Maths Short Notes For NDA

By : Arpit Choudhary

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 Inverse
Trigonometric Ratios
Short Notes For NDA
By : Arpit Choudhary

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 Chapter - 3.3
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Trigonometric Functions (or Inverse Circular Functions)

if sin  = x, then  = sin-1 x or arc sin x
if cos  = x, then  = cos-1 x or arc cos x
if tan  = x, then  = tan-1 x or arc tan x.
The value which is numerically lead is called the principal value of the function. If x is +ve, the principal

value of sin-1 x, cos-1x and tan-1 x lies between 0 and .
2

If x is –ve, the principal value of sin -1 x and tan-1x lies between  and 0 and that of cos-1x lies between
2
and .
Y Y

1 1


X 
0 X
0

1 1

y = sin x Y y = cos x

y = tan x

X
0

y = tan x

Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Circular Function Domain Range
sin1x [1, 1]   
 2 , 2
 
cos1x [1, 1] [0, ]
tan1x (, ) (=R)   
 , 
 2 2
cosec1x (, 1]  [1, )   
 2 , 2  excluding zero.
 
sec1x [, 1]  [1, ) 
Range : [0, ] excluding
2
cot1x (, ) (= R) (0, )

In general, the principal value should be taken for every inverse trigonometric function unless it is indicated
or implied that the general value is required.
Thus,
 
  sin 1 x 
2 2
0  cos x  
1

 
  tan 1 x 
2 2
0  cot x  
1

 
0  sec 1 x  or  sec 1 x  
2 2
 
  cosec1 x  0 or 0  cosec1 x 
2 2
Note: cos x and sin x are defined for real values of x:–  x  1. cot -1x and talc' x are defined for all real
-1 -1

values of x. sec-1 x and cosec-1 x are defined for real value of x: x  –1 or x 1.

Y Y

1 0 1 X 1 0 1 X

 

y = sin1 x y = cos1 x

X
0

y = tan1 x
Now, the functions cosec 1 x, sec1 x and cot1 x can be similarly defined.

1. Graph of y = cosec1x 2. Graph of y = sec1x

y=
x
1 0 1

1 0 1 x

3. Graph of y = cot-1 x
y

y=

0 1

Important Results
1. sin(sin1x) = x for all x  [1, 1];

cos(cos1x) = x for all x  [1, 1];

tan(tan1x) = x for all x  R

sin (cos1x) = cos (sin1x) = 1 x 2 for x  [1,1];

1
tan (cot1x) = cot (tan1x) = (x  0)
x

sec (cosec1x) = cosec (sec1x) =

x
 x  1
x2  1

2. sin1(x) = sin1x, 1  x  1

cos1(x) =   cos1x, 1  x  1

tan1(x) = tan1x, x  R

cot1(x) =   cot1x, x  R

sec1(x) =   sec1x

cosec1(x) =  cosec1x

 1
3. sin1 =   = cosec1x
x
  1
cos1   = sec1x
x

 1
tan1   = cot1x, x > 0 = cot1 x   , x < 0.
x

Some Relation/Results on Inverse Trigonometric Functions

  
1. sin 1 x  cos 1 x  ; tan 1 x  cot 1 x  ; sec1 x  cos ec 1 x  ; where x  R  (1, 1)
2 2 2
 x y 
2. tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   , where  x  0, y  0, xy  1
 1  xy 
 x y 
3. tan 1 x  tan 1 y    tan 1   , where  x  0, y  0, xy  1
 1  xy 
4. sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  , where x  0, y  0 and x2 + y2  1
 
5. 1 1 1 
sin x  sin y    sin x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  , where x  0, y  0 and x2 + y2 > 1
 

7. sin-1x + cos1x = , where
2

tan1x + cot1x = , x R
2

sec1x + cosec1x = , where x  R  (1, 1)
2
xy
8. tan1x + tan1y = tan1 , where x > 0, y > 0 and xy < 1
1  xy

 
 x, y  0
9. If xy = 1, tan1x+tan1y =  2

 x, y  0
 2

 xy 
10. tan1x + tan1y =  + tan1   , where x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1
 1  xy 

 xy 
11. tan1x  tan1y = tan1   , where x > 0, y > 0
 1  xy 

12. sin1x + sin1y = sin1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  where x  0, y  0 and x2 + y2  1

 

1 1 
13. 2sin1 x = sin1 2x 1 x 2 ; where x   , .
 2 2

1 
14. 3cos1 x = cos1(4x3  3x), where x   , 1
2 

1 1  x
2
2x 2x
15. 2 tan 1 x  sin 1  cos  tan 1 where x  1
1 x 2
1 x 2
1  x2
1 1  x
2
2x 2x
16.   2 tan 1 x  sin 1  cos  tan 1 x 1
1 x 2
1 x 2
1  x2
 Examples

 1
1.  1

Considering only the principle values, if tan cos x  sin  cot

1
  cos 90 then x equals.
2
1
(a)
5
2
(b)
5
3
(c)
5
5
(d)
3
Answer: (d)
Explanation:
 1
 
We have, tan cos 1 x  sin  cot 1   cos 90
 2
 1
 tan  cos 1 x   sin  cot 1   0
 2
 1
 tan  cos 1 x   sin  cot 1 
 2
1 1
Put cot 1    θ  cot θ 
2 2
2
 sin θ  Put cos 1 x  
5
  x cos 
2 5
Also, tan   and x  cos   .
5 3

 5 1 
The principal value of sin 1 
2.
 4 
 
2
(a) 
3

(b) 
3

(c)
10
5
(d)
8
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
 5 1 
Let sin 1    
 4 
 5 1   
 sin θ       sin  
 4   10 
   
 sin  
 10 

Principal Value  
10

3.  
If cosh 1 x  log, 1  2 , then x=
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 5
Answer: (b)
Explanation:

cosh 1 x  log 1  2 
  
log x  x 2  1  log 1  2  
 x  x2  1  1  2
 x  1.

4
4. If sin 1 x  sin 1 y  , then cos 1 y is equal to
5
2
(a)
3

(b)
3

(c)
6

(d)
5
Answer: (d)
Explanation:
sin 1 x  cos1 x  sin 1 y  cos 1 y
 
  
2 2
 sin 1 x  sin 1 y    cos1 x  cos1 y   
4
  cos 1 x  cos 1 y  
5
4 
 cos 1 x  cos 1 y     .
5 5
 x2   x2  y 2 
5. tan 1  2   tan 1  2 2 
is
y  x y 

(a)
2

(b)
3

(c)
4
 3
(d) 
4
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
1 x  y
2 2 2
x
tan 1  tan
y2 x2  y 2
x2 x2  y 2
 2
1 y
2
x  y2
 tan
x2 x2  y 2
1 2 . 2
y x  y2
x4  x2 y 2  x2 y 2  y 4
1
 tan 2 2
x y  y 4  x4  x2 y 2
1 x  y
4 4

tan 4  tan 1 1  .
x y 4
4

Practice Worksheet

1. A solution of the equation tan 1  4  x   tan 1  4  x   is
2
(a) x =1
(b) x= 3
(c) x = 15
(d) x=
Answer: (c)
Explanation:

We have tan 1  4  x   tan 1  4  x  
2
4 x4 x 
 tan 1 
1   4  x  4  x  2
1 8 
tan 
1  16  x 2 2
8 
  tan  
15  x 2
2
 15  x  0  x 2  15  x  15
2

2.  
The value of cos 2 cos 1 x  sin 1 x at x 
1
3
is

6
(a)
5
2 6
(b) 
5
2 2
(c)
3
(d) 2 6
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
cos  2 cos 1 x  sin 1 x 
  
 cos  cos 1 x  
 2
1
Let cos x  θ  x  cos θ
 1  x 2  sin θ=   2cos1 x  sin 1 x 
1 1 8 2 2
At x  , value   1    
3 9 9 3

 x y
3. If tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 z  , then is equal to
2 1  xy
1
(a)
x
1
(b)
z
1
(c)
y
(d) 2xyz
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
We have,

tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 z 
2

 tan 1 x  tan 1 x   tan 1 z
2
x  y
 tan 1  cot 1 z
1  xy
x y  1 1
  tan  cot 1 z   tan  tan 1  
1  xy  z z
x y 1
 
1  xy z

If 6 cos x  sin x   then x is equal to

1 1
4.

(a) cos
10

(b) cos
6

(c) sin
18

(d) sin
12
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
We have, 6 cos 1 x  sin 1 x  
 5cos 1 x  cos 1 x  sin 1 x  
  
 5cos 1 x     5cos 1 x    
2 2 2
 
 5cos 1 x   cos 1 x 
2 10
 
 x  cos
10


5. If sin 1 x  , for some x  1,1 , the value of cos 1 x is
7
3
(a)
10
5
(b)
14
9
(c)
19
7
(d)
12
Answer: (b)
Explanation:

Since, sin 1 x  cos 1 x 
2
   7  2 5
 cos 1 x   sin 1 x    
2 2 7 14 14

6. If cos1 x  cos1 y  cos1 z  3 , then x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx is equal to

(a) 6
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
1

We have, cos1 x  cos1 y  cos 2
 3 ,
As we known that 0  cos x  
1

 cos1 x  cos1 y  cos1 z  

 x  y  z  1
Now, x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx
  1   1   1   1 1   1 1   1 1  6
2 2 2

7. Consider the following statements

7 19 39
If cot 1    cot 1  cot 1  ........
4 4 4
1
I. S   tan 2
 1 1
II.  tan 1    cot 1  
2 2 2
Which the following statement is correct?
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
7 19 39
The given series cot 1    cot 1  cot 1  ........ can be written as
4 4 4
 3  3  3
cot 1 12    cot 1  22    cot 1  32    ..........
 4  4  4
 3  4n 2  3 
Let Tn  cot 1  n2    Tn  cot 1  
 4  4 
 
 4   1 
 Tn  tan 1  2   tan 
1

 4n  3  3
 n2  
 4
 
 1 
 Tn  tan 1  
1   n 2  1  
  
4  
 
 1 
 Tn  tan 1  
1   n  1  n  1  
  
2 

2  
 1  1 
 n 2n 2 
 Tn  tan 1     
1   n  1  n  1  
  
2 

2  
Now Sn  T1  T2  T3  ....  Tn
3 1 5  3
 Sn  tan 1    tan 1    tan 1    tan 1  
2 2 2 2
7 5
 tan 1    tan 1    ...
2 2
 1  1
 tan 1  n    tan 1  n  
 2  2
 1 1
 tan 1    cot 1  
2 2 2
1
 S  tan 1   tan 1    S  tan 1 2
2

8. If tan 1 y  4 tan 1 x, consider the following statements

1
is zero if x  6 x  1  0
4 2
I.
y
II. x  1  2
Which the following statement is correct?
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Answer: (b)
 Explanation:
If we put x  tan θ, the given equality becomes tan 1 y  4θ
 2 tan θ 
2
2 tan 2θ  1  tan 2 θ 
 y  tan 4θ  
1  tan 2 2θ  2 tan θ 
2

2
1  tan θ 
2

2  2 x 1  x 2  4 x 1  x 2 
 
1  x  2 2
 4x2 1  6 x2  x4
1
 is zero if x 4  6 x 2  1  0
y
6  36  4
 
2
 x2   3  2 2  1 2
2
Hence, only statement II is correct

9. Consider the following statements

  
I . sin 1 cos sin 1 x  cos 1 sin cos 1 x     
1  x2
II. tan  cos x  1

Which the following statement is correct?

(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Statement I:
  
sin 1 cos  sin 1 x   cos 1 sin  cos 1 x  
     
 sin 1 cos   cos 1 x    cos 1 sin   sin 1 x  
 2   2 
 
 sin 1 sin cos1 x   cos1 cos sin 1 x   
1 1 
 cos x  sin x  .
2
Statement II:
cos 1 x    x  cos 
1  x2
 tan  
x
1  x2
 tan  cos1 x   tan  
x

x2 x2 
10. If tan 1  tan 1  , then x=
x 3 x3 4
1
(a) 
2
7
(b) 
2
 3
(c) 
2
11
(d) 
2
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
x2 x2
We have, tan 1  tan 1  tan 1 1
x 3 x3
x  2 x2
 tan 1  tan 1 1  tan1
x 3 x3
x2
1

 tan 1 1 x  3
x 2
 tan 1
x 3 x2
1
x3
x2 1
 tan 1  tan 1
x 3 2x  5
x2 1
    x  2  2 x  5   x  3
x  3 2x  5
 2 x 2  4 x  5 x  10  x  3
 2 x 2  x  10  x  3
 2 x2  7
7 7
 x2   x  
2 2

5 2
    cos x 
1 2 1 2
11. If sin x  then consider the following statements
8
1
I. x 
2
1
II. x  
2
Which the following statement is correct?
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
5 2
We have  sin 1 x    cos 1 x  
2 2

8
  5
2 2
  sin 1 x     sin 1 x  
2

2  8
3 2
 2  sin 1 x    sin 1 x 
2
0
4
  4 2 3 
 sin 1 x   sin 1 x  or 
4 4 4
3   
 x  sin or sin   
4  4
 1 1
x  or  .
2 2

1  1 2 1 1 
  cos  sin
2
12. The value of sin  cos  is
 4  6
117
(a)
136
259
(b)
236
136
(c)
159
275
(d)
144
Answer: (d)
Explanation:
 1  1
sin 2  cos 1   cos 2  sin 1 
 4  6
 1  1
 1  cos 2  cos 1   1  sin 2  sin 1 
 4  6
1 1 288  9  4 275
2 2
1 1
 1   1    2    .=
4 6 16 36 144 144

x 
13. If tan 1  , x  N , then the maximum value of x is
 6

(a)
2
(b) 2

(c)
3
(d) 3
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
x 
` We have, tan 1 
 6
 x 
 tan  tan 1   tan .
  6
x 1 
  x
 3 3

1  x2  1  x2
14. If tan   then consider the following statements
1  x2  1  x2
 
I. x 2   cos   2 
2 
II. x  sin 2
 Which the following statement is correct?
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
 1  x2  1  x2 
Since tan 1   
 1  x2  1  x2 
 
1  x2  1  x2tan 
 
1 x  1 x
2 1 2

Using componendo and dividend, we get

2 1  x2 1  tan   
  tan    
2 1 x 2 1  tan  4 
 
tan 2    
1 x 2
 4 
 
1  x2 1
Again using componendo and dividend, we have
 
tan 2      1
  
1  x2  1  x2

 4 
  
1 x  1 x
2 2
  
tan 2      1
4 
 
 x 2   cos   2   sin 2
2 
Hence, both statements are correct.

3 6
15. If sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 z  then the value of x 60  y 60  z 60  61 is
2 x  y 61  z 61
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
We have, sin 1 x  sin1 y  sin 1 z 
3
it is possible only when
2
 
sin 1 x   x  1 sin 1 x 
2 2

sin 1 y   y  1
2

And sin 1 z   z  1
2
6
 x 60  y 60  z 60  61
x  y 61  z 61
6
 111  3  2  1
3
 1
16. The positive integral solution of tan 1 x  tan 1  1
  tan 3
 y
(a) x  1, y  2; x  2, y  7
(b) x  1, y  3; x  2, y  4
(c) x  0, y  0; x  3, y  4
(d) none of these
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
1
tan 1 x  tan 1    tan 1 3
 y
 1 
 x  
 tan 1   y    tan 1 3  xy  1  3
  1  yx
1  x   
  y 
 The equality is true for
x  1, y  2 and for x  2, y  7

17. Consider the following statements

2n
I.  sin
i 1
1
xi  n
2n
II. x
i 1
i  2n

Which the following statement is correct?

(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
2n
We have  sin
i 1
1
xi  n

 sin 1 x1  sin 1 x2  ....  sin 1 x2 n  n

Let sin 1 x1  1 ,sin 1 x2   2 ,....,.sin 1 xn   n
1  2  ...  2n  n .... 1
 x1  sin 1 , x2  sin  2 ,...., x2 n  sin  2 n
2n
  xi  x1  x2  ....  x2 n
i 1

 sin 1  sin  2  ....  sin  2 n


Clearly from (1), 1  , i  1, 2,...., 2n
2
2n
  xi  1  1  ....  1  2n
i 1 2 n times

Hence, both statements are correct.

3
18. If sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin1 z  and
2
f 1  1, f  p  q   f  p  . f  q  p, q  R
 x f 1  y f  2  z f 3 xy  yz  zx
Then,  f 1 =
x yz x  y f  2   z f  3
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
 
Since,   sin 1 x 
2 2

 sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 z 
2

 sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 z 
2
 x  y  z 1
Also, f  p  q   f  p  . f  q  p, q  R …..(i)
Given, f 1  1
From (1),
f 1  1  f 1 . f 1
 f  2  12  1
From (2), f  2  1  f  2 . f 1 …..(ii)
 f  3  12.1  13  1
3 3
Now, given expression    0
3 3

x y
19. If cos 1  cos 1  θ, then 4 x 2  20 xy cosθ  25 y 2
2 5
(a) 100
(b) 100sin 2 θ
(c) 100sin 2 θ
(d) 100 cos 2 θ
Answer: (c)
Explanation:

1 x y x2 y2 
Given, θ  cos  .  1  1 
2 5 4 5 

xy 4  x 2 25  y 2
 cos θ  
10 20
  xy  10cosθ    4  x2  25  y 2 
2

 100  25x 2  4 y 2  x 2 y 2
 100cos2 θ  20 xy cosθ  4 x 2  25 y 2  100
 4 x 2  20 xy cosθ  25 y 2  100sin 2 θ

20. sin 1 x  sin 1 1  x   cos1 x  0 then consider the following statements

I. x = 0
1
II. x 
2
Which the following statement is correct?
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
We have, sin 1 x  sin 1 1  x   cos1 x  0
sin 1 x  sin 1 1  x   cos1 x

 sin 1 1  x   cos 1 x  sin 1 x   2sin 1 x
2
 1  x  cos  2sin 1 x   1  2  sin sin 1 x   1  2 x 2
2

1
 2 x 2  x  0  x  0 or
2