.g. F, is genes. to
fowls are intermediate Inheritance/ produce
dog together on
croSsed,
to are flower)
we alleles sarme
the get
in a
in
 There s no mixing and quantitative effect of the alleles. eg.
Id ABOblood group-AB.
In MN blood group-MN
Carrier of sickleceli anaemia Hb^. Hb.
Coat colour in short homed cattle-RW (Roan colour).
II. Multple Alleles
locus are called multiple alleles.
More thn two alternative forms of a gene occupving the same
but in different directions.
hey are produced due to repeated mutation of the same gene
Jhey do not exhibit crossing over.
They produce different phenotype and genotype in a population. individual can have on
Despite the presence ofseveral alleles of the same gene in a population, an
two alleles e.g., ABO blood system has 3 alleles.
Drosophila has TS alleles for eye colour.
Rabbit has 4 alleles for coat colour.

(b) Non-allelic or Intergenic or Two Gene Interactions

I. Epistasis
Itis the phenomenon by which apair of gene at one locus prevents the expression of a pair of gene
another locus. These genes are also called inhibiting genes/epistatic genes and the expression of
which genes is prevented is called hypostatic genes.
Epistasis is different from dominance as it is interallelic and it also reduces the number of phenotype
in F, generation i.e., it modifies the Mendelian ratio 9:3:3: ltg13:3.
I) Complementary Genes
It is the phenomenon where two independent pair of genes interact to produce a trait together buteach
dominant gene alone does not show its effect. They produceaphenotypic ratio 9:7.
e.g., There are several varteries of white flowered sweet pea (Lathyrus
flowers. odoratus)which produces purple
In this example gene C produce an enzyme which
convert the raw material to chromagen and the gene t
are required toconvert chromagen into purple
pigments, anthocyanin.
Gene C
Raw material Gene E
’Chromagen Anthocyanin
(Purple)
For the flowers to be purple in
colour, they should have at least one C and one E in
their alleles.
Modifying Genes/Collaborator Genes
Itis the phenomenon Where two
gene alone produces its own trait.independent pair of genes interact to produce a
The phenotypic ratio produced new trait and each don
e.g., Various breeds of ts.33:I
R as PPrr (Pea comb indomestic
fowl have some
Brahma), characteristic types of comb
Walnut kernel) and PPrr (single comb in white comb in Wyandotte), PpRr orrepresented
ppRR (rose by gene Pand
Leghorn). PPRR (Walnut comb in
, Supplementary Genes
n d

WThese are a pair of non allelic genes, one of

e n

while the dominant allele of the which produces its eftect stat 6
effect of the former to produce a newsecond gene is without any independently in athe dominant
independent
trait. It produces F, ratio
9:3: 4.
eftect but is able to modify he
 e.g.,
Coat colour in mice and guinea pig (Agouti, black, albino).
Seedcoat colour in Lablab (Khaki, buff, chocolate),
Trait/Quantitative
VPovgenic Trait/Multiple Genes/Multifactor/Cumulative Genes/Metric
Tnheritance
pair of genes.
It is a single phenotypic trait governed by more than onenon-homologous chromosomes.
These genes may be present on the homologous or
contributing alleles and the recessive
The dominant genes which collectively produce a trait are called
genes/alleles.
ones are called non-contributing
alleles are present.
The full trait is shown only when all the dominant
intermediate forms (continous variations) between
Its generation is characterised by the occurence of
Due tothe appearance of many possible genotypes, polygenic traits show a wide range
parental types.
of phenotypes. e.g..
measured in terms of unit of size, length, weight, number etc. so are also called metric trait.
It is
Cob length in maize.
Tallness in sweet pea.
Stature, body weight, face form, body height, intelligence.
MiK and meat yield in animals.
Zkin colour etc.
VI. Pleiotropy/Pleotropic Gene
unrelated
the ability of a gene to have multiple phenotypic effect i.e., it influences a number of
It is
characters simultaneeusly.
effect is more evident, it is called major
Usually all the traits are not equally effected. When the
effect and if it is less evident, expression is called secondary effect. e.g.,
number.
Iyotton plant-gene for lint also effect boll size and seed
colour, fertility and longivity.
In Drosophila-gene for wing size alsocontrol nature of balancer, eye
colour of seeds and red spots in the axils
" In garden pea-gene which control flower colour also control
of leaves.
disease is due to
In humans-pleotropy is exhibited by siçkle cell anaemia fsyndrome) where the at
defect in gene of chromosome numbet II. It results in substitution of valine for glutamic acid
sixth position of ßchain of haemoglobin.