CHAPTER:-1

1. INTRODUCTION :-

A rectifier is a circuit by which the alternating current is converted into

the direct current and the rectification is the process by which the alternating

current is converted into the direct current.

A rectifier is an electronic device that converts AC to DC. Rectifiers

may be made of solid state diode, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc values, and
other components. The process of converting AC to DC is known as rectification.
Components of power supplies and as detectors of radio single are some of the
uses of rectifiers.

An ordinary or common type of DC (Direct Current) power supply has

a liner circuit which is compose of 3 basic sections: Transforming System, The
rectifier System, and filter System.
 Rectifier Circuit Information A rectifier is an electrical device made of
one or more semi conductive element such as Germanium, Silicon, Gas, Gallium,
Arsenide, AlGaAs, HgCdTe, InP, InGaAsP, and InGaAlp.

The Rectifier can be classified it two categories.

Half wave Rectifier Circuit In a half wave rectification, either the

positive o negative part of the sinusoidal wave form is to be transferred or
conveyed.

During the positive condition of the half duty cycle of the sinusoidal
wave, when the diode is in forward bias positive, the diode is at on state, or the
gate is open, only the positive arc will pass the diode, during the negative condition
of the half duty cycle of the sinusoidal wave, when the diode is in forward bias
position, the diode is at off state, or the gate is open, no negative arc will pass the
diode, turning a voltages into unidirectional pulsating voltage.
CHAPTER:-2
 1. Half wave rectifier :-

In half wave rectifier, current flows only during the half cycle of a.c.

1. Circuit :-

Half wave rectifier circuit is shown in figure and the waveforms of

the input and output are shown in
Diode D and load resistance are connected in series across the secondary winding

of a step down transformer ( it may be Step up type also).

1. Wave-forms of Half wave rectifier :-

1. Working :-
 When terminal ` a ` becomes positive w.r.t. ` b ` in the positive half
cycle a.c. , anode A of the diode D becomes positive w.r.t its cathode K , the diode
is forward biased and offers very low resistance. Electric current flows through the
load in the direction a,K, X, Y, b, a. That is the current flows from X to Y through
the load. But during the negative half cycle when terminal ` a ` becomes negative
w.r.t. ` b ` , the diode is reverse biased and offers very high resistance and current
does not flow. Waveforms of the input voltage and output current are shown in
figure.
It is seen from the waveforms that current conducts only in one
direction. That is current flows during half cycle of A.C. So it is called the half-
wave rectifier.

1. Function of transformer :-

Voltage can be stepped up or down with the help of a transformer. In

rectifier definite a.c. voltage has to be applied to the rectifier in order to get the
definite d.c. voltage output. Now single phase a.c. voltage is available at 230V. So
using transformer necessary a.c. voltage is obtained. Moreover when transformer is

used, the circuit is isolated from the a.c. mains.

1. Disadvantages :-

1. The output voltage is pulsating d.c. and output voltage is available only
during the positive half cycle. So the output contains large a.c.
components. This requires costly filter circuit to obtained smooth d.c.

1. Output power is low as the power is delivered only during the half cycle.

1. Output voltage is less than that is available in full wave rectifier.

1. Since no current flows during the negative half cycle (i.e. the current is
discontinuous) the choke type filter cannot be used.
 CHAPTER:-3

1. Full wave rectifier with two diodes:-

 In the type of rectifier, both the positive and negative half cycles
of a.c. are converted into d.c. i.e. the d.c. load current flows during both the half
cycle so it is called the full wave rectifier. This requires two diodes and it is
necessary to have centre tapping in the secondary winding of the transformer.

1. Full Wave Rectifier Circuit.

Full wave also know as Bridge Rectifier, for both Positive and
negative swing or half duty cycle of the current there is a forward path through the
Diode bridge. At the same time that one set of diodes is forward biased, the other
set is reverse biased, In a bridge type rectifier circuit two diodes are At this point is
in use, full wave circuit is compose of two half wave rectifier circuit Joined or
fastened together to a single load.

Current flow Explain During the positive half duty cycle D2 and D3is on
state, both D2 and D3 are in forward bias, D2 and D3 gates are open, D2 passing
the positive arc duty cycle, while D3 is passing the negative arc duty cycle, During
in this state D1 and D4 are at reverse bias and at off state.

During the negative half duty cycle D1 and D4 is on state, both D1 and D4
are in forward bias, D1 and D4 gates are open, D1 passing the negative arc duty
cycle, while D4 is passing the positive arc duty cycle, During in this state D2 and
D4 are at reverse bias and at off state. In this practice and execution the diode is
keep switching every one whole complete cycle.

1. Circuit :-
 The circuit of a full wave rectifier using two diodes is shown in
figure .
 Secondary winding of the transformer has a centre tapping c. D1 and D2 are
two diodes whose cathodes are joined together. This is the positive terminal of the
d.c. Anodes are connected to the two outer terminals of the transformer secondary.
Centre tapping becomes the negative terminal of the d.c. the output. Load is
connected across the positive and negative terminals.

1. Working :-
When terminal ` a ` becomes positive w.r.t. ` c ` during the positive
half cycle of a.c. , at the same time terminal ` b ` becomes negative w.r.t. ` c `. So
diode D1 becomes forward biased and diode D2 becomes reverse biased. So diode
D1 conducts and allows the current to conduct, where – as diode D2 does not allow
the current to flow. So electric current flows in the direction a A1 K1 X Y c a.
 During the negative half cycle when terminal ` a ` becomes negative
w.r.t. ` c `, terminal ` b ` becomes positive. Diode D1 is reverse biased and diode
D2 is forward biased. So D1 cannot conduct but D2 does. Electric current flows in
the direction b A2 K2 X Y c b. During this time also the load current from X to Y.
Terminal X becomes positive and Y becomes negative of the d.c.

It figures are shown the waveforms. Output waves do not enter in

the negative direction, and current flows during both the half cycles.

In this type of rectifier two diodes are used and it is necessary to

have centre tapping in the secondary winding of the transformer. Value of d.c.
voltage is double than that is available in the half wave rectifier.

1. Advantages :-

1. Output d.c. voltage is twice than that with half wave rectifier.

1. Output power is twice than with half wave rectifier.

1. Only two diodes are required compared to the four required in bridge type
rectifier.
 1. Disadvantages :-

1. It is necessary to have centre tapping in the secondary winding of the

transformer.

1. Peak inverse voltage across the diode is more so diode with higher PIV
rating are to be used than with diodes used in full wave bridge rectifier.

1. Secondary utilization of the transformer is less as when half of the winding

is working the remaining half winding is not utilized.
CHAPTER:-4
 1. Full wave bridge rectifier :-

In this type of rectifier there is no need to have centre tapping in the

secondary winding of the transformer but four diodes are required in place of two.
The circuit configuration is similar to the Wheatstone bridge, so the circuit is called
the bridge rectifier.

1. Circuit :-

T is a transformer. Cathodes of diodes D1 and D2 are joined together

which becomes the positive terminal of d.c. Anodes of diodes D3 and D4 are
joined together which becomes the negative terminal of the d.c. Anode of D1 and
cathode of D4 are joined together and is connected to terminal ` a ` of the
transformer. Similarly cathode of D3 and anode of D2 are joined together and
connected to the terminal ` b ` of the transformer. Load is connected across the
positive and negative terminals of the d.c. output.
 1. Working :-

During the positive half cycle of a.c. , when terminal ` a `

becomes positive w.r.t. ` b `, diode D1 and D3 are forward biased and allow the

current to conduct. At the same time diodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased and can
not conduct.

Current flows in the direction a D1 X Y D3 b a.

During the negative half cycle terminal ` b ` becomes positive w.r. to

` a `. Diodes D2 and D4 are forward biased and D1 and D3 are reverse biased D2

and D4 conduct and D1 and D3 cannot. The current flows in the direction b D2 X
Y D4 a b as shown in figure.
 It is seen that the load current flows from X to Y in both the cycle.
Waveforms are shown in figure.

1. Advantages :-
2. Simple transformer without the centre tapping in secondary is needed.
3. Peak inverse voltage across the diode is half than that in the full wave
rectifier using two diodes.
4. For the same secondary voltage, the output d.c. voltage is twice than that in
the full wave rectifier with two diodes

5. Disadvantages :-
1. Four diodes are required.
2. Two diodes conduct in series so the voltage drop in diode is twice. This
becomes important when the output voltage is low.
 CHAPTER:-5

1. Filters in rectifier:-
 Output current from the rectifier is pulsating. It is the mixture of the
d.c. component and the a.c. component. Filter circuit is used to remove these
a.c. components and to get smooth d.c. hence by using filter circuit, a.c.
component are removed and smooth d.c. is obtained. Capacitor, inductor and
their combinations are used in the filter circuits

1. Types of filter circuits:-

The following types of the filter circuits are available:

1. Shunt capacitor filter,

2. Series inductor filter,

3. Choke input LC filter,

4. Capacitor input LC filter and

5. Π filter
1. Shunt capacitor filter:-

As shown in figure below a capacitor of higher value is connected across the

output terminal of the rectifier.

Action of the capacitor can be understood by two ways.

Capacitive reactance of a capacitor is given by XC = 1/2 Πfc. So it offers

less reactance to the a.c. components (due to their frequency). So these components
are bypassed to ground and will not flow through the load. Frequency of d.c. is
zero, so the capacitor offers infinite reactance to the d.c. components, So dace.
components cannot pass through the capacitor and has to pass through the load.

The action of the capacitor can be understood in the other way also.
Capacitor is charge to the peak value Em.
 When the d.c. voltage decreases, the capacitor discharge through the load
and tries to maintain the load current. However due to discharging load voltage
decrease slightly. This depends on the value of the capacitor. If the value of the
capacitor is not enough the decrease in load voltage is more and if the value of the
capacitor is large enough the decrease in the load voltage is less. In the next half
cycle the capacitor again charges to Em. When capacitor filter is used, the output
d.c. voltage is approximately Em. Waveforms of output voltage are shown in
figure.
2. Series inductor filter

Current flowing through the inductor cannot change instantaneously.

If the current tries to decrease, emf is induced in the inductor which opposes the
decrease in current. Series inductor filter works on this principle.

In this an inductor L (or choke) is connected in series as shown in figure, Inductive

Reactance of the inductor is XL=2 ΠfL.

 Frequency of d.c. is zero, so it offers zero reactance to the d.c. components.
So d.c. components passes through the inductor and load. The a.c. components are
blocked by the inductor and can not pass through the load. Some voltage is
dropped across the inductor so the output voltage is decreased. Some ripple is
present in the output. The waveform are shown in figure.

This filter works on the current principle. So it is not used with the half wave

rectifier as there is no current during the negative half cycles.

3. Choke input LC filter:-

 In this inductor and a capacitor are used. In figure the circuit is shown and in
figure, the waveform is shown. Inductor is connected in series and capacitor is
connected in parallel.

First the choke is connected and then the capacitor. So this type of filter is
known as the choke input LC filter.

Inductor allows the d.c. components to pass through it where-as a.c.

components cannot pass through it. Those low frequency a.c. components which
pass through the inductor are bypassed through the capacitor, and only d.c. passes
through the load.

4. Capacitor input LC filter:-

 In this type of filter, first the capacitor is connected and then the series
inductor (choke) is connected as shown in figure.

In this a.c. components are opposed by the choke but d.c. components passes
easily through the choke. A.C. components are bypassed to the ground by the
capacitor and d.c. component cannot pass through the capacitor and only d.c.
passes through the load.

As the capacitor is connected immediately after the rectifier, the capacitor is

charged to the peak value of the d.c. output. So there is less drop of voltage.
Waveforms are similar to that shown in figure.

5. π Filter:-
 In this, first shunt capacitor C1 is connected, then the series choke is
connected. Then second shunt capacitor C2 is connected. Circuit is shown in
figure.

Most of the a.c. components are bypassed to ground by the first shunt
capacitor C1.A.C. Components can pass through the choke as these are impeded.
D.C. component passes through the inductor and reach to the load as it cannot pass
through the capacitor C2. Those low frequency a.c. components which could pass
through the choke are bypassed to ground by another shunt capacitor C2 and it
does not allow these a.c. components to pass through the load.

There is some voltage drop in the inductor.

This type of filter circuit is shown as the Π type filter because the
configuration of the filter resemble to the Greek letter Π.
 Sometimes in this type of filter a resistor is used in place of choke. Due to
this there is saving in the cost but it increases the drop and there is power loss in
the resistor.
CHAPTER:-6
1. COMPONENT TESTING

We check the following section by multi meter.

1. Resistance:-

Value of resistance can be measured directly by multi meter

also value can be found out by it, color code.

1. Capacitor:-
Capacitor can be testing by multi meter for conductivity.

1. Diode:-
Diode is checked using multi meter by inter changing
terminal and the value should be low resistance in forward biased and high
resistance in reverse biased so diode is ok.

1. Transformer:-
Transformers are step down& step up transformer, test
conductivity between the ends of the primary winding. Conductivity
between secondary the ends of each end with two ends are to be checked.
CHAPTER:-7
1. COMPONENT USED IN THIS PROJECT

ITEM SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Resistors 1kΩ 4 Nos.

Capacitors 100 µf 2 Nos.

Diode 5408 4 Nos.

Transformer 12-0-12, 5 amp. 1 No.

Inductor 1H 1 No.

Box. Wood 1 No.

Wire. Flexible L.S.

CHAPTER:-8
 1. Comparison

Full Wave
Half Full Wave
Sr. Rectifier
Wave Bridge
No. Item with
Rectifier Rectifier
Two diodes
1. No. of diodes 1 2 4
1. Need of centre tapping in No Yes No
secondary winding of the
transformer
1. Average d.c. voltage Edc Em / π 2Em / π 2Em / π
1. Average d.c. current Im / π 2Im / π 2Im / π
1. RMS value of current Im /2 Im / √2 2Im / √2
1. Ripple factor 1.21 0.48 0.48
1. Ripple frequency f 2f 2f
1. Maximum rectification 40.6 % 81.2 % 81.2 %
Efficiency
1. Average diode current Idc Idc /2 Idc /2
1. Form factor 1.57 1.11 1.11
1. Filtering Difficult Easy Easy
1. Voltage drop in diode Less Less More
1. application Less Used for Used for
low voltage high voltage
 CHAPTER :- 9

1. READING :- 01
1. AIM :- TO STUDY THE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER AND
DRAW THE INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMES.

1. APPARATUS :-

1. Step down transformer 230V / 12-0-12 , 500mA

2. Digital Multi meter
3. Dual trace CRO
4. Patch cords etc.

1. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

1. THEORY :-
A rectifier converts alternating current in to direct current. When
a PN junction diode is forward biased, it offers very low resistance and allows the
current to flow through it very easily. When it is reverse biased, it offers very high
resistance. So very little reverse current flows.
 In half wave rectifier circuit, one diode is connected in series
with the load. Current flows through the load only during the positive half cycles
when the anode is positive w.r.t. cathode. Current is blocked during the negative
half cycles. Since current floes only during half cycle it is called a half wave
rectifier. The relation between a.c. input voltage and d.c. output voltage is Edc =
Em / π and the value of the ripple factor is 1.21. The ripple frequency is equal to
the supply frequency. The maximum value of the rectification efficiency is 40.6%.

1. PROCEDURE :-

1. Connect the circuit of half wave rectifier as shown in the block diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Observe the waveforms of a.c. input voltage across AB and d.c. output
voltage across CD. Draw the waveforms.
 4. Measure the a.c. input voltage across AB and d.c. output voltage across CD
with the help of multi meter. Record the readings.
5. Switch off the supply.
6. Make necessary calculations.

1. OBSERVATION TABLE :-

A.C. D.C. output voltage A.C. Ripple

input Edc ( Volt ) components Factor ( r )
voltage output Eac
Eac ( Volt )
( Volt ) Observed Calculated Theoretical Calculated
Em / π r = Eac /
Edc
24 V 10.4 V 10.19 V 12.9 V 1.21 1.24

1. CONCLUSION :-
After Performing this practical we should be above to known
the working of half wave rectifier and its input and output wave forms.
2. READING :- 02

1. AIM :- TO STUDY THE FULL WAVE REACTIFIER AND

DRAW THE INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS.

1. APPARATUS :-

1. Step down transformer 230V / 12-0-12 , 500mA

2. Digital Multi meter
3. Dual trace CRO
4. Carbon resistors
5. Patch cords etc.
1. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

1. THEORY :-
A rectifier converts alternating current in to direct current. When
a PN junction diode is forward biased, it offers very low resistance and allows the
current to flow through it very easily. When it is reverse biased, it offers very high
resistance. So very little reverse current flows.

In full wave rectifier circuit a transformer having center tapping

in secondary winding and two diodes are required. Two equal voltage out of phase
by 180° w.r.t. the center tap are available at the outer terminals. Two diodes are
connected as shown in block diagram. One diode conducts during positive half
cycle and another diodes conducts during the negative half cycle. So full wave
rectified pulses are available at load. Relation between a.c. output voltage is given
by Edc = 2* Em / π. The ripple factor is 0.48. the ripple frequency is twice the
supply frequency. The maximum value of the rectification efficiency is 81.2 %.
1. PROCEDURE :-

1. Connect the circuit of half wave rectifier as shown in the block diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Observe the waveforms of a.c. input voltage across AB and d.c. output
voltage across CD. Draw the waveforms.
4. Measure the a.c. input voltage across AB and d.c. output voltage across CD
with the help of multi meter. Record the readings.
5. Switch off the supply.
6. Make necessary calculations.

1. OBSERVATION TABLE :-
A.C. D.C. output voltage A.C. Ripple
input Edc ( Volt ) components Factor ( r )
voltage output Eac
Eac ( Volt )
( Volt ) Observed Calculated Theoretical Calculated
2* Em / π r = Eac /
Eac
 12 V 10.2 V 12.10 V 5.17 V 0.48 0.50

1. CONCLUSION :-
After Performing this practical we should be
above to known the working of full wave rectifier and its input and
output wave forms.

2. READING :- 03

1. AIM :- TO STUDY AND DRAW THE OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

OF HALF WAVE REACTIFIER WITH AND
WITHOUT FILTER AND MEASURE D.C. OUTPUT
VOLTAGE.

1. APPARATUS :-
1. Single phase step down transformer 230V / 12V , 500mA
2. Multi meter
3. Dual trace CRO
4. Trainer board

1. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER USING

SHUNT CAPACITOR FILTER

SERIES INDUCTOR FILTER

CHOKE INPUT LC FILTER

CAPACITOR INPUT LC FILTER

Π FILTER
1. THEORY :-
Output voltage from a rectifier is not pure d.c. but it
contains a.c. components too. By using suitable filter circuit, the a.c.
components present in the d.c. output are by passed to ground and not allowed
to reach the load. Two passive components- capacitor and inductor – and their
combination are used to make various types of filter circuits.

A capacitor offers capacitive reactance Xc = 1 / 2 * π * f * c.

So it offers large capacitive reactance to d.c. components ( as f = 0 ), but offers
less reactance to a.c. components. Hence when capacitor is connected across the
output of the rectifier, the a.c. components are by passed to ground.
 The capacitor charges to the peak value of the input voltage.
When the input voltage decreases after the peak, the capacitor tries to maintain
the load current. In doing so, it slightly discharge but again charge to peak value
in the next half cycle. This depends upon the value of capacitor. If the capacitor
has sufficient capacitance, it will not discharge to low value, and output voltage
becomes smoother. The output voltage is Em.

An inductor offers inductive reactance XL = 2 * π * f * L.

So when it is connected in series between rectifier and the load, it allows d.c.
components and to pass through easily as its reactance is zero due to zero
frequency of the d.c. But it offers sufficient reactance to a.c. components so
these components are not allowed to pass through. When inductor / choke is
used, there occurs some voltage drop across it. So the output voltage reduces.

1. Shunt capacitor filter :-

A capacitor C of suitable value is
connected across the output terminals of the rectifier circuit, as shown in
fig. The output voltage becomes Em.
 1. Series inductor filter :-

An inductor L is connected in series with the

load as shown in the circuit diagram. This filter can not be used with half
wave rectifier as there is no current flow during the negative half cycle and
this filter requires current for its action. The output is reduced due to the
drop across inductor.

1. Choke input LC filter :-

This filter uses a series choke and a shunt
capacitor. First choke is connected at the output terminal. Then a shunt capacitor is
connected as shown in the circuit diagram. In this a.c. components are not
permitted to pass through the choke. The low frequency a.c. components which
manage to pass through the choke are by passed to ground through. The voltage
drop occurs in the choke.
1. Capacitor input LC filter :-

In this first shunt capacitor is connected

and then series choke is connected as shown in the circuit diagram. As first
capacitor is connected it is charged to the peak value first. So the output
voltage is not much reduced.

1. Π filter :-
As shown in the circuit diagram two capacitors and a choke
are connected. First a.c. components are by passed to ground and d.c.
components are passes through the choke. It can not pass through the
capacitor and reach to the load. Second capacitor by passed the a.c.
components to ground which could pass through choke. Better d.c. is
obtained.
1. PROCEDURE :-

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the figs.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Measure the a.c. input voltage across AB and d.c. output voltage across CD
with the help of multi meter and record in the table.
4. Observe the waveforms at the input and output and draw them.
5. Make the circuit configuration for all other types.
6. Switch off the supply.

1. OBSERVATION TABLE :-
Types Of Filter Input Voltage Eac Output Voltage Edc
( Volt ) ( Volt )
No filter 24 V 10.4 V

Shunt capacitor filter 24 V 25.5 V

Series inductor filter 24 V 10.3 V

Choke input LC filter 24 V 25.5 V

Capacitor input LC filter 24 V 25.7 V

Π filter 24 V 28.3 V
1. CONCLUSION :-
After performing this practical we should be cable to know the
use of filter we see that when we use filter the we see the pulsating d.c. on CRO.

2. READING :- 04

1. AIM :- TO STUDY AND DRAW THE OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

OF FULL WAVE BRIDGE REACTIFIER WITH AND
WITHOUT FILTER AND MEASURE D.C. OUTPUT
VOLTAGE.

1. APPARATUS :-
1. Single phase step down transformer 230V / 12V , 500mA
2. Multi meter
3. Dual trace CRO
4. Trainer board

1. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF BRIDGE WITH FILTER
SHUNT CAPACITOR FILTER

SERIES INDUCTOR FILTER

CHOKE INPUT LC FILTER

CAPACITOR INPUT LC FILTER

Π FILTER
1. THEORY :-
Output voltage from a rectifier is not pure d.c. but it
contains a.c. components too. By using suitable filter circuit, the a.c.
components present in the d.c. output are by passed to ground and not allowed
to reach the load. Two passive components- capacitor and inductor – and their
combination are used to make various types of filter circuits.

A capacitor offers capacitive reactance Xc = 1 / 2 * π * f * c.

So it offers large capacitive reactance to d.c. components ( as f = 0 ), but offers
less reactance to a.c. components. Hence when capacitor is connected across the
output of the rectifier, the a.c. components are by passed to ground.

The capacitor charges to the peak value of the input voltage.

When the input voltage decreases after the peak, the capacitor tries to maintain
 the load current. In doing so, it slightly discharge but again charge to peak value
in the next half cycle. This depends upon the value of capacitor. If the capacitor
has sufficient capacitance, it will not discharge to low value, and output voltage
becomes smoother. The output voltage is Em.

An inductor offers inductive reactance XL = 2 * π * f * L. So

when it is connected in series between rectifier and the load, it allows d.c.
components and to pass through easily as its reactance is zero due to zero
frequency of the d.c. But it offers sufficient reactance to a.c. components so these
components are not allowed to pass through. When inductor / choke is used, there
occurs some voltage drop across it. So the output voltage reduces.

1. Shunt capacitor filter :-

A capacitor C of suitable value is

connected across the output terminals of the rectifier circuit, as shown in
fig. The output voltage becomes Em.

1. Series inductor filter :-

An inductor L is connected in series with the
load as shown in the circuit diagram. This filter can not be used with half
 wave rectifier as there is no current flow during the negative half cycle and
this filter requires current for its action. The output is reduced due to the
drop across inductor.

1. Choke input LC filter :-

This filter uses a series choke and a shunt
capacitor. First choke is connected at the output terminal. Then a shunt capacitor is
connected as shown in the circuit diagram. In this a.c. components are not
permitted to pass through the choke. The low frequency a.c. components which
manage to pass through the choke are by passed to ground through. The voltage
drop occurs in the choke.
 1. Capacitor input LC filter :-

In this first shunt capacitor is

connected and then series choke is connected as shown in the circuit
diagram. As first capacitor is connected it is charged to the peak value first.
So the output voltage is not much reduced.

1. Π filter :-
As shown in the circuit diagram two capacitors and a choke
are connected. First a.c. components are by passed to ground and d.c. components
are passes through the choke. It cannot pass through the capacitor and reach to the
load. Second capacitor by passed the a.c. components to ground which could pass
through choke. Better d.c. is obtained.

1. PROCEDURE :-

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the figs.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Measure the a.c. input voltage across AB and d.c. output voltage across CD
with the help of multi meter and record in the table.
4. Observe the waveforms at the input and output and draw them.
5. Make the circuit configuration for all other types.
6. Switch off the supply.
1. OBSERVATION TABLE :-
Types Of Filter Input Voltage Eac Output Voltage Edc
( Volt ) ( Volt )
No filter 24 V 20.2 V

Shunt capacitor filter 24 V 25.5 V

Series inductor filter 24 V 10.4 V

Choke input LC filter 24 V 32.3 V

Capacitor input LC filter 24 V 32.3 V

Π filter 24 V 32.3 V

1. CONCLUSION :-
After performing this practical we can be to know the
working of full wave rectifier with different types we also know how to use the
filter.
 CHAPTER :- 10

2. PROJECT IMAGES :-