Unit one

Our body
 Our body is a wonderful gift of nature to us . It does so

much for us. So we should keep it healthy and in a good

condition.

 Food is our basic need, and a good diet keeps our body

healthy. But to stay fit and fine, we must take care of all

our body parts.

 Every human being has similar body parts. Yet, we look

different from each other. Why? The shape and size of

the body parts are different from person to person. This

makes us look different from one another .

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 I am a boy .

 I can see some parts of my body.

 These are called the external parts of my body.

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 1.1 Sense organs
We have five sense organs. These are eyes, ears, nose,
tongue, and skin .
Eye ፡- We see things with our eyes. Eyes need
light to see things .

Ear፡- We hear sounds with our ears. The funny

shapes of our ears helps them to catch sound
from the air.
Nose፡- It helps to breathe air in and out and
to smell things.
Skin:- Is a sense organ used to know the
smoothness and roughness of objects, to feel
some things like pressure and temperature .
Tongue:- We test things with our tongue. It also
helps us to speak and sing.
We don't know whether there is salt in our food or not with
our tongue .
Tongue helps us to identify sweet, bitter, salt and sour tastes
and to speak.

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Exercise
I. Give short answer for the following questions.
1. How many sense organs do we have?

2. What is the use of tongue?

3. What is the use of nose?

4. What is the use of ear?

5. Which sense organ is used to identify smooth and rough ob-

jects?

6. Write the five sense organs.

II. Complete the sentences by adding suitable words.

eye ear nose tongue

1. I am a part of the body that help for tasting. I am

2. I am a part of the body that help for smelling. I am
3. I am a part of the body that help for hearing. I am
4. I am a part of the body that help for seeing. I am

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 III .Complete this sense organ ladder
1)
T E 2)

S N 4)

3)

5)

IV. Circle the name of these body parts in the puzzle.

Heart H E I N O S E S E L Leg
A L E G H E A R T U
Chest
Brain E Y E H A L R O C N

B R A I N R S N H G
Eyes
F L N G H A N D E S
Lung
R N O S E E A R S B Nose
F I N K E Y E S T R
Ear Tongue
N G F I N G E R I A

E T O N G U E L E G

Finger hand

Skin

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 1.2 Parts of a human body
 A human body is divided into two parts. These are external
and internal body parts.

Human body parts

Internal body parts External body parts

Brain Upper body Lower body
parts parts
Heart

Lungs Head Waist

Kidneys Face Hips

liver Neck & shoulder Thigh

Stomach Arms and hands Knee

Chest Ankle
External body parts
Foot
 It can be seen and touched without any problem. Exter-
nal body parts are also divided into two . These are upper and lower
parts of our body.
1) Upper parts of our body

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Head :- is the most top part of our body . It is the hardest part of
our body.
Face :- is found in our upper parts of our body. On our face, we
can find other body parts like:- eyes, nose, ears, chin, checks
and mouth.
Neck and shoulders:- are found below the face.
Arms and hands:- are joined with our shoulders .
Chest:- is the upper front part that is found below the neck.

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1.3 Function of our upper external body parts
Head:- It protects the brain.
The brain is the most important part of the body.
The brain is used to think and remember.

Face:- used to hold our sense organs and other parts .

Neck:- the neck rests on the shoulders .

The neck joins our head to the rest of our body. It helps us to move
our head to the right and the left or in different direction.

Arm and hands:- each of the two upper limbs of the human
body from the shoulder to the hand.
It is used to write, to throw, to feed, to pick and to hold things .

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Chest:- It is the upper front part of our body. It hides two very im-
portant parts of our body. These are the heart and the lung.

Chest

Exercise
I. Write “True” if the statement is correct and “false” if it is
not correct.
1. Our body is a wonderful gift of nature to us.
2. Head is the most lower part of our body.
3. Neck is used to join our head with the rest of our body parts .

4.Every human being has similar body parts.

II. Give short answers.
1. Human body is divided into two. What are they?

2. Write three examples of the upper body parts.

3. What is the use of head?

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 2) Lower parts of our body
Hip

Thigh

Ankle

Toes

Waist ;- is the middle part of our upper and lower body part .

Hips :- is the back side of our lower body part .

Thigh:- is found below our hip.

Knee :- is found below our thigh.

Ankle :- is found in the middle of our leg and foot .

Foot :- is the most lower part of our body.

1.3 The functions of our lower body parts

Waist :- used to join our upper and lower body parts and to

move our upper body parts into different directions.

Knee:- used to bend our leg .

Ankle :- used to join our leg and foot.

Foot:- used to walk, run, stand and jump.

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Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer from the given alter-
natives.
1. Which one is found between the leg and foot?

A) knee B) hips C) ankle

2. Which part of our body helps us to bend our leg?

A)thigh B) knee C) foot

3. What is the largest external body part ?

A) leg B) hand C) skin

4. What is the middle part of our upper and lower body part?

A)chest B) waist C) shoulder

5. The most lower part of our body is called .

A) knee B) head C) foot

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V.Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is wrong .

1. Human body part is divided into two.

2. We cannot see and touch our external body parts.

3. Leg is our upper body part.

4. Neck joins our head with the rest of our body parts.

5. Head is used to protect our brain .

Chest Hand Face Head Brain

VI. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box.

1. holds our sense organ and other parts.

2. is the most top part of our body.

3. is used to write, throw, feed and hold things.

4. is the most important part of our body.

5. is used to cover and protect our heart and lung

Activity

Encourage students to come forward and tell the

names of their external body parts sense organs and

internal organs

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 Internal body parts
Human being has different internal body parts, but we cannot see and
touch then easily.
 The most important internal body parts are brain, lung, heart, kidney,
liver, stomach.
Brain:- used to control every activity of our body.

Heart:- used to pump blood into all parts of our body. Heart is a very
special organ which keeps blood moving within the body.

Lungs:- it helps us to breathe air. The nose is connected to the lungs by

a pipe. The lungs pick up the oxygen from the air that we
breathe in.

Kidney:- used to filter blood and to keep it clean.

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Liver:- used to digest food and to keep the blood clean.

Stomach :-used to digest food.

Exercise

I. Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is wrong.

1. Lung is used to pump blood into other body parts.

2. Stomach is used to digest food.

3. Kidney is used to filter blood .

4. Heart is used to breath air .

5. Brain is used to control every activity .

II. Write the names of the following internal body parts .

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 Points to remember
Our body has many parts . There are external and internal body
parts.

External body parts:- Can be seen and touched.

 Head, face, eyes, nose, ears, chin, cheeks, mouth, neck, shoul-
der, arms/hands and chest are the upper external body part.

 Waist, hips, thigh, knee, ankle, foot are lower external body
parts. These all parts of the body have different uses.

Internal body parts:- Cannot be seen and touched easily. These

are brain, heart, kidney , stomach and lungs.

 The brain is called the “master organ of our body”.

 The heart pumps blood to various parts of our body .

 The lungs are breathing organs of our body.

 The kidneys purify the blood and produce urine.

There are five sense organs

 These are eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. These all have dif-
ferent uses.

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 Review Exercise

I. Write true or false

1. Our neck joins the head to the other parts of our body .

2. Chest is found at the back of our body .

3. Lung helps us to pump blood.

4. Heart helps us to breathe .

II. Fill in the blanks with the correct words .

two blood protects neck light

1. The head the brain .

2. helps us to join and move our head right and left .
3. We need to see things .
4. I have toes on my feet .
5. The heart pumps to all parts of our body .
III. Fill the following bubble map with the five sense organs

Sense
organs

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 Unit Two
2. Good habit for good health
2.1 Our body grows every day. We must clean our body to keep
it healthy.
clean habits are:-
 Clean teeth.
 washing our hands .
 Making short our nails .
 Clean our nose, eye and face .
 keeping the house clean.
 Keeping our skin clean .
 washing and combing our hair .
 Wearing clean clothe.
 We must Brush our teeth every day in the morning and before

going to bed .
 We should use our own tooth brush to brush our teeth.

 A daily bath keeps our skin clean .

 We must wash our hands before and after meals .

 We must wash our hands after using toilet.

 We should cut our nails with a nail cutter.

 We must not bite our nails.

 We must wash our hair at least every 3 days.

 We must oil and comb our hair daily.

 We must use handkerchief or tissue paper to clean our nose .

 We must keep our house clean .

 We must sweep and wash the floor, open windows and doors.

 We must keep the toilet clean .

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Exercise
I. Write good or bad.
1. Wearing clean clothes. _____________
2. Brushing our teeth every day. _____________
3. Do not keep our house clean. _____________
4. Taking bath every day. _____________
5. Biting our nail ._____________
6. Do not comb your hair every day. _____________
7. Do not wash hands before eating ._____________
8. Using handkerchief to clean our nose. _____________
9. Keep the toilet clean ._____________
10.Opening the window of our bedroom. _____________

II. Answer the following questions.

1. What should we do to clean our body?
____________________________________________________
2. When should we brush our teeth?
____________________________________________________
3. What should we use to cut our nails?
____________________________________________________
4. What things should we use to clean our teeth?
____________________________________________________
5. How should you keep your hands clean?

Activity
Describe about clean habits in your own way.

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III. Fill in the blanks with the given words below
1. We have to use _____________ to clean our teeth .
2. We should not bite our _____________.
3. We should use _____________ to clean our nose.
4. We must brush our teeth every _____________ and
_____________.
5. We use a _____________ to cut our nails .
nail tooth brush
nail cutter hand kerchief morning & at night
2.2 Habits of safety
 We must have good habits to be healthy and happy.
 We have to keep our selves away from dangers.
 Dangers are everywhere in the house, on the road and dur-
ing travels .
Things we shouldn’t do in the house.
 Do not play near fire.
 Do not play with matchsticks .
 Keep away from electric irons and wire .
 Keep our hands away from electronic things.
 Do not play with sharp things.

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2.3 Things we should not do outside the house
 Do not throw banana skin on the road.
 Do not cycle without holding the hand .
 Do not tease the pets especially dogs and cats.
 Walk only on foot paths .
 Do not throw stones at people .
 Cross the road only at road-crossing (zebra lines) .
 Cross the roads only when you get the green signal .
Activity
Make a group discussion about the habits of safety and present
it to the class according to the arrangement of the teacher
2.4 Traffic light
There are three kinds of traffic lights. These are :-
1. Green 2. Yellow 3. Red
 When the traffic light has shown red, the car must be stopped and
people will cross the road.
 When the traffic light has shown Yellow, both people and car get
ready to move or stop.
 When the traffic light has shown green, the people goes on the road
must be stopped and the car will start to go.
Exercise : Color the following traffic light at the description that you have
learnt.

2.5 While traveling by taxi (car)

 Do not get down from a moving taxi (car or bus) .
 Do not take out your head out of the window of taxi (car or bus) .
 Do not move here and there in moving taxi (car).
 Do not open the door of a moving taxi (bus).

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Point to remember

 Carelessness leads to accidences.

 Walk on the footpath .

 Use the zebra crossing while crossing the road.

 Do not play near fire .

 Do not touch electric wires, switches and plugs.

 Play games in a safe way at safe places .

 A teacher works in a school.

 A doctor works in a hospital .

 A waiter works in a restaurant .

 A mechanics works in an airport .

 We should use tooth brush to brush our teeth .

 We must use handkerchief or tissue paper to clean our

nose .

Individual activity

Tell the names of the three traffic light with their correct func-

tion with the help of any teaching aid available.

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Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with the right words from the list given below .
takeout zebra line road road touch
foot path pet Banana skin match sticks
1. We must not _____________ an electric wires .
2. We must not throw burning _____________ here and there.
3. Do not throw _____________ on the road .
4. We should not tease _____________ animals .
5. Children do not _____________ their head through the win-
dow of a running taxi .
6. Playing on the _____________ is not safe.
7. Walking on the _____________is safe.
8. Crossing the road on _____________ is safe.
II. Write ‘right’ or ‘wrong’.
1. We have to play near a fire ._____________
2. It is fun to play with electric wires ._____________
3. We must cross road on road crossing ._____________
4. We should not play with sharp objects ._____________
5. We can play near an open drain ._____________
6. Taking out of the head in the window of a moving bus is
good. _____________
7. We can walk on the foot path. _____________
8. We must follow traffic rules. _____________
9. We must not sharpen the pencils with blades. _____________

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III. Match the following items.
1. Trying to get out of a moving bus __ A. yellow traffic light

2. Touching electric wires B. can cause an accident

3. Walking on the C. causes a shock

4. Get ready for car D. Red traffic light

5. Stop for passenger E. Footpath

6. Stop for cars F. Green traffic light

23 General Science book for Grade 1

 Unit Three
Our Basic needs
We need food, clothes, air, water and home (house) for living.
3.1 Healthy food
 Food makes our body grow in height and weight .
 We need food to grow and survive.
 Good food makes us strong and healthy .
 The food we eat needs to be nourishing health .
 We should eat fresh and nourishing food .
 Eating spoiled and expired food could make us sick .
 We should not eat uncovered food.
 Food also gives us body energy .
 Our body needs energy to do work.
3.2 Sources of food
We can get food from plants and animals
1) Food from animals
 We get milk from cow, goat and camel.

Cow goat camel

We get different food items from milk product such as cream,
butter, cheese, ice-cream and yogurt,

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  We get meat from animals such as ox , cock ,sheep …...

ox cock sheep
 We get eggs from animals.

Hen and duck give us eggs.

2) Food from plants

 Plants are very useful to us. Most of our food comes from

plants.
We get food from plants like fruit and vegetables ,cereals and
pulses.
Fruits:- have a skin on the outside. They have a fleshy inner
part. They have seeds in the middle. Some fruits are covered by
pods .
 Some fruits have only one seed like mango.

 Some have a few seeds like apple .

 Some have many seeds like orange.
 The only fruit without seed is banana.

Grapes pineapple apple strawberry

Orange papaya banana mango

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Vegetables:- are sources of vitamin. Example: cabbage, spinach
etc.
Some vegetables store food in their stems and root.

potato onion carrot

cauliflower tomato spinach

We also get wheat, rice and pulses (lentils) from plants. They are
called food grains. Wheat, rice and corn are food grains called
cereals.

Wheat ,rice, maize and barely are some of the cereals that we eat.

Peas, beans and kidney beans are some of the pulses that we eat.

rice corn wheat

barley peas bean

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Seeds :- are parts of the plant from which a small plant grow. When

you eat an apple, what do you see at the center? You can see

small dark brown seed.

- A seed has a baby plant inside it.

- Seed grows into plant .

-Many seeds grow into trees .

- seeds come in all shapes and size .

- Seeds start growing when it gets water, air and warmth .

Papaya seed Avocado seed

Double bubble map of plants and animals food items

Plant Both Animal

Sources of
Vegetable food Milk

Fruits Helps to grow

and survive Meat

Cereals As body Eggs

energy

Pulses
Makes strong
& healthy

27 General Science book for Grade 1

Exercise
I. Put √ for “True” and x for “False” .
1. Food gives us energy.
2. We get fruits and vegetables from plants.
3. Butter is obtained from plants.
4. Rice is a food grain.
5. Hen gives us meat and egg.
6. Wheat and rice are pulses.
II. Write the correct answers.
1. Two cereals __________ __________
2. Two animals that gives us milk __________ __________
3. Two kinds of food found from milk __________ __________
III . Give short answers.
1. Write four examples of fruits.

2. Write four examples of vegetables.

3. What is a seed?

Activities
1. collect different creels and pulses give them on any card
board. Then bring and show to your teacher and classmates.
2. Bring the seeds of different fruits and describe about them in
front of your classmates

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 3.3 Clean clothes
 We put on different types of clothes during different seasons.
 Clothes protect us from heat and cold.
 We should always wear clean clothes.
 Most of clothes in Ethiopia are traditional clothes that are made from
cotton.
 Women often spin cotton by hand.
Tree map of clothes according to seasons
Clothes

Winter Summer

Woolen clothes
Light cotton clothes

Hats
T–shirts
Bar nos
Shorts
Rain coat
Slippers
Umbrella

Boots Shirt

Sunny day cloudy day rainy

Cotton clothe woolen clothe rain coats

29 General Science book for Grade 1
Exercise
I. Write “True” or “False” .
1. Good food makes us strong and healthy. __________
2. We should always wear dirty clothes. __________
3. Eating spoiled and expired food could make us sick._________
4. We should wash our hands only before using a toilet.__________
5. We should use soap and water to wash our hands .__________
II. Write the correct answers.
1. What are our basic needs ?
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
2. Write three examples of foods from plants.
____________________
____________________
____________________
3. Write three examples of foods from animals.
____________________
____________________
____________________
4. Most Ethiopian traditional clothes are made by :-
_______________________________
5. When it is a rainy season, we should use___________________
clothes .
6. In the sunny season, we use ____________________ clothes .
7. We use umbrella, rain coat and hat for ___________ seasons.

30 General Science book for Grade 1

 3.4 Home and shelters
 We need shelter .
 Shelter protects us from sun, heat, wind, rain and cold .
 It also protects us from dangerous animals and thieves.
 A house gives us shelter .
People live in different types of houses .
 A house is safe place for us.
They use different types of materials like bricks , cement and
steel to build their houses and use wood and glass for the door
and windows .
People divided their houses into different classes. These are living
room, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, etc.
These houses cost a lot of money to build.

Steel cement bricks glass wood

Villa and apartments are mostly built by these materials .
A house can also be built of other things such as mud, straw or
wood. These houses do not cost much. Chikka house is made of
mud, straw and wood.

There are houses that can be carried from one place to another .
These are :-

A house on wheels A house boat A tent

Some of them on wheels. A house boat can float an water. A tent
can be easily folded and carried along. It is very easy to put up.
31 General Science book for Grade 1
Exercise
I. Put √ for “True” and x for “False” .
1. Houses made of straw and mud are very strong .
2. Some people carry their houses with them.
3. Water and snow can collect one sloping roots .
4. Houses made of bricks , cement and steel are very costly.

5. A tent and a house boat move on wheels.

II. Match the following words with the pictures correctly .

1. kitchen __________ A)

2. bedroom __________ B)

3. bathroom __________ C)

4. living room __________ D)

Activity
1. Make a model of simple house using anything
available around and show to your teacher and
classmates.

32 General Science book for Grade 1

III. Fill in the blank spaces to complete the statements

1. A house is a place for us.

2. A house protects us from and

.
3. We live in a .
IV. Choose the correct answer .
1. A house that can be folded and carried is .
a. a house boat b. tent c. house on
wheels
2. Glass and wood help us to make _____________.
a. Chair b. bed c. window and
door
3. Which type of house floats on water?
a. house boat b. tent c. all
4. _____________ house is made of mud and straw.
a. villa b. apartment c. a chukka
5. Some materials that are used to build a house are
___________.
a. still b. wood c. bricks d.
all

Activity
2. Tell to the class the different materials which are helping
to build different kinds of houses. You can use some pic-
tures

33 General Science book for Grade 1

 3.5 Water
Water is the liquid in the rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, spring etc.
It also falls from the sky as rain.
 Most parts of our body is water .
 Most parts of the earth is covered with water.
 All living things need water to live .
 Plants and animals cannot live without water.
Water can be found in three states. They are solid, liquid and gas.
 To make the water safe for drinking, we can use deferent
methods. These are;
boiling, filtering, adding chlorine, etc.
- The tap water is safe water for drinking.
3.5.1 Uses of water

Drinking Cooking Bathing Putting out a fire

Washing Growing plants Generating electric power

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3.5.2 Sources of water
lake

ocean rain

Sources
of water

river tap

Spring

Rain

 Rain is the water that falls from the sky in drops.

 Rain is the main source of water.

 Rain water makes rivers and lakes .

 Rain water may not be safe for drinking because it contains

dust and harmful gases .

River water
 River water is not safe for drinking because it contains
germs and bacteria. It is also muddy.
 People in the country side drink river water .
 To drink river water, we must distill and boil it first.
 River water is home for many plants and animals that live in
and around river .

35 General Science book for Grade 1

Sea and ocean
 Sea and ocean are the largest water bodies .

 The water is salty .

 We cannot drink sea and ocean water.

 Seas and oceans are also the home for many plants and

animals .
 The whale which is the largest mammal lives in seas and

oceans.
 We get salt form sea water .

Lakes
Lake water does not move (flow).
Like river water, lake water must also be purified before drink-
ing.
Spring
Spring water comes out from underground .
Spring water is safe for drinking.
Example: Ambo water, Royal crown, Highland etc are spring
water
Tap water is safe to drink .
Tap water must be kept pure for drinking by;
Closing the container
Using clean material.
In cities, water is purified and supplied to houses through pipe
line .
We call it tap water.

36 General Science book for Grade 1

3.5.3 Forms of water
Water is something very special. Normally, it is a liquid but
when you cool it in refrigerator, it becomes solid ice and when
you build it, it changes into vapor or gas .
 Form of solid e.g ice .
 Form of liquid e.g. water .
 Form of gas e.g vapor .
Solid heat liquid heat gas
Cool liquid cool

Point to remember
 There are three basic needs for human being .
These are:- food, clothes and shelter .
 There are two sources of food.
These are:- animals and plants .
 Clothes are made from different materials .
 Clothes protect us from heat and cold .
 Shelter is made from different materials .
 Shelter protects us from heat, wind, rain, cold, danger,
animals and thieves .
 Water is very important for animals and plants .
 There are different sources of water .
These are:- river, rain, lake, ocean, spring and tap .
 There are three forms of water .
 These are solid (ice), liquid (water), gas (vapor).

37 General Science book for Grade 1

Activity
As a member of a group in your class room make a simple re-
search and study about water, clothes, food and house. Pick
the one and present it to the class in collaboration with your

Exercise
I. Answer the following questions
1. Write five sources of water.
A. ___________________
B. ___________________
C. ___________________
D. ___________________
E. ___________________
2. Write three methods of purifying water.
A. ___________________
B. ___________________
C. ___________________
3. Write three water animals.
A. ___________________
B. ___________________
C. ___________________
5. Write four uses of water .
A. ___________________
B. ___________________
C. ___________________
D. ___________________

38 General Science book for Grade 1

II. Fill in the blanks with the correct words .

salty germs wells rain water plants

1. _____________ is the main source of water.

2. Water from the sea is _____________.
3. Impure water contains _____________.
4. _____________ cannot grow without water .
5. In rural area, people get water from _____________.
6. Sugar dissolves in ____________.
III. Underline the correct word .
1. (Living things/Non living things) need water to live .
2. (River, Tap) water is safe for drinking .
3. We should drink (clean/dirty) water .
4. We dig a (well, lake) to get underground water.
5. Drinking (dirty/clean) water may make us sick .
6. (Rain, Pound) is the main source of water .
7. sea water is (salty, sweet) .
8. (Water, Soil) is used for drinking, cooking and bathing .
IV. Write “True” or “False” .
_____________1. Sea water is salty water .

_____________2. Impure water does not have germs.

_____________3. Tap water is safe for drinking .

_____________4. Main source of water is rain.

_____________5. We can drink any water .

39 General Science book for Grade 1

V. Match the following items.

1. Boiling water kills _______ A. the biggest water bodies

2. Water from river _______ B. germs

3. Sea and ocean _______ C. Springs

4. Most part of our body _______ D. impure

5. Lake water _______ E. contains water

6. Come out from the ground ______ F. does not move

VI. Write the correct answer.

1. Ice is a form of ______________.

2. Vapor is a form of ______________.

3. Water is a form of ______________.

VII. Fill the circle with the uses of water

Uses of
water

40 General Science book for Grade 1

 Unit Four

Living things
Unit Objective:- At the end of this unit the students should be

able to;

 Define living things with examples.

 List and explain the characteristics of living things.

4.1 Living things.

 We see many different things around us.

 We see animals, plants, birds, insects and people.

 All these are living things .

 Living things belong to two groups– animals and plants .

4.2 Characteristics of living things.

A. Living things can breathe .

 Human beings, animals and plants need air to breathe .

 A plant that is kept in a closed box will not be able to

breathe .

 It will soon dry up and die .

B. Living things need food and water .

 Human beings and animals need food and water.

 Plants also need water and soil .

 They will dry up if they are not watered regularly .

41 General Science book for Grade 1

C. Living things can grow .
 A child grows into an adult .
 A kitten grows into a cat .
 A tiny plant grows into a big plant .
 All living things need food and water to grow .
D. Living things can reproduce .
 Animals reproduce by giving birth to young ones .
 Dogs and cats give birth to their young ones .
 Birds lay eggs which hatch into tiny birds .
 Plants produce seeds .
 The seeds grow to small plants .

E. Living things can move.

 We humans can hop, skip, jump, run and walk.
 Animals also walk and run .
 Birds fly, fish swim to move from place to place .
 Plants do not move from place to place but from side to
side .
F. Animals have feelings .
 Human beings feel happy or sad .
 We laugh when we feel happy and we cry when we feel
sad .
 Human beings also feel cold or hot .
 Animals also have feelings .
 A dog wags its tail to show happiness .

42 General Science book for Grade 1

Double Bubble ,map of similarities and differ-
ences of plants and animals

Differences Differences

Plants Similarities Animals

Can not Can move

move from
place to Can breathe from place to
place place

Reproduce Can grow Reproduce through

through laying eggs or
seeds, stems giving birth
or roots

Need
food, air and water

Do not
Have sense
have sense organs
organs
Live in water
and on the surface
or dry land

Do not Have
have feel- feelings
ings Die

43 General Science book for Grade 1

Exercise

Circle the correct answer.

1. (Birds, Trees) lay egg in their nests.

2. (Fish, Lions) live on a dry land .

3. (Rose, Dog) can move from place to place.

4. (Cat, Sunflower) can smell and taste things.

5. (Chair, Sheep) can breathe.

Points to remember
 Living things breathe, eat, grow and reproduce.
 Human beings and some animals reproduce by giving birth.
 Some animals like birds and snakes reproduce by laying
eggs.
 All plants and animals are living things .
 Animals move on their own .
 Plants do not move from one place to another.
 Living things feel

Activity
1. can you distinguish between plants and animals? Make a
simple category of animals and plants according to their char-
acteristics?

44 General Science book for Grade 1

 Review Exercise

I. Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box.

Plants giving birth living reproduce laying eggs

1. Plants, animals and human beings are __________ things .

2. Some living things like _______________ can not move .

3. Animals and plants can _______________.

4. Birds can reproduce by _______________.

5. Human beings reproduce by _______________.

II. Write the correct answer.

1. What are the two kinds of living things ?

2. Write three animals that reproduce by laying eggs?

3. Write two differences between plants and animals.

Plant Animals

45 General Science book for Grade 1

 Unit five

Plants life

Unit Objective: At the end of this unit the student should be

able to,

 Tell the different types of plants.

 List and explain the parts of a plants .

 Understand the importance of plants.

5.1 Plants

There are many plants around us. Some of these plants are

very big, and some of them are small. plants grow in different

places. Some plants grow in the ground, others grow in water.

 We should grow more plants around our house.

 We should take care of plants because plants are very useful

to us.

5.2 Types of plants

Trees

 Trees are the largest plants .

 They have tall, strong and woody stems .

 They usually have a single woody stem.

 Some trees are thousands of years old. In thick forest of

jungles trees grow close to each other.

46 General Science book for Grade 1

Examples: mango tree, warka , kosso

Mango tree Warka tree Kosso tree

Shrubs

Shrubs are small plants. They have many separate stems which

grow from near the ground. The stems are hard and do not

bend easily .

Some plants are not big and tall. They have medium size.

Example

Rose

47 General Science book for Grade 1

Herbs
Herbs grow in gardens and in the wild. Herbs are small and
have soft and weak stem.
Herbs are used for food. We make medicines and scents from
them .
Example:- basil, oregano, thyme, rosemary, parsley, mint and
soon.
Grasses and water plants
There are many kinds of grasses and reeds or green. Water
plants grow in water or in wet soil under water.

Wheat rice grass

Some plants are weak. They cannot stand on their own. They
need some support to climb up. They are called climbers.

pea grapevine bean

48 General Science book for Grade 1

Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks .
1. _______ are the biggest plants.
2. Trees usually have a single _______.
3. Some trees live for _______ years .
4. _______ are small which have soft and weak stem .
5. Shrubs have many separate _______.

II. Match column ‘A’ with column ‘B’.

A B

1. Plants A) trees

2. Shrubs B) are small which have

3. Kinds of plant in soft and weak stem

medium size C) are very useful to us

4. Kinds of plant in D) the stems are hard and

they large size do not bend easily.

5. Herbs E) rose

III. Write the four types of plants inside the bubble map

Types of
plants

49 General Science book for Grade 1

5.3 Parts of a plant.
Parts of a plant are root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed. The
parts of plants that grow above the soil is called shoot. The
shoot includes stem, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits .
Root:- is the part of a plant that grows under the ground. The
root is useful to the plant for absorbing water and minerals
from the soil. It also fixes the plant to the ground, roots have
branches .
Basic parts of a plant

Roots of big trees can go long distance under ground .

Stem:- A stem is part of the plant above the ground that hold
flowers, leafs, branches, fruits and seeds.
Stem passes water and minerals upwards from the root to the
leaves .

50 General Science book for Grade 1

Leaf:- A leaf is one of the flat green part that grows from

branches and stem of plants. Leaf is the most important part of

a plant. Plants use their leaves for breathing and preparing

food. Leaf is commonly called as the kitchen of plants.

Leaf also helps plants to give out excess water. Plants are

green because of the presence of chlorophyll in their leaves

Flowers:- are the most colorful and attractive parts of a plant.

Flowers help to bear seeds that grow into new plant. Therefore,

we say flowers are reproductive parts of a plant .

Fruit:- grow from the flowers. Inside the fruits ,we get seeds.

The only fruit which does not have seeds is banana .

Seed – a seed is found inside the fruit .

 Seed grows as a new plant when it gets water.

 A seed needs soil, water, warmth and oxygen to grow into

a new plant .

51 General Science book for Grade 1

Exercise
I. Fill in the correct answer with the given words in the box.

Fruit leaf stem seed water and mineral

1. _____________ is part of plant that holds flower leaf, fruit

and seed.
2. _____________ need soil, water, warmth and oxygen to grow
as a new plant.
3. _____________ is useful for breathing and preparing food for
plants.
4. Roots are used to absorbing _____________ and
_____________ from the soil .
5. _____________ grows from flower.

II. Write the names of parts of the plant.

52 General Science book for Grade 1

5.4 Uses of plants
A) Plants are used as food.
Plants give us food. We eat the fruits, nuts and berries which
grow on some plants. We also eat the roots, stems, leaves and
seeds of some plants.
Roots and stems leaves

Carrot beetroot cabbage spinach

Fruits and nuts.

Cashew nut banana

Seeds .

Pea wheat rice

B) Plants give us medicine.
Several medicines are obtained from these plants .
Example: Demakese Tenadam Bahir Zaf (Eucalyptus)
 lavender is used to make perfume

 Incense in using to make scents.

 With hazel is used for cosmetics.

53 General Science book for Grade 1

D) Plants give us oil (edible oils).
Plants such as niger seed (noug), coconut, ground nut, sun flow-
er and cotton give us edible oils.

ground nut cotton sunflower

E) Plants give us tea, coffee and sugar .
Some plants such as the tea and coffee give us tasty drinks.
Sugarcane and sugar beet plants give us sugar.

tea coffee sugar cane sugar

F) Plants give us wood for furniture.
Besides foods, plants give us many other things for our use.
Trees such as kosso, eucalyptus and wanza give us timber for
furniture.

eucalyptus kosso wanza conifer

54 General Science book for Grade 1

G) other uses of plant
 paper is made from bamboo
 Gum is made from the geerar (acacia) tree
 Rubber is made from the rubber tree.

Points to remember
Trees: – big and strong plants.

Shrubs:- small but strong plants .

Herbs:- small and weak plants .

Root:- part of the plant that gives support and takes water and

mineral for the plant .

Stem :-part that carries water and food to all parts.

Seed:- part of the plant from which a baby plant grows .

Fruit :- fleshy part of a plant that grows from flowers .

Flower : beautiful part of a plant that produces seeds or fruits

Activity
- can you give some examples of the uses of plants. Discuss
and present to the class.

55 General Science book for Grade 1

 Review Exercise
i. Which part of these plants do we eat?
1. tomato ______________
2. sweet pea ______________
3. cabbage ______________
4. sugarcane ______________
5. carrot ______________
ii. Name plants that give us the following.
1. cooking oil ______________
2. gum ______________
3. medicine ______________
4. paper ______________
5. rubber ______________
iii. Write “True” or “False”.
1. Plants make the air around us dirty.
2. Plants make the air cool .
3. Plants help in bringing rain .
4. Paper is made from wood .
5. Plants give us edible oils .
6. Sugar could not be found from plants.
iv. Write the kinds of food we get from the following parts
of plants.
leaf root seed fruit
_______ _______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______

56 General Science book for Grade 1

 Unit Six
Animals life
Unit objective :- At the end of this unit the students should be
able to;

 List the different kinds of animals with explanation.

 Explain the use of domestic and wild animals .

 Know the location of Ethiopian endemic animals and birds.

6.1 Kinds of animals

Domestic

Kinds of
animals

A. Domestic animals
 Domestic animals are tame animals that live with human in
the same place.
 Domestic animals give different uses for humans. They are
used for food, farm work and loads.
 Some domestic animals’ wool and skin is used to make
different clothes, bags, shoes and belts like sheep's skin and
wool, goat skin, ox’s and cow’s skin, etc.
 Some animals like beer, ox, cow, etc have horn to protect
themselves from their enemy and for fighting them.

57 General Science book for Grade 1

Example

sheep goat cow

horse camel

People make different shelters for domestic animals.

 Cows are kept in a shed .

 Horse are kept in a stable .

B. Pet animals
Pet animals live with human in the same house as a friend
and human gives special treatment.

Uses of pet animals

 Cat chases away mouse from our house.

 Dog guards our house from thieves .

58 General Science book for Grade 1

Example of pet animals

cat rabbit dog parrot

Shelter of pet animals

 A dog is kept in a kennel .

 A rabbit digs a burrow .

 A cat lives in a house and also parrot can be kept in our

house.

Exercise
I. Write true if the statement is correct and false if it
is not correct .
1. Sheep and goat are examples of pet animals.
2. A rabbit lives in a burrow.
3. Dog guards our house from thieves .
4. All pet animals live in a forest.

II. Give short answers

1. Write three examples of domestic animals that use are for
food.

59 General Science book for Grade 1

2. Write three examples of domestic animals that are used for
farm work and to Carry our loads.

3. From which animals do we find wool to make clothes ?

4. Write three examples of pet animals .

5. Which pet animal guards our house from thieves?

60 General Science book for Grade 1

C. Wild animals

 Wild animals live in natural habitat. That means they

live in forest and jungles.

 Animals like lion, tiger, elephant, giraffe, deer, kanga-

roo, fox, zebra etc. are wild animals.

lion tiger elephant

giraffe deer kangaroo

fox zebra

61 General Science book for Grade 1

Just like human, animals also need shelter to remain
safe from cold, rain and enemies.

 A lion lives in a den .

 A tiger lives in damp places.

 A cheetah lives in the open grass land place .

 Elephant, wolf, giraffe, deer etc. live in the forest.

Elephant uses its trunks for breaking branches .

Example animals like tiger and lion have sharp and

pointed teeth to tear flesh.

Exercise
I. Give short answers.
1. Write three examples of wild animals .

2. Where does a lion live ? .

3.Animals need to remain safe from

cold, rain and enemies.

4. lives in damp places.

5.A cheetah lives in the .

62 General Science book for Grade 1

Endemic animals (special animals of Ethiopia )
There are some wild animals found only in Ethiopia.
These animals live in the national parks. People from
many countries of the world come to see them.
These are :
 Mountain Nyala
 Semien Fox
 Gelada Baboon
 Menelik Dukula
 Walya
Mountain Nyala

 Nyala is an animal that lives in the mountain of Bale

region. Nyala has spiral horns.

 Its body is gray or brown.

 It has two white stripes on the neck .
 Nyala is a strong and beautiful animal .

63 General Science book for Grade 1

Semien fox

 It is a very rare animal. There are

only a few of them left in Ethio-
pia.

 They live in the semien moun-

tains and in the Bale national
park.

 Semien fox is big. It has bright red fur .

 It also has white neck and long bushy tail.
Gelada Baboon

 Gelada baboon is a big monkey. It lives in the semien

mountains and in some other places
in Ethiopia.

 Gelada baboon lives in families. They

help each other looking for food.

 They eat grasses, fruits and roots.

 Gelada baboon is covered with long
brown hair .

 It is not allowed to kill animals in the national parks

Menelik bush buck (Menelik Dukula).

 These animals get their names from emperor of

Ethiopia Menelik.

64 General Science book for Grade 1

 These animals live in high land of Ethiopia - Bale
region.

 They have darker wooly coat and white stripe as puts

on their body.

Swagne harte beest (Korkay)

 These animals live in southern Oromia Senkele and

Nechi sare .

 They are big animals.

 They have curly V– shaped horns.

Exercise
I. Choose the correct answer.
1. A is animal with spiral horns.

A) Nyala B) monkey C) semien fox

2. is a big monkey.

A ) Nyala B) Gelada baboon C) semien fox

65 General Science book for Grade 1

3. has got bright red fur.

A)the semien fox B) wild monkey C) all

4. People are not allowed to animals in the

national parks .

A) visit B) kill C) look

II. Give short answers.

1. Write three endemic animals of Ethiopia.

A.

B.

C.

2. is a very rare animal.

3. Gelada Baboon eats ,

and .

4. Where does a Nyala live?

5. Where does Menelik Dukula live?

66 General Science book for Grade 1

D. Birds
There are different kinds of birds found in the world .

Parrot peacock sparrow own duck

 Birds have feathers on their body. Their feathers have

three levels.
1. down feather 2. body feathers 3. flight feathers

 Birds are the only animals with feathers.

 They have wings instead of hands .
 Their wings help them to fly, but some birds like kiwi,
ostrich and penguin cannot fly .

kiwi ostrich penguin

67 General Science book for Grade 1

 Female birds lay eggs in the nest. Birds reproduce by
hatching out of baby birds from the eggs. The eggs
have been hidden by the nest to protect from enemy.

Exercise
I. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’.
1. All birds can fly.
2. Birds are the only animals with feathers.
3. Ostrich is a huge bird .
4. Kiwi and ostrich can fly.
5. Birds can reproduce by giving birth.

II. Write the correct answers.

1. How many levels of feathers do birds have? Write their
names.

2. Which birds cannot fly ?

3. Birds lay their eggs in the

68 General Science book for Grade 1

E. Water animals
 Many kinds of animals live in water. Some live in ponds, lakes
and rivers.

 Most live in the salty water of sea and ocean .

 The body of most water animals shape is like boats. This help
them to swim fast in water.

Example of water animals

shark crab lobster

whale fish octopus

69 General Science book for Grade 1

 Some water animals like fish breathe inside the water with
their gills.

 They breathe air that dissolves in water .

 Some water animals come out to the surface of water to
breathe.

Example: whales

 Whale is the biggest water animal .

Exercise

I. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’.

1. No animal can live in the salty water of the sea.

2. All water animals can breathe inside water .

3. Whale is the biggest water animal .

4. Fish breathe through their gills.

II. Fill in the blanks from the given box.

whale water boat gills

1. The shape of most water animals are like .

2. Some water animals breathe through their .

3. Big animal that lives in water is .

4. Fish breathe inside the .

70 General Science book for Grade 1

F. Insects
 Insects are smallest animals and have six legs.
 Some insects have wings and can fly like house fly, bee, moth,
lady bird, butterfly, grass hopper, mosquito, wasp, etc.

housefly bee lady bird

mosquito butterfly wasp

grasshopper cockroach

71 General Science book for Grade 1

 Body of the insect
Insect’s body is divided into three parts. Head, thorax
and abdomen . They have pair and thin antenna that
help them to feel .

Antenna
Head
Leg

Thorax

Abdomen

Uses of animals body parts.

 Animals have different body parts that help them to move .

 Animals use their body parts to move or to fly .
 Animals move from one place to another place to look for
food and shelter .

 Animals move to get away from danger .

72 General Science book for Grade 1

Exercise

Give short answers.

1. Write three examples of insects.

2. What does an insect mean?

3. Insects have legs.

4. Write the three insect body parts .

5. What is the use of antenna ?

73 General Science book for Grade 1

G. Crawling animals

 Crawling animals are animals with short or no leg that move

by crawling on the ground .

 Some crawling animals are sea turtle, cobra, lizard, crocodile,

turtle, alligator, etc.

 Crawling animals reproduce by laying eggs .

Lizard Sea turtle Alligator

Tortoise

H. Breast feeding animals.

 Breast feeding animals are animals which feed baby animals
their breast milk.

 Most breast feeding animals live in all parts of the world

except a few types.

 All breast feeding animals develop their baby in the womb for
some months .

 All breast feeding animals give birth to new baby .

 All breast feeding animals feed their breast milk .
74 General Science book for Grade 1
Example of breast feeding animals

 Camels:- is a very useful animal for desert. Camels can live

with out water for long time.

 Whale:- is the biggest breast feeding animal that lives in the

water.

 Elephant:- is the biggest breast feeding animal that lives in

the forests .

 Bat:- is a flying mammal. It has wings but is not a bird.

 Kangaroo :- is a breast feeding animal which jumps with its
two back legs .

 Giraffe:- is a breast feeding animal with a long neck.

camel whale elephant

bat kangaroo gi-

75 General Science book for Grade 1

Exercise

I. Match column “A” with column “B” correctly.

A B

1. whale is A) animals with short or no legs

2. Camels are B) laying eggs

3. Alligators reproduce by C) a flying breast feeding ani-

mals

4. Bat is D) very useful for desert

5. Crawling animals are E) the biggest water animal

II. Give short answers.

1. Write three examples of crawling animals.

2. Bat is

3.Kangaroo is

4. Define crawling animals .

5. can live without water for long time .

6. is the biggest breast feeding animal that

live in the forest .

76 General Science book for Grade 1

Food for animals
 All animals need food.

 Different animals eat different kinds of food.

Plant eating animals/Herbivores/

Animals like cows, buffaloes and goats eat grass. Others

like elephants and giraffes eat leaves of trees. These
animals are called plant eating animals .

Example

cow elephant giraffe

Flesh eating animals /carnivores/

Some animals eat the flesh of other animals. They are

called flesh eating animals.

Example

lion tiger snake

Meat eating animals scavengers such as the hyena, wild

dog and vulture eat dead animals.
77 General Science book for Grade 1
Both flesh and plant eating animals /omnivorous/
 Some animals like human, rat and bear eat both plants and meat.

Example

bear

 Some animals like birds and squirrels eat grains.

Example

pigeon sparrow hen

 Some animals eat insects.

Example

 Some animals eat small animals.

frog lizard spider

Example

eagle

78 General Science book for Grade 1

Activity
Compose a simple paragraph about the group of animals you
and your group select and present it to your teacher and
classroom.

Exercises

Give short answers.

1. What do the following animals eat?

 elephant
 sheep
 hyena
 rat
2. Write two examples of both plant and flesh eating
animals.

3. Write three examples of plant eating animals.

4. Which animals eat insects?

5. Write two examples of flesh eating animals .

79 General Science book for Grade 1

 Unit Seven
7. Air and Weather condition
Unit objective :- At the end of this unit, the students should be able to and
At the end of this unit , the students should be able to;
 Define air and weather .
 Identify the different weather conditions.
 Explain the situation during the day and night .
 List and explain the four directions.

 Show the directions of the given objects and locations.

7.1 Air
 Air is a mixture of gases that composes the atmosphere sur-
rounding earth.
 All living things need air to live.
 Air contains many small particles. These are so small that they can-
not be seen.
 Air has weight and it occupies space.
 Air does not have shape and color.
 Some gases are poisonous.

80 General Science book for Grade 1

7.2 Wind

Wind is moving air. A strong wind is called a gale.

 A light wind is called a breeze.
 The wind blows in different directions and different speeds.

All trees move from side to side Trees are uprooted when
when there is a gale . there is a storm or hurricane
Exercise

I. Match the following correctly.

1. air contain _____________ A. gale
2. smoke comes from _____________ B. small particle
3. moving air _____________ C. breeze
4. strong wind _____________ D. wind
5. light wind _____________ E. factories and fire
II. Pick out the correct word from the box given below and put it on
its propos place
Wind viruses wild vane
Smokes po’sohous
1. _____________ comes from factories, chimneys and fires.
2. When a sick man coughs, _____________ gets into the air.
3. Some gases are _____________,they can harm your health.
4. When the air blows fast, it is called a _____________.
5. _____________ tells us the direction of the wind.

81 General Science book for Grade 1

 7.3 Weather
Atmosphere
Weather is the change in the condition of atmosphere. Weather is
not the same everyday. Weather changes from day to day, some
days are hot some days are cold. Some times, there is strong wind.
Sometimes it rains. Before the sun rises, it is cool. At noon, it is hot
but at night it is cool.
Weather condition
1. Cloudy day
 On cloudy day, there are clouds in the sky.
 The sun does not shine brightly.
 The weather is dully.
2. Sunny day
 On sunny days, the sky is clear.
 The sun shines brightly.
 The weather is warm.
 We wear light cotton clothes on sunny days.
 Cotton clothes keep us cool.
 We like to take cold drinks.
 The happiest day we like to play. We go out for picnic.
3. Rainy day
 On rainy days, it rains.
 The weather is wet.
 We wear rain coat and put on boots, and we use umbrella.
 The day is dull and boring. We cannot move out. We cannot
play. The places are full of mud.

82 General Science book for Grade 1

4. Windy day
 Some windy days have strong wind blows.
 The air moves with high speed.
5. Cold day
 Some days are cold.
 We have to wear woolen clothes.
 We also sit beside the fire.

Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks with the right words .
umbrella, cotton, cold drink, wet, dull
1. We wear _____________ clothes in a hot day.
2. _____________ is used on a rainy day.
3. On rainy days, the weather is _____________.
4. On hot days, we prefer to take a _____________.
5. The weather is _____________ on cloudy days.
II. Write true or false .
1. Weather never changes. _____________
2. On a sunny day, the weather is warm and
hot ._____________
3. Clothes do not dry up quickly on a wet day ._____________
4. Strong wind blows on a windy day. _____________
5. We have to put on cotton clothes in hot days ._____________
III. Underline the right word to complete the
statement.
1. On a (hot/cold) day, we like to eat ice cream.
2. We wear (woolen/cotton) clothes on a cold day .
3. We wear (rain coat/cotton clothes) on a rainy day .
4. On a hot day, we use a (fan/fire) .
5. On a windy day, (cars/dry leaves) fly in the air.
83 General Science book for Grade 1
 7.4 Day and night
A. Day
 Day is the time on which we can see sun light.

 The sun gives us light. Day time begins when the sun ris-

es in the morning .

 The sun rises in the east.

 Flowers open their petals .

 In the morning, people wake up and go to work .

 Children go to school .

 Day time ends in the evening. In the evening, flowers

close their petals and, people get back home .

B. Night
 The sun sets in the west .

 When the sun sets the day become dark. It is called night .

 Night is the dark time. There is no sun at night, but we can

see the moon and stars. We switch on electricity at night.

 At night , people, plants and many animals go to sleep at

night. Night is the time of rest for everybody.

84 General Science book for Grade 1

 Point to remember
 Air is all around us. We can not see the air, but we can feel
it.
 All living things need air to breathe .
 Fish breathes through its gills .
 Air has weight and it occupies space .
 Air does not have shape and color.
 The light wind is called breeze.
 The strong wind is called gale or storm.

Review Exercise
I. Circle the correct answer.
1. _____________ is the change in the condition of atmos-
phere?
a. rain b. weather c. wind
2. When do we have wet weather?
a. rainy day b. windy day c. sunny day
3. When do you wear woolen clothes?
a. sunny day b. windy day c. cold day
4. What kind of weather do we have in a sunny day?
A. hot b. wet c. cold
5. What do you use in a rainy day?
A. cotton cloth b. woolen cloth c. rain coat d. B
and C

85 General Science book for Grade 1

II. Circle the correct answer.
1. The sun rises in the _________________.
a, evening b. morning c. afternoon
2. People go to work in the _____________ time .
a. day b. night c. morning
3. Plants close their petals in the _____________.
a. day b. evening c. all
4. We use _____________ at night to see things in the dark.
a. electricity b. moon c. all
5. At night, we cannot see the _______ .
a. sun b. moon c. stars

6. When does the sun rise in the east ?

a) at night b) in the morning c) in the evening

7. At night, the sun _______________in the west.

a) rises b) sets c) all

III. Use the following map to compare and contrast day

and night properly

Day Night

86 General Science book for Grade 1

 Direction
There are four main directions.
North
South
East
West North

West East

South

Activity
 Wake up early in the morning and face the sun.
 You know that the sun rises in the east.
 What is the direction to your right?
 What is the direction to your left?
 What is the direction behind you?
 Write at least two objects that you may see to the north, south,
east and west direction.
North
South
East
West

Activity
As you are out side the class room show the direc-
tions to your class mates and your teacher indi-
vidually.

87 General Science book for Grade 1

 Unit Eight

8. Transportation
Unit Objective:- At the end of this unit, the students should be able

to;

 Define transportation .

 Identify the difference between traditional and modern transportation.

8.1 Transportation:- is a means to move people and goods from one

location to another .

Types of transportation system the similarities and differences between

modern and traditional cheap

Expensive

Means of
Slow
Fast transportation

They carry our Traditional

Modern trans- load transportations
portations
Domestic ani-
They can mov mals are used
Made by human from one place to (natural)
being another

Cumbersome
Comfortable (discomfort able)

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Exercise

Complete the following table using the characteristics of transportation .

1. Traditional transportation

People use domestic animals to transport their goods for long distance .

This

type of

horse donkey camel mule

transportation is called traditional transportation.

Some animals are used for traditional transportation. They are :- horse,

donkey, camel and mule .

2. Modern transportation

All modern transportations are made by human being .

These transportations are divided into three .

 Land transportation .

 Air transportation.

 Water transportation.

A. Land transportation

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Example of Land transportation

car rain lorry trunk motorcycle

bus van bicycle

B. Air transportation
Most people use air transportation to travel for long distance or to oth-
er countries .
Example of air transportation

airplane hang glider helicopter

C. Water transportation
Some people live near to lakes. They travel by boat.
Most countries import and export good by using ship .
Example of water transportation .

boat ship canoe Ferry

90 General Science book for Grade 1

Points to remembers
 In Ethiopia, we mostly use cars and buses to travel. In the coun-
try side, people use horses mules and camels,
 If we travel to far places or to other countries ,we use air planes .

 Some people who live near the lakes travel by a boat.

 There was one railway in Ethiopia. It goes form Addis Ababa to

Djibouti. It is a very old rail way .

 Now a day there are many modern rail ways in Ethiopia.

Exercise
I. Choose the correct answers.
1. How many rail ways were there in Ethiopia?
A. many b. one c. ten
2. What do we use when we go to far places?
A. camel b. airplane c. ship
3. What transport do people use in the country side?
A. horse b. helicopter c. boat
4. How do people travel on the lake?
A. by boat b. by train c. by airplane
5. How do the trains travel?
A. on the rail way b. at the airport c. on the water

II. Put the means of transportation in the correct columns

Airplane, ship, helicopter, horse, boat, hot air balloon,

ferry, bus, train,

Water transportation Air transportation land transportation

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

Activity
1. make a model of any transportation using anything available around
and show to your teacher and classmates.

91 General Science book for Grade 1

 Unit Nine
9. My country Ethiopia
Unit objective– At the end of this unit students should be able
to:
 list the neighboring countries of Ethiopia
 tell some geographical facts about Ethiopia

10.1 My country Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a country in Africa

92 General Science book for Grade 1

This is the flag of Ethiopia.
The colors of the flag of Ethiopia.
Green

Yellow

Red

Addis Ababa is the capital City of Ethiopia. It is a very

big city with many tall buildings. Ethiopia has many

high mountains .
 The tallest mountain in Ethiopia is Ras Dashen .

 Addis Ababa was built in the mountains .

Omo There are many rivers and lakes in Ethiopia. The

Awash Nile River is the best known river from the rivers

Baro that are found in Ethiopia.

 There are many lakes in Ethiopia .

Lake Tana is the biggest lake in Ethiopia .

Shala

Awassa are lakes that are found in Ethiopia .

Langano

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Ethiopia’s neighboring countries are:-
Sudan Eritrea
Somalia Djibouti
Kenya
 The country is divided into nine regions, one for each of its
main ethnic groups.
 Addis Ababa is Ethiopian capital and largest city.

94 General Science book for Grade 1

Exercise
I. Choose the best answers.
1. Ethiopia is found in _____________.
A. Africa B. America C. Kenya
2. Ethiopian flag has _____________ colors.
A. Two B. three C. one
3. _____________ is the capital city of Ethiopia.
A. Langano B. Ambo C. Addis Ababa
4. _____________ is the best known river .
A. Langano B. Nile C. Awash
5. _____________ is the largest lake in Ethiopia .
A. Awassa B. Tana C. Baro
6. Ethiopia has _____________ neighboring countries .
A. two B. five C. four
7. The tallest mountain in Ethiopia is _____________.
A. Ras dashen B. Entoto C. Awasa
8. Addis Ababa was built in the _____________.
A. mountains B. desert C. all

II. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’.

1. Addis Ababa is the capital city of Africa .

2. Ethiopia is a country in Africa .

3. Ras Dashen is the smallest mountain that is found in

Ethiopia.

4. Ethiopia has many high mountains .

5. Ethiopian flag has four colors .

Activity
Design the flag of our country on a white sheet of paper. Color it attach it
with a stick and bring to your class.

95 General Science book for Grade 1

 Unit Ten
10. Holidays
Unit Objective:- At the end of this unit the students should be
able to;
 Define a holiday
 List the Christian and Muslim holidays
10.1 A holiday:- is a day we celebrate once in a year to remember
something special or very important, that has happened in our life
or our country’s history or religious holiday .
10.2 Religious holidays are classified into two. There are:
 Christian holidays
 Muslim holidays
A. Christian holidays
A. Meskel:- is the holiday Christians celebrate in Ethiopia to
remember the day the true cross of Jesus Christ was
found .
B. Christmas:- is the holiday Christians all over the world cel-
ebrate to remember the birth of Jesus Christ in Je-
rusalem .
C. Epiphany:- is the holiday, Christians in Ethiopia celebrate to
remember the baptism of Jesus Christ by Saint John the
Baptist .
D. Good Friday and Easter:- These holidays are celebrated by
Christians over all the world to remember when Jesus
Christ was crucified on good Friday and rose from the
dead on the third day on Easter Sunday.

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B. Muslim Holidays
A. Id- al fetir (Remadan)
Muslims all over the world celebrate this holiday after one
month of fasting. Ramadan is the Muslim month of fasting
in which the Qur'an (Muslim Holly Book) was revealed. Id-Al
- fetir is the feast of breaking the fast of Ramadan.
B. Id-Aladaha (arafa)
Muslims celebrate this holiday to remember the history of
Abraham and his son. It is the feast of sacrifice.
C. Id Moulid
Muslims all over the world celebrate this holiday to remem-
ber the birthday of the prophet Mohammed .
10.3 National days
A. Ethiopian New Year:- is celebrated every year on the first
of Meskerem of the Ethiopian calendar or the 11th of
September of the European calendar.
B. Victory of Adwa:- celebrated in Ethiopia every year on
the 23rd of Yekatit of the Ethiopian calendar to remember
Ethiopian’s victory over Italian invaders .
C. Ethiopian patriots’ day:- is celebrated every year on Mi-
azia 27 of the Ethiopian calendar to remember Ethiopians
victory over Italian fascist invaders.

97 General Science book for Grade 1

 D. Down fall of the dergue (Ginbot 20)
This national day is celebrated every year in Ethiopia on
the 20th of Ginbot of the Ethiopian calendar to remember
the dawn fall of Dergue .

10.4 International days

A. May 1st International Labor Day:- celebrated on the 1st

of May every year by workers all over the world to
strength their solidarity and unity of work and better life.

B. March 8 international women’s day

Exercise

I. Write “True” if the statement is correct and “False” if it is incorrect.

1. May 1st International labor day is a religious
holiday.____________
2. New year is a national day.______________
3. Id Al fetir and Easter are national days.______________
4. National day is celebrated by all people .______________
5. All national and religious holidays are the same kinds of
holidays .______________

98 General Science book for Grade 1

II. Write the correct answers.
1. Write two kinds of holidays.
__________________________
__________________________
2. Write three examples of Christian’s holidays.
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
3. Write three examples of Muslim’s holidays .
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
4. Write two national days .
__________________________
__________________________

Activity Holiday

National International
Religious holidays holidays holidays

Christian Muslim
holidays holidays

99 General Science book for Grade 1

 Unit Eleven
11. Some jobs that people do!
Unit Objective:- At the end of this unit, the students should
be able to;
 List a number of jobs that people do for living .
 Explain peoples’ job along with the name of the particular
places.
11.1 People have jobs for several reasons

1. People get personal satisfaction and pride by working.

2. People make money to pay for their daily needs by

working.

3. People learn skills and develop themselves by working .

A list of jobs that people do for living.

A teacher teaches students at school.

A doctor treats sick people at hospital.

A farmer grows crops on a farm land.

A nurse looks after patients at hospital.

A barber cuts our hair and at barber shop.

A policeman catches thieves at police station.

A driver is a person who drives a car.

100 General Science book for Grade

A waiter/waitress serves food and drinks at hotel.

A librarian works in a library.

A pilot flies airplane.

A dentist treats our teeth.

A reporter/journalist writes for a newspaper.

A janitor cleans our house.

A plumber mends water pipe.

A potter makes cups, pots, etc from clay soil.

An author writes books.

An astronomer studies about stars.

A poet writes poetry.

A carpenter makes furniture from wood.

Exercise

I. Match the jobs with the places of working.

1. teacher A. bakery

2. doctor B. school

3. baker C. garage

4. mechanics D. hospital

5. pilot E. restaurant

6. waiter F. airport

101 General Science book for Grade

Look at the following pictures and write the
name of profession inside the box.

102 General Science book for Grade

 Exercise

I. Match the occupations under column “A” with the items

under column “B”.

A B

1) nurse A) looks after sick people

2) plumber B) makes pots from clay soil

3) poet C) serves food at restaurant

4) potter D) cleans our house

5) waiter E) mends water pipe

6) author F) writes poetry

7) carpenter G) writes books

8) janitor H) makes furniture

II. Answer the following questions.

1) What does a barber do?

2) What does a dentist do?

3) Where does a waitress work?

103 General Science book for Grade

4) What does a carpenter do?

5) What does a janitor do?

6) What does a nurse work?

7) What does a doctor do?

11.2 Importance of jobs and what we can do

at home and in school.
Every job is important; people do different jobs to help each
other/ one another .
 Do you help your family? There are many “jobs” you can
do at home to help .
 Take your dishes to the kitchen after eating .
 Watch out for younger brothers and sisters .
 Put your clothes and toys in the appropriate places .
 Keep the garden neat and tidy .
 Study hard in school.
 Being helpful at home is a good way to get ready for the
life ahead .

104 General Science book for Grade

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the word given in the box.

doctor mechanics tailor

baker pilot farmer

engineer teacher waiter

1. A _____________ bakes bread and cake .

2. A _____________ treats sick people .

3. A _____________ designs new machines .

4. A _____________ flies an airplane .

5. A _____________ teaches children at school.

6. A _____________ repairs broken cars.

7. A _____________ sews new clothes .

8. A _____________ grows teff and wheat on a farm .

9. A _____________ brings us food in a restaurant .

Activity
Imagine that you are one of professional persons.
Act like that person whom you chose and tell
with actions what you are doing to your teacher
and classmates

105 General Science book for Grade