SURVEYING

FUNDAMENTALS OF
Introduction Reference
of Surveying Book
CE 404 – FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
LECTURE 1

Semester Preview Semester Preview

01 06
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING THE ENGINEER'S TRANSIT AND THEODOLITE

02 07
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES TRAVERSING AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

03 08
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL DISTANCES OMITTED MEASUREMENTS

04 09
LEVELING METHODS AREA COMPUTATIONS

05 10
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS PARTITION OF LAND
 Surveying is the art of determining the
relative positions of different objects
on the surface of the earth by
SURVEYING measuring the horizontal distances

DEFINITION OF
between them, and by preparing a map

SURVEYING
to any suitable scale.

SURVEYING is the art of determining the positions SURVEYING is the art of determining the positions
of points on or near the earth’s surface by means of points on or near the earth’s surface by means
of measurements in the three elements of space; of measurements in the three elements of space;
namely distance, direction, and elevation. namely distance, direction, and elevation.
(Rayner and Schmidt) (Rayner and Schmidt)

SURVEYING is the art of measuring horizontal SURVEYING is the art of measuring horizontal
and vertical distances between objects, of and vertical distances between objects, of
DEFINITION OF

DEFINITION OF

measuring angles between lines, of determining measuring angles between lines, of determining
SURVEYING

SURVEYING

the direction of lines, and of establishing points the direction of lines, and of establishing points
by predetermined angular and linear by predetermined angular and linear
measurements. (Davis, Foote, Anderson and measurements. (Davis, Foote, Anderson and
Mikhail) Mikhail)
 SURVEYING is the art of making such
measurements of the relative positions of points SURVEYING is the science or art of making such
on the surface of the earth that, on drawing measurements as are necessary to determine the
them to scale, natural and artificial features relative position of points above, on, or beneath
may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or the surface of the earth, or to establish such
vertical relationship. (Clarke) point. (Breed, Hosmer, and Bone)
SURVEYING is that branch of applied
DEFINITION OF

DEFINITION OF
mathematics which teaches the art of SURVEYING is the science and art of
SURVEYING

SURVEYING
determining the area of any portion of the determining relative positions of points above,
earth’s surface, the length and directions of on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or
the boundary lines, the contour of the establishing such points. (Brinker and Wolf)
surfaces, and of accurately delineating the
whole paper. (Webster)

curvature of
the earth is curvature of
SURVEYING the art and science of determining taken into the earth is
consideration not taken into
angular and linear measurements to establish the PLANE consideration
form, extent, and relative position of the points, SURVEYING
lines, and areas on or near the surface of the
earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through
DEFINITION OF

applied mathematics and the use of specialized GEODETIC

SURVEYING

equipment and techniques. (Juny Pilapil LA PUTT) SURVEYING

CLASSIFICATIONS
OF SURVEYING
 USES OF
geodetic SURVEYING

Plane
Earth surface is assumed as plain
Line formed by any two points are
versus
considered as straight line – as
the same angles are plain angles
Earth surface is considered as spherical
Line formed by joining any two points
are considered as arch –as the same
angles are spherical angles
Topographical Map

Engineering Map
Cadastral Map

Construction Map
Suitable for large area
Suitable for small area surveying surveying Survey accuracy is Forestry Map
Survey accuracy is low high
Economic and easy survey method Special instrument needed and long Hydrographic Map
survey method
Photogrammetric Map

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS - surveys to CADASTRAL SURVEYS - closed surveys in urban and

rural locations to determine and define property
determine the shape of the ground, the
lines and boundaries, corners, and areas
location and elevation of natural and
artificial features upon it.
SURVEYING

SURVEYING
USES OF

USES OF
 Engineering Map is usually a large scale map of a CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS these are surveys which
comparatively rom the data gathered by a survey are undertaken at a construction site to provide
made specificasmall area or of a route. It may be data regarding grades, reference lines,
made entirely flly for the purpose or may be dimensions, ground configuration, and the
location and elevation of structures which are of
complied from information collected from various
concern to engineers, architects, and builders.
sources and assembled on a base map.
SURVEYING

SURVEYING
USES OF

USES OF
CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS these are surveys which FORESTRY SURVEYS - survey in connection with
are undertaken at a construction site to provide forest management and mensuration, and the
data regarding grades, reference lines, production and conservation of forest lands.
dimensions, ground configuration, and the
location and elevation of structures which are of
concern to engineers, architects, and builders.
SURVEYING

SURVEYING
USES OF

USES OF
 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS - surveys made to map PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS - survey which uses
shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying photographs taken with specially designed cameras
water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams. either from airplanes or ground stations.
SURVEYING

SURVEYING
USES OF

USES OF
1. Linear, Area, and Volume Measurements

2. Angular Measurements
TYPES OF Radian – SI unit for plane angles (the angle
subtended by an arc of a circle having a length
MEASUREMENTS equal to the radius of a circle).
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS - comparison

MEASUREMENT
UNITS OF
of the measured quantity with a
standard measuring unit (makes use of a. A. Sexagesimal Units - the degree, minute, second.
instruments to measure the quantity)
b. B. Centesimal Units - uses grads (360° = 400 grads) -
INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS - made when the grad is divided into 100 centesimal minutes and
it is not possible to apply a measuring the minute is divided into 100 centesimal seconds.
instrument directly to a quantity.
 TYPES OF NOTES
1. Sketches
2. Tabulations
3. Explanatory Notes

SURVEYING FIELD NOTES

4. Computations
5. Combination of the above

SURVEYING FIELD NOTES INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEBOOKS

1. Title of the Field Work or Name of Project
2. Time of Day and Date
3. Weather Conditions
4. Names of Group Members and Their Designations
5. List of Equipment

THE FIELD SURVEY PARTY

1. CHIEF OF PARTY
2. ASSOCIATE CHIEF OF PARTY
SURVEYING FIELD NOTES

3. INSTRUMENTMAN
4. TECHNICIAN
5. COMPUTER
6. RECORDER
7. HEAD TAPEMAN
8. REAR TAPEMAN
9. FLAGMAN
10. RODMAN
11. PACER
12.
13.
AXEMAN/LINEMAN
AIDMAN
ERRORS AND MISTAKES
14. UTILITYMAN
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS - one which will always
have the same sign and magnitude as long as Examples
field conditions remain constant and ■ Wrong length of tape
unchanged.

TYPES OF ERRORS

TYPES OF ERRORS
■ Poor ranging
■ Poor straightening
ACCIDENTAL ERRORS - the occurrence of such ■ Slope
errors are matters of chance as they are likely to ■ Sag
be positive or negative, and may tend in part to ■ Temperature variation
compensate or average out according to laws of ■ Wrong tensioning
probability.

INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS - due to imperfections

ACCURACY VERSES PRECISION

of the instrument used.
SOURCE OF ERRORS

NATURAL ERRORS - caused by variations in the

phenomena of nature.

PERSONAL ERRORS - arise from the limitations

of the senses of sight, touch and hearing of the
human observer which are likely to be
erroneous or inaccurate.
 MOST PROBABLE VALUE refers to a quantity which, based
on available data, has more chance of being correct than
Accuracy is telling the truth has any other

ACCURACY AND PRECISION

Precision is repeating the same story

PROBABLE ERROR
over and over again. PROBABLE ERROR quantity which, when added to or subtracted
from the most probable value, defines a range within which there
is a 50% chance that the true value of the measured quantity lies
inside (or outside) the limits thus set.
IN SURVEYING WE WANT Probable Error of any Single Probable Error of the Mean:
OUR MEASUREMENTS TO BE Measurement of a Series:

ACCURATE AND PRECISE

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION DIVISION

■ When two or more quantities are added or subtracted, ■ When two or more quantities are divided, the error in
the error in result (Es) is the square root of the sum of result is the square root of the sum of the square of
the square of the errors (e1, e2, .....) of the individual the fractional errors in the individual quantity.
quantity i.e.,
ERROR PROGRATION

ERROR PROGRATION
PRODUCT POWER
■ When two or more quantities are multiplied, the error in ■ The error in a physical quantity raised to the power is the
result (Eproduct) is the square root of the sum of the square of power times the fractional errors in the individual quantity.
the fractional errors of the individual quantity. Thus, where
EA and EB are errors in observed values of A and B
respectively.
RECAP
TIME Questions? Clarifications?
Additional informations?

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Measurement of Horizontal Distances