COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Graphics is any sketch or drawing or special network that

pictorially represent some information.
Computer Graphic
It is the use of computers to create and manipulate pictures
on a display device. It comprises of software techniques to
create, store, modify, represents pictures. Computer
graphics also refers to any images or visual elements that
are generated or manipulated by a computer. It is used in
digital photography, film and television, video games, icons
you see on your smartphone when you open mobile
applications and on other electronic devices.it is responsible
for displaying images effectively to users.

TYPES OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Raster images are made of pixels or tiny dots that use color
and tone to produce the image. Pixels appear like little
squares on graph paper when the image is zoomed in or
enlarged. These images are created by digital cameras, by
scanning images into a computer or with raster-based
software. Each image can only contain a fixed number of
pixels; the amount of pixels determines the quality of the
image. This is known as resolution. More pixels result in
better quality at the same or larger sizes as the original, but
this also increases the size of the file and the amount of
space it takes to store the file. The lower the number of
pixels, the lower the resolution. Resolution limits the size the
image can be scaled up without being able to see pixels.
However, a high resolution image printed at a small size will
cause the pixels to "cram" together and will make the image
look as unprofessional as not having enough pixels in a large
image. Raster images are best for digital photos and print
materials.
Exercise 1: List Three Raster based software

Vector graphics are also known as scalable vector graphics

(SVG). These graphics consist of anchored dots and are
connected by lines and curves, similar to the connect-the-
dot activities you may have done as a kid. Mathematical
formulas determine how the shapes and lines relate to each
other. Because these graphics are not based on pixels, they
are known as resolution independent, which makes them
infinitely scalable. Their lines are sharp, without any loss in
quality or detail, no matter their size. These graphics are also
device-independent, which means their quality doesn't
depend on the number of dots available on a printer or the
number of pixels on a screen. Because they consist of lines
and anchor points, the size of the file is relatively small. They
are use in digital printing from business cards to
billboards. They're also used in web-based objects and
rendering 2D or 3D computer animation.
Application of Computer Graphics
1. Education and Training: Computer-generated model of
the physical, financial and economic system is often used as
educational aids. Model of physical systems, physiological
system, population trends or equipment can help trainees to
understand the operation of the system.

For some training applications, particular systems are

designed. For example Flight Simulator.

Flight Simulator: It helps in giving training to the pilots of

airplanes. These pilots spend much of their training not in a
real aircraft but on the ground at the controls of a Flight
Simulator.

Advantages:
1. Fuel Saving
2. Safety
 3. Ability to familiarize the training with a large number of
the world's airports.

2. Use in Biology: Molecular biologist can display a picture

of molecules and gain insight into their structure with the
help of computer graphics.

3. Computer-Generated Maps: Town planners and

transportation engineers can use computer-generated maps
which display data useful to them in their planning work.

4. Architect: Architect can explore an alternative solution to

design problems at an interactive graphics terminal. In this
way, they can test many more solutions that would not be
possible without the computer.

5. Presentation Graphics: Example of presentation

Graphics are bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and other
displays showing relationships between multiple parameters.
Presentation Graphics is commonly used to summarize

o Financial Reports
o Statistical Reports
o Mathematical Reports
o Scientific Reports
o Economic Data for research reports
o Managerial Reports
o Consumer Information Bulletins
o And other types of reports

6. Computer Art: Computer Graphics are also used in the

field of commercial arts. It is used to generate television and
advertising commercial.

7. Entertainment: Computer Graphics are now commonly

used in making motion pictures, music videos and television
shows.
8. Visualization: It is used for visualization of scientists,
engineers, medical personnel, business analysts for the study
of a large amount of information.

9. Educational Software: Computer Graphics is used in the

development of educational software for making computer-
aided instruction.

10. Printing Technology: Computer Graphics is used for

printing technology and textile design.

Computer Graphics Copyright Guides

Graphics such as illustrations, paintings, computer
generated graphics, sketches, drawings and designs are all
protected under copyright law. Copyright law protects
artistic works such as graphics by granting the author an
exclusive bundle of rights. The exclusive rights granted
under copyright law include the right to make copies of
the work, the right to distribute the work, the right to
create derivative works and the right to publicly
perform or display the work. Any use of these rights
without the permission of the author can lead to potential
charges of copyright infringement. Any unauthorized use of
a graphic can lead to charges of copyright infringement. If
the copyrighted graphic is registered, statutory damages
can be as high as $150,000 per violation under U.S law if the
court finds the infringement to be intentional.

The new Copyright Act 2022 of Nigeria is aims to facilitate

Nigeria's compliance with international copyright treaties,
effectively protect the rights of authors to ensure just
rewards and recognition for their intellectual efforts, provide
appropriate limitations and exceptions to ensure access to
creative works.

Practicals: how to protect our graphical work with copyright

Image Processing
Image processing is a way to convert an image to a digital
aspect and perform certain functions on it, in order to get an
enhanced image or extract other useful information from it.
Image processing is a way by which an individual can
enhance the quality of an image or gather alerting insights
from an image and feed it to an algorithm for prediction.

The basic steps involved in digital image processing

are:

1. Image acquisition: This involves capturing an image using

a digital camera or scanner, or importing an existing
image into a computer.
2. Image enhancement: This involves improving the visual
quality of an image, such as increasing contrast, reducing
noise, and removing artifacts.
3. Image restoration: This involves removing degradation
from an image, such as blurring, noise, and distortion.
4. Image segmentation: This involves dividing an image into
regions or segments, each of which corresponds to a
specific object or feature in the image.
5. Image representation and description: This involves
representing an image in a way that can be analyzed and
manipulated by a computer, and describing the features
of an image in a compact and meaningful way.
6. Image analysis: This involves using algorithms and
mathematical models to extract information from an
image, such as recognizing objects, detecting patterns,
and quantifying features.
7. Image synthesis and compression: This involves
generating new images or compressing existing images to
reduce storage and transmission requirements.

Exercise2: List Four image processing software

Exercise 3: Mention four application of image

processing

REFFERENCE
https://www.coursera.org/articles/computer-graphics
https://pavilion.dinfos.edu/Article/Article/2223089/vector-vs-raster-images-choosing-
the-right-format/#:~:text=Vector%20graphics%20are%20digital%20art,best
%20used%20for%20creating%20photos.

Emmanuel Agherario and Gukongozi Ugwuez (2023). Notable

Provisions Of The Copyright Act 2022.
https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/copyright/1309538/notable-
provisions-of-the-copyright-act-2022#:~:text=The%20new
%20Copyright%20Act%202022,creative%20works%20and%20enhance
%20the