Thin lines usually drawn at a 45-degree angle,

Engineering Drawing Basics indicating material cut in a sectional view.​

●​ Engineering Drawing​ ●​ Cutting Plane Line​

A two-dimensional representation of Thick broken lines terminated with short
three-dimensional objects.​ 90-degree arrowheads, showing where a part is
mentally cut in half to see interior details.​
●​ Purpose of Engineering Drawing​
●​ Phantom Line​
○​ Provides information about shape, size, Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating
material, and manufacturing process. with pairs of short dashes.​
○​ Helps in visualizing, analyzing, and
communicating ideas. ●​ Arrowheads​
●​ Methods of Expression in Engineering
Drawing​ ○​ Used to terminate dimension lines,
leader lines, cutting-plane lines, and
○​ Freehand Drawing – Done without viewing plane lines.
instruments, commonly used for ○​ Should be three times as long as they
preliminary designs. are wide.
○​ Instrument Drawing – Standard ○​ The filled arrowhead is generally
method using instruments for preferred for clarity.
precision.
●​ Methods of Shape Description​

○​ Orthographic Projection – Used for Lettering in Engineering Drawing

most engineering work, showing
multiple views. ●​ Importance of Lettering​
○​ Pictorial Representation – Shows an
object as the eye would see it. ○​ Essential in both traditional and CAD
●​ Types of Pictorial Representations:​ drawings.
○​ Must have:
○​ Axonometric Projection – Uses a ■​ Legibility – Proper shape &
single plane to display three faces spacing between letters/words.
(Isometric, Dimetric, Trimetric). ■​ Uniformity – Consistent size &
○​ Oblique Projection – Used for objects line thickness.
with circular or curved features on ●​ Types of Lettering​
parallel faces.
○​ Perspective Projection – Mimics how ○​ Double Stroke Lettering
the human eye sees objects. ■​ Has a greater line width than
single-stroke.
■​ Includes:
■​ Double Stroke Vertical
Types of Lines Gothic
■​ Double Stroke Inclined
●​ Visible Line​ Gothic
Represents features that can be seen in the ○​ Single Stroke Lettering
current view.​ ■​ Obtained with a single stroke
of a pencil or ink pen.
●​ Hidden Line​ ■​ Includes:
Represents features that cannot be seen in the ■​ Single Stroke Inclined
current view.​ Gothic
●​ Lettering Conventions​
●​ Center Line​
Represents symmetry, path of motion, centers ○​ Use all CAPITAL LETTERS.
of circles, and axes of axisymmetrical parts.​ ○​ Apply even pressure for clean lines.
○​ Use one stroke per line.
●​ Dimension Line & Extension Line​ ●​ Kerning​
Indicate the sizes and locations of features.​
○​ Adjusting space between characters,
●​ Section Lines​ especially pairs like WA, MW, TA, and
 VA, for better readability.
●​ Drawing Sheet​

○​ A white, high-quality paper used for

engineering drawings.
Types of Engineering Drawings ○​ Must have a smooth surface.
●​ Standard Drawing Sheet Sizes (IS Standards)​
●​ Isometric Drawing​

○​ A0 – 841 × 1189 mm
○​ A three-dimensional pictorial drawing.
○​ A1 – 594 × 841 mm
○​ Vertical lines are drawn vertically.
○​ A2 – 420 × 594 mm
○​ Horizontal lines in width and depth
○​ A3 – 297 × 420 mm
planes are drawn at 30 degrees to the
○​ A4 – 210 × 297 mm
horizontal.
●​ Drawing Board​
●​ Orthographic or Multiview Drawing​

○​ Made of softwood.
○​ Draws an object on three faces from
○​ Standard sizes:
different views.
■​ D0 – 1500 × 1000 × 25 mm
○​ Provides a clear orthographic
■​ D1 – 1000 × 700 × 25 mm
representation when unfolded.
■​ D2 – 700 × 500 × 15 mm
●​ Sectioning​
■​ D3 – 500 × 350 × 15 mm
●​ Mini Drafter​
○​ Used when interior details cannot be
seen externally.
○​ A multi-functional adjustable
○​ Pretends to cut the object on a plane to
instrument for drawing.
show a sectional view.
○​ Used for drawing horizontal, vertical,
●​ Assembly Drawings​
inclined lines, angles, and
parallel/perpendicular lines.
○​ Show the assembled view of a system.
●​ T-Square​
○​ Exploded View – A disassembled view
showing inner components.
○​ Used for drawing horizontal and
●​ Cross-Sectional Views​
vertical lines.
○​ Consists of a blade (vertical) and head
○​ Portrays a cutaway portion of an object.
(horizontal).
●​ Compass​

○​ Used for drawing circles and arcs.

Isometric Drawing Terminology ●​ Divider​

●​ Isometric Axes – The three coordinate axes.​

○​ Similar to a compass but with two
needle-pointed legs.
●​ Isometric Line – Any line parallel to the
○​ Used to divide a line or curve into equal
isometric axes.​
parts.
●​ Set Squares​
●​ Non-Isometric Line – A line not parallel to the
isometric axes.​
○​ Used to draw angled lines (30°, 45°, 60°,
90°).
●​ Isometric Planes – The faces of a cube or any
●​ Clinograph​
parallel plane in an isometric projection.​

○​ Used to draw parallel lines to inclined

●​ Isometric Projection vs. Isometric Drawing​
lines.
●​ Protractor​
○​ Isometric Projection – Drawn using
isometric scale.
○​ Semi-circular instrument measuring
○​ Isometric Drawing – Drawn using an
angles from 0° to 180°.
ordinary scale.
●​ French Curves​

○​ Used for drawing irregular curves.

●​ Drawing Templates​
Drawing Instruments
○​ Plastic or wooden templates with
 cut-out shapes for standard letters or
figures.

Pencils in Engineering Drawing

●​ Pencil Hardness Grades​

○​ 9H – Hardest
○​ 6H-4H – Extremely Hard
○​ 3H – Very Hard
○​ 2H – Hard
○​ H – Moderately Hard
○​ F – Firm
○​ HB – Medium Hard
○​ B – Moderately Soft
○​ 2B – Soft & Black
○​ 3B-7B – Very Soft & Dark
●​ Pencil Uses​

○​ 3H – Construction Lines
○​ 2H – Dimension, Center, Section,
Hidden Lines
○​ H – Object Lines, Lettering
○​ HB – Boundary and Dimensioning
Lines