Palestine Polytechnic University

Architectural Engineering

‫اﻻﺿﺎءة اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ‬

Architetcural Lighting
Chapter Two : ELECTRIC LIGHTING

Arch. Hazim Seder

٢٠٢٣
 Chapter Two : ELECTRIC LIGHTING
1. HISTORY OF LIGHT SOURCES 11. LIGHTING SYSTEMS
2. LIGHT SOURCES 12. VISUALIZING LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
3. INCANDESCENT AND HALOGEN LAMPS 13. ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
4. DISCHARGE LAMPS 14. OUTDOOR LIGHTING
5. FLUORESCENT LAMPS 15. EMERGENCY LIGHTING
6. HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS
(MERCURY, METAL HALIDE, AND HIGH 16. CONTROLS
PRESSURE SODIUM) 17. MAINTENANCE
7. SOLID STATE LIGHTING
18. RULES FOR ENERGY- EFFICIENT
8. COMPARISON OF THE MAJOR ELECTRIC , LIGHTING DESIGN
LIGHTING SOURCES
9. LUMINAIRES 19. LAWS AND STANDARDS
10. LENSES, DIFFUSERS, AND BAFFLES 20. CONCLUSION
 1. HISTORY OF LIGHT SOURCES

• Activities requiring good light were reserved for daylight hours.

• This was true because of the poor quality of the available light sources, and even more so because
of the expense.
• Oil lamps and candles, the main sources of light, were so expensive that even the rich did not use
more than a few at a time.
• During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the whaling industry ‫ اﻟﺣﯾﺗﺎن‬existed mainly
for supplying oil and wax for lighting needs.
• Coal gas ‫ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻔﺣم‬was another important light source
in the nineteenth century.
• The mineral impregnated mantle‫وﺷﺎح ﻣﺷﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺎدن‬
in the 1880s, which greatly improved both the
quality and quantity of gas light.
• kerosene, which is extracted from petroleum,
replaced whale oil, and the petroleum age was born.
• Thomas Edison did not invent the idea of the electric
incandescent lamp, but he was one of the first to make it
practical, around 1880.
• He also developed efficient electric generators and
distribution systems without which the electric lamp was
worthless.
• Although the incandescent lamp was an excellent light
source for general illumination compared to what was
available before.
• the development of discharge and LED lamps has made the
incandescent lamp obsolete.
• The first major new lamp was the fluorescent lamp, which
was introduced in the late 1930s.
The architect should make full use of geometry,
color of finishes, and daylighting before the
electric lighting system is designed.
2. LIGHT SOURCES

The primary sources of electric

light for buildings.
• This specific ratio of lumens per watt is called
efficacy.
• The modern incandescent lamp was once
considered a good light source, it is inefficient
when compared to what else is available.
• The efficacy of each lamp type is shown as a range
because efficacy is a function of several factors
including wattage.
• High-wattage lamps have greater efficacy than
low-wattage lamps. For example, a 100-watt lamp
gives off much more light than the combined
effect of two 50-watt lamps.
• The spectral distribution ‫ اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟطﯾﻔﻲ‬also
influences the efficacy of lamps. For example,
warm white lamps have a lower efficacy than cool
white lamps.
In choosing a lamp, the three major characteristics are efficacy (lumens per watt), color rendering (CRI),
and the life of the lamp. To make comparisons easier, all three characteristics are shown side by side.
• The modern incandescent
lamp turns only about 7
percent of the electricity into
light; the other 93 percent is
immediately turned into heat.

• Although the fluorescent lamp

is a great improvement, it still
converts only about 28
percent of the electricity into
light.
One way that building codes regulate
lighting efficiency is by specifying the
maximum number of watts per
square meter of floor area.
‫اﻗﺻﻰ اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ )وات( ﻟﻛل ﻣﺗر ﻣرﺑﻊ‬

Near Table show the efficiency

requirements of various codes for
offices.
 3. INCANDESCENT AND HALOGEN LAMPS

• Incandescent lamps use for general illumination, and

special applications.
• Its good at creating sparkle, they remain popular in some
decorative lighting fixtures.
• Their first cost is low, their operating cost is very high in
terms of both money and the environment.
• Several countries, including Korea, already prohibit the sale
of most incandescent lamps, and many others, such as
Australia, Canada, the European Union, and the United
States, are phasing them out.
• In an incandescent lamp, light is emitted by electrically
heating a tungsten filament until it is reddish white hot.
• By increasing the current, the filament gets hotter and the
light gets whiter (higher color temperature).
• The life of a typical incandescent lamp is only about 1000
hours.
• The evaporation of the filament can be reduced by adding
Halogen elements to the inert gases inside the lamp.
• These types of incandescent lamps can be operated at higher
temperatures without shortening lamp life excessively.
• This is known as the tungsten halogen or quartz iodine lamp.
• Because of their: intense light and small size, they are very
popular as automobile headlamps, projector lamps, and
spotlights for accent lighting.
• Halogen lamps have a slightly better efficacy than
incandescent lamps, and a new version called the Halogen IR
(infra red) is even better.
• One of the main advantages of halogen lamps is the optical
control that is possible.
• Its appropriate for accent lighting of small areas or objects,
such as retail displays, sculpture, and paintings.

• Its especially appropriate when sparkle and specular

reflectance's are desired in the display of glassware, However, LED lamps are increasingly
silverware, or jewelry. replacing halogen lamps.
 4. DISCHARGE LAMPS .‫ﻣﺻﺎﺑﯾﺢ اﻟﺗﻔرﯾﻎ‬

• A major improvement in electric lighting came first with the

development of the fluorescent lamp and then again with the
development of high-intensity discharge lamps
(mercury, metal halide, high pressure sodium).
• All of these lamps are based on a phenomenon known as discharge
‫اﻟﺗﻔرﯾﻎ‬, in which an ionized gas rather than a glowing hot solid tungsten
filament emits the light. ‫ﯾﻧﺑﻌث اﻟﺿوء ﻣن ﻏﺎز ﻣؤﯾن ﺑدل ﺧﯾوط اﻟﺗﻧﻐﺳﺗن‬

• All discharge lamps require an extra device known as a ballast , which

first ignites the lamp with a high voltage and then limits the electric
current to the proper operating level.
• Traditional ballasts that were made of copper coils are being replaced
by electronic ballasts, which are more efficient and less noisy.
• The electronic ballasts also eliminate the problem inherent with
magnetic ballasts producing 120 flashes per second, which disturbs
some sensitive people.
• The long life and high efficacy of the discharge
lamps are more than enough to offset the extra
cost of the ballast and the higher cost of each
lamp when compared to incandescent lamps.
• Although discharge lamps are much better for
sustainability than incandescent lamps, some
have the important liability of using the toxic
element mercury.
• Lamp manufacturers are redesigning discharge
lamps to use less mercury, but when the lamps
are thrown away, the mercury enters the
environment.
• One of the potential benefits of LEDs is that they
use no mercury.
 5. FLUORESCENT LAMPS

• Fluorescent lamp was first introduced in

the 1930s.
• It is available in a wide variety of sizes, LED lamp
colors, wattages, and shapes.
• Because of the concern with energy,
compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) have
been developed that can directly replace
the much less efficient incandescent lamp.
• The recently developed amalgam CFL is
more widely appropriate because it is
much less sensitive to the ambient
temperature.
• Because of global warming, it is imperative
to minimize the use of incandescent lamps,
and CFLs make that easy and even cost- amalgam CFL compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
effective.
• The radiation is emitted from a low-pressure mercury vapor
that is ionized.
• Ultraviolet is a part of the spectrum, the inside surface of the
glass tube is coated with phosphors to convert that invisible
radiation into light.
• By using different kinds of phosphors, fluorescent lamps can
be designed to emit various types of white light.
• Because the light is emitted from the surface of the glass bulb
rather than from a point like source.
• compact fluorescent lamps and the new slender linear lamps
allow some beam control, they are best used for diffused area
lighting.
• Long lamp life , but frequent starting cycles decrease the life
of the lamp slightly.
• The life of fluorescent lamps varies greatly by type, but some
of the best lamps can now last for 46,000 hours.
• Most fluorescent lamp ballasts are of the instant start kind,
but rapid start ballasts are also used.
Neon Lamps

• Neon lamps are close relatives of fluorescent lamps, use such gases as
neon.
• gives off red light, and argon, which gives off blue light.
• a large variety of rich, colored light sources is possible.
• The main advantage is that they can be custom made to almost any
desired shape.
• Neon, can be bent into very complex shapes.
• Neon lamps have long lives of about 25,000 hours.
• Neon is not suitable for area lighting because the light output is only
one-sixth of that of an equally long fluorescent lamp.
• it is appropriate for applications that require special colors and shapes.
• These lamps are most suitable when the shape of the lamp is closely
integrated with the form of the architecture or when the shape of the
lamp is itself the design element.
• However, LEDs, discussed below, are replacing neon in many
applications.
Cold-Cathode Lamps

• Cold-cathode lighting fits some where between fluorescent and neon lighting.
• Like fluorescent lighting, cold-cathode lighting uses phosphors to produce mainly white light.
• it has a much lower efficacy than fluorescent lighting.
• Like neon, it is custom made for a particular project.
• it is for decorative rather than functional purposes .
6. HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS
(MERCURY, METAL HALIDE, AND HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM)

• Its very efficient light sources that in size and shape are
more like incandescent than fluorescent.
• like all discharge lamps, they need a ballast to work.
• In all of the high intensity discharge lamps, the light is
emitted from a small arc tube located inside a protective
outer bulb.
• The relatively small size of this arc tube permits some
optical control similar to that possible with a point source.
• They all require a few minutes to reach maximum light
output.
• They will not restrike immediately when there is a
temporary voltage interruption.
• The lamps must cool for about five minutes before the arc
can restrike.
Mercury Lamps Metal Halide Lamps

• having lower efficacy than other • The white light that metal halide lamps emit is moderately cool.
discharge lamps. • give very good color rendition.
• have poor color rendition. • Metal halide lamps are appropriate for stores, offices, schools,
• produce a very cool light, rich in industrial plants, and outdoors where color rendition is
blue and green and deficient in important.
the red and orange parts of the • Have some of the best sources of light today because they
spectrum. combine ‫ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ‬in one lamp many desirable ‫ ﻣرﻏوﺑﮫ‬characteristics:
• Because of their blue-green light, o high efficacy (50–110 lumens/watt).
mercury lamps are appropriate in o long life (20,000 hours).
landscape lighting. o very good color rendition (CRI of 90+)
o relatively small size for optical control
Ceramic Metal Halide
• (CMH) very good color rendition and small size, they
can replace halogen lamps.
• Since CMH lamps last about four times longer and have
about four times the efficacy of halogen lamps.

High Pressure Sodium Lamps

• When high efficacy (60–140 lumens/ watt) and long life
are of prime importance, the high pressure sodium (HPS)
lamp group is usually the design choice.

• Although the color rendition of HPS lamps is poor some

people find the warm golden-white light acceptable
when color rendition is not important.

• HPS lighting is most appropriate for outdoor

applications, such as lighting for streets, parking areas,
sports areas, and building floodlighting.
Induction Lamp
• known as the electrodeless fluorescent lamp.
• its extremely long life of 100,000 hours.
• it has very good color rendition and efficacy.
• its high cost makes it appropriate only where lamp replacement is
extremely difficult.

Plasma Lamp
• Similar to a microwave oven
• Plasma lamps make good replacements for high intensity discharge
lamps because of their excellent color rendition, very high efficacy,
very long life, and very good optical control.
• Small fixture size and great optical control are possible because of
the lamp’s small size.

Electron Stimulated Luminescence (ESL)

• Similar to old-style TVs, electrons are emitted to strike a phosphor
(fluorescent material), which then emits light.
• Because of their excellent color rendition (CRI about 95), fair
efficacy (about 30 lpw), and relatively long life (about 11,000 hours)
they can be a replacement for incandescent reflector lamps.
 7. SOLID STATE LIGHTING

• Solid state lighting (SSL) uses the same technology as the

computer industry.
• It is improving very rapidly, and it has the potential to become
the ideal light source.
• 200 lumens per watt for white light.
• The most fully developed type of SSL lamp is : the
light emitting diode (LED).
• while the organic light emitting diode (OLED) is only now coming
on the market.
• An LED is like a PV (solar) cell operating backward. Instead of
light generating electricity, electricity generates light.
• LEDs are great for producing pure colored light that is
appropriate for decorative or communication purposes such as
traffic lights and building decoration.
• LEDs is that they are essentially a point source with the light emitted in one direction
• excellent replacements for all incandescent lamps and CFLs used for downlights.
• minimize the waste from spilled light, glare, and light trespass, which is important in outdoor lighting.
• highly directional lighting.
• In such cases, other light sources such as fluorescent lamps may be the best option, at least for now.
• LEDs do not need a ballast.
• LEDs produce very little heat in the form of infrared radiation.
• Thus, they are very good for illuminating chocolate and refrigerated foods.
• LEDs are usually mounted on metal blocks that conduct the heat away.

• Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are area sources that come in very thin flexible sheets, which
emit a diffuse light.
• They are still at their early stage of development, with just a few lamps now .
• At present, they have good efficacy (30–60 lpw), good color rendition (82 CRI), and a good life (about 15,000
hours).
• In the future it is hoped that they might cover the whole ceiling for creating very diffused even lighting. Thus,
in the future OLEDs may be the area sources and LEDs the task lighting sources.
Because LEDs are small, most
applications use many of them
in one lamp/fixture. They are
connected to a power supply
either in series or parallel.
Because the light is produced
by many small units, LEDs are
ideal for creative, decorative,
and task lighting. As their
efficacy increases, they are
also being used for general
area lighting.

The major difference between older LED displays and newer

OLED displays can be summed up in one word: organic. A
traditional LED display is in fact an LCD display with back or
side LED lights, while OLED displays do not require this
extra light source.
8. COMPARISON OF THE MAJOR LIGHTING SOURCES
11. LIGHTING SYSTEMS

General Localized Ambient Task Accent Decorative

Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting
 General
Lighting

• General lighting usually consists of more or less

uniformly spaced, ceiling mounted direct lighting
fixtures.
• It is a very popular system, flexibility in arranging and
rearranging work areas.
• Since the illumination is roughly equal everywhere,
furniture placement is relatively easy.
• The energy efficiency is usually low because noncritical
work areas receive as much light as task areas.
• Light quality, especially veiling reflections, is a problem,
since it is hard to find a work area that does not have a
lighting fixture in the offending zone.
 Localized
Lighting

• Localized lighting is a nonuniform arrangement in

which the lighting fixtures are concentrated over the
work areas.
• Fairly high efficiency is possible since nonwork areas
are not illuminated to the same degree as work areas.
• Veiling reflections and direct glare can be reduced
because this system affords some freedom in fixture
placement.
• Flexibility in rearranging the furniture is reduced.
 • Ambient lighting is indirect lighting reflected off the ceiling and walls.
• It is a diffused, low-illumination, level lighting that is sufficient for easy visual tasks
and circulation.
• It is usually used in conjunction ‫ ﺗﺷﺗرك‬with task lighting and is then known as
Ambient task/ambient lighting.
Lighting • Direct glare and veiling reflections can be avoided with this approach.
• The luminaires creating the ambient lighting can be suspended from the ceiling,
mounted on walls, supported by pedestals, or integrated into the furniture.
• To prevent hot spots, the indirect fixtures should be at least (30 cm) below the
ceiling, and to prevent direct glare, they should be above eye level.
• The ambient illumination level should be about one-third of the task light level.
• The greatest flexibility, quality, and energy efficiency are possible with task lighting usually attached to
or resting on the furniture.
• Direct glare and veiling reflections can be completely prevented when the fixtures are placed properly.
• the task and its immediate area are illuminated ,so the energy efficiency is also very high.
• The individual control possible with this personal lighting system for workers.
• To avoid dark surrounding areas and excessive brightness ratios, some background illumination is
required.
• indirect luminaires are often used to complement the task lighting, this combination is known as
task/ambient lighting.
• task/ambient lighting the most sustainable by using less energy than standard lighting, it is also the
highest-quality lighting.

Task
Lighting
 • Accent lighting is used whenever an object
or a part of the building is to be highlighted.
• Accent illumination should be about ten
times higher than the surrounding light
Accent level.
Lighting • Since this type of lighting is very variable
and is a very powerful generator of the
visual experience, designers should give it
careful attention.
 • With a decorative lighting system, unlike all of the others, the lamps and fixtures
themselves are the object to be viewed (e.g., chandeliers ‫) اﻟﺛرﯾﺎت‬.
Decorative • Although glare is in this case called “sparkle,” it can still be annoying ‫ ﻣزﻋﺟﺎ‬if it is
Lighting too bright or if a difficult visual task has to be performed.
• In most cases, the decorative lighting also supplies some of the functional lighting.
 9 LUMINAIRES

Lighting fixtures, also called luminaires

Luminaires have three major functions:

1. supporting the lamp with some kind of socket ‫ﻣﻘﺑس‬
2. supplying power to the lamp
3. modifying the light from the lamp to achieve a
desired light pattern and to reduce glare.

Typical luminaires are divided into six generic categories

 10. LENSES, DIFFUSERS, AND BAFFLES

For luminaires that have no up light, only the bottom

half of the polar coordinate graph is shown. Light that
leaves the luminaire from the 0 to 30° zone tends to
Manufacturers generally supply candlepower cause veiling reflections and reflected glare, while
(candela) distribution curves for their lighting light in the 60 to 90° zone cause direct glare. Fixtures
fixtures. In this vertical section, the distance from with batwing light-distribution patterns yield a better-
the center determines the intensity of the light in quality light because they minimize the light output in
that direction. This curve is for a semidirect these problematic zones.
lighting fixture.
 Baffles, Louvers, and Eggcrate Devices

• These devices limit direct glare by restricting the

angle at which light leaves the fixture.
• If these devices are painted white, they could
become a source of glare.
• If they are painted black, much of the light is
absorbed and the efficiency of the fixture is very
low.
• These devices can be small and part of the
luminaire, or they can be large and part of the
architecture.
 Parabolic Louvers

• This type of louver is made of parabolic wedges with

a specular finish.
• These devices are extremely effective in preventing
direct glare because the light distribution is almost
straight down.
• these fixtures have a high visual comfort probability.
• They are very good in preventing veiling reflections in
computer monitors.
• This type of louver does not solve the problem of
veiling reflections on horizontal surfaces.
Diffusing Glass or Plastic
• Translucent or surface frosted sheets diffuse the emitted light more
or less equally in all directions. The horizontal component of this
distributed light is a cause of significant direct glare. Consequently,
these devices have limited usefulness.

Lenses and Prisms ‫ ﻣﻧﺷور‬on Clear Sheets

• When the surface of clear sheets of glass or plastic is
formed into small lenses or prisms, good optical
control is possible.
• The light is refracted so that more of the distribution
is down and direct glare is reduced.
12. VISUALIZING LIGHT DISTRIBUTION
 13. ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING

1. Cove Lighting

• Indirect lighting of the ceiling from continuous wall

mounted fixtures is called cove lighting.
• Besides creating a soft, diffused ambient light and a
feeling of spaciousness ‫ اﻻﺗﺳﺎع‬because bright surfaces.
must be placed high enough so that a direct view of
the light source is not possible, and must be far
enough from the ceiling to prevent excessive
brightness (hot spots) right above the lamps.
• The inside of the cove, the upper walls, and the ceiling
must all be covered with a high-reflectance white
paint.
• Larger rooms require cove lighting on two, three, or
four sides.
2. Coffer Lighting

• Coffers (pockets) in the ceiling can be illuminated

in a variety of ways.
• Large coffers can have cove lighting around their
bottom edges, which makes them appear similar
to skylights.
• This technique is not comfortable at night
• Small coffers can be illuminated by recessed
luminaires.
3. Luminous-Ceiling Lighting

• The luminous ceiling provides a large area source of uniform

illumination by means of continuous diffuser elements suspended
below.
• The mind often associates this uniform high brightness ceiling with
a gloomy overcast sky.
• In the worst case, it is similar to being in a fog, where the lighting
is so diffused that the three dimensional world appears rather flat.
• if a lamp burns out, a disturbing dark spot appears.
• For these and several other practical reasons, luminous ceilings
are not used much anymore.
4. Wall Illumination

• most visual tasks take place on the horizontal plane,

the vertical surfaces have the greatest visual impact.
• Functional lighting systems for horizontal work planes
sometimes do not sufficiently illuminate the walls.
• Supplementary lighting fixtures mounted on the
ceiling or walls can increase the brightness of the
walls, emphasize texture, or accent certain features
on the walls.
5. Valance or Hidden Lighting

• Valance (bracket) lighting illuminates the wall both above

and below the shielding board.
• The placement and proportion of valance boards must
result in complete shielding of the light sources as seen
from common viewing angles.
• Valances should be placed at least (30 cm) below the
ceiling to prevent excessive ceiling brightness (hot spots).
• If the valance must be close to the ceiling, its named a
cornice.
6. Cornice Lighting

• When a valance board is moved up to the ceiling, it is called a cornice.

• The wall is then illuminated only from above, and the ceiling, which
receives no light from the cornice, might appear quite dark.
• If people are permitted to approach the wall, the light source will be
visible unless additional shielding is provided.
• Cross louvers are quite effective in preventing this direct glare
situation.
7. Luminous Wall Panels

• Luminous wall panels must have very low surface

brightness to prevent direct glare or excessive
brightness ratios.
• the viewer might feel frustrated ‫ اﻹﺣﺑﺎط‬because the
luminous panel implies a window where the view to
the outside is denied.
• The same sense of frustration often exists with the use
of translucent glazing in real windows.
Light pollution is wasted light!
 14. OUTDOOR LIGHTING

• outdoor lighting has both functional and aesthetic consideration.

• energy conservation is a major consideration.
• All animals, and humans, need darkness.
• Out circadian rhythms ‫ اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﻠوﺟﯾﺔ‬are interrupted when we are not
exposed to enough darkness. And melatonin production.
• animals are also greatly affected by light pollution.
• For example, birds fly into buildings, and trees grow and lose their
leaves at the wrong time of year.
• Because much of humanity cannot see the Milky Way ‫ﻣﺟرة درب‬
‫ اﻟﺗﺑﺎﻧﺔ‬anymore and because astronomers are inhibited in their work
by light pollution, the International Dark Sky Association was
formed.
• This organization has increased awareness of light pollution and
light trespass ‫اﻟﺗﻌدي‬. As a consequence, many communities are
passing ordinances to control both of these problems.
Outdoor Area Lighting

• The major steps in reducing light pollution are to :

1. reduce the illumination level used outdoors
2. not use luminaires that allow light to go up into
the sky and onto a neighbor’s property
3. turn lights off when not needed.
4. Outdoor lighting should be controlled by a timer
so that lights go off when they are no longer
needed.
5. full cutoff luminaries should be used to minimize
the light going up into the sky.
6. Light trespass is avoided by the careful location
and selection of luminaires.
Outdoor Building Illumination

• Buildings should be illuminated from the top .

• There are many benefits to reversing this situation: With fixtures
aimed down, light missing or reflected off the building does not
pollute the sky but rather illuminates the ground around the
building.
• Lights facing down also collect less dirt.
• fixtures mounted on the ground aiming up at the building often
cause serious glare problems.
• Lighting fixtures around the top of the building can be an aesthetic
asset
• Throughout most of history, buildings ended with a “cap” of some
kind, and architects are again seeking to make the tops of their
buildings more interesting.
Landscape Lighting

• Landscape lighting should not try to simulate daylighting, but

rather create a magical world where trees are illuminated from
below and seen against a black sky.
• Special low-voltage (12-volt) fixtures are generally used because
of their safety and economy.
• Because there is no shock hazard with low volt- age, the electrical
installation becomes simpler and less expensive.
• To prevent light pollution, use up lighting sparingly ‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺗدال‬and
make sure it is mostly intercepted by the leaves of the trees.
CH. 3
Electrical Installations
 ‫‪Ch 3‬‬ ‫‪Electrical Installations‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣدﯾدات اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬

‫ا ﻟ ﺗ ﻣ د ﯾ د ا ت ا ﻟ ﻛ ﮭ ر ﺑ ﺎﺋ ﯾ ﺔ ھ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻧ ظ م ا ﻟ ﺗ ﻲ ﺗ ﻘ و م ﺑ ﺗ ﻣ د ﯾ د و ﺗ و ﺻ ﯾ ل ا ﻟ ط ﺎﻗ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻛ ﮭ ر ﺑ ﺎﺋ ﯾ ﺔ ﻣ ن ﻣ ﺻ د ر ھ ﺎ إ ﻟ ﻰ ا ﻷ ﺟ ﮭ ز ة و ا ﻟ ﻣ ﻌ د ا ت‬
‫ا ﻟ ﻛ ﮭ ر ﺑ ﺎﺋ ﯾ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻣ ﺑ ﻧ ﻰ ‪ .‬ﺗ ﺗ ﺿ ﻣ ن ا ﻟ ﺗ ﻣ د ﯾ د ا ت ا ﻟ ﻛ ﮭ ر ﺑ ﺎﺋ ﯾ ﺔ ا ﻷ ﺳ ﻼ ك ‪ ،‬و ا ﻟ ﻣ ﻔ ﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺢ ‪ ،‬و ا ﻟ ﻣ ﺄﺧ ذ ‪ ،‬و ا ﻟ ﻣ ﺻ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﺢ ‪ ،‬و ﻏ ﯾ ر ھ ﺎ ﻣ ن ا ﻷ ﺟ ﮭ ز ة ‪.‬‬

‫أ ﯾ ﺿ ﺎ ھ ﻲ ﺗ ﻌ ﺑ ﯾ ر ﯾ ﺷ ﯾ ر إ ﻟ ﻰ ا ﻷ ﻧ ظ ﻣ ﺔ و ا ﻟ ﮭ ﯾ ﺎﻛ ل ا ﻟ ﺗ ﻲ ﺗ ﺳ ﺗ ﺧ د م ﻟ ﺗ و ﺻ ﯾ ل و ﺗ و ز ﯾ ﻊ ا ﻟ ﺗ ﯾ ﺎر ا ﻟ ﻛ ﮭ ر ﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺑ ﻧ ﻰ أ و ھ ﯾ ﻛ ل ‪ .‬ھ ذ ا ﯾ ﺷ ﻣ ل‬
‫ا ﻷ ﺳ ﻼ ك و ا ﻟ ﻛ و ا ﺑ ل و ا ﻟ ﻣ ﻔ ﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺢ و ا ﻟ ﻣ ﺄﺧ ذ ا ﻟ ﻛ ﮭ ر ﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻲ و أ ي أ ﺟ ﮭ ز ة أ ﺧ ر ى ﺗ ﺳ ﺗ ﺧ د م ﻟ ﺿ ﻣ ﺎن ﻧ ﻘ ل ا ﻟ ط ﺎﻗ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻛ ﮭ ر ﺑ ﺎﺋ ﯾ ﺔ ﺑ ﺷ ﻛ ل آ ﻣ ن‬
‫وﻓﻌﺎل‪ .‬ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﺗﻣدﯾدات اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ وﺗرﻛﯾﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﻧﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ واﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ اﻟﻣﺣدد‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣراﻋﺎة اﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫و ا ﻟ ﻛ ﻔ ﺎء ة ﻓ ﻲ ا ﺳ ﺗ ﮭ ﻼ ك ا ﻟ ط ﺎﻗ ﺔ ‪.‬‬
 ‫• اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻟوﺣﺔ اﻟﻘواطﻊ ‪Distribution Panel‬‬
‫• ﺗ ُﻌد ﻟوﺣﺔ اﻟﻘواطﻊ ﻣرﻛًزا ﺣﯾوﯾًﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم اﻟﺗﻣدﯾدات اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺣوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻛل داﺋرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ‪.‬‬

‫• ﯾﺟب ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﻧﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻠﺑﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫وﺿﻣﺎن ﺗﺣﻣل اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻔﺎھﯾم ھﺎﻣﮫ ‪...‬‬
‫ﺷدة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء‪:‬‬
‫•اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف‪ :‬ﺷدة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء ھﻲ اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗ ُﻘﺎس ﺑوﺣدة اﻷﻣﺑﯾر‪ ،‬وﺗ ُﻌﺑر ﻋن ﺷدة ﺗدﻓق اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺋرة‪.‬‬
‫•اﻟوﺣدة‪ :‬وﺣدة ﺷدة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء ھﻲ اﻷﻣﺑﯾر ‪ Ampere‬وﺗ ُرﻣز ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟرﻣز ‪A‬‬
‫ﻗوة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء )اﻟﺟﮭد اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ(‪:‬‬
‫•اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف‪ :‬ﻗوة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء ھﻲ اﻟﻔرق اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﯾن ﻧﻘطﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺋرة‪ ،‬وﺗ ُﻘﺎس ﺑوﺣدة اﻟﻔوﻟت‪.‬‬
‫•اﻟوﺣدة‪ :‬وﺣدة ﻗوة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء ھﻲ اﻟﻔوﻟت ‪Volt‬وﺗ ُرﻣز ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟرﻣز ‪V‬‬
‫اﻟﻔرق ﺑﯾﻧﮭﻣﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﺷدة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء )اﻟﺗﯾﺎر(‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗ ُرﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗدﻓق ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺋرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬وﺣدﺗﮭﺎ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻷﻣﺑﯾر‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺋرة وﯾ ُظﮭر ﻛﺣرﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺣﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﻗوة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎء )اﻟﺟﮭد(‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗ ُرﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺎرق اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﯾن ﻧﻘطﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺋرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬وﺣدﺗﮭﺎ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻔوﻟت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﯾ ُﻣﺛل ﻗوة اﻟدﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﺷﺣﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﻘوة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﻓﻊ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﻟﺗدﻓق ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺋرة‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ :‬اﻟﺟﮭد = اﻟﺗﯾﺎر × اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪V = I × R‬‬
‫ﯾ ُﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻔوﻟت واﻷﻣﺑﯾر ﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﻣﺧﺗﻠف اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻛن ﻣﺗﻰ ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻔوﻟت وﻣﺗﻰ ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
‫اﻷﻣﺑﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻷدوات اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ؟‬

‫‪.1‬اﻟﻔوﻟت ‪Volt‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﯾ ُﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻘﯾﺎس اﻟﻔرق اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ أو اﻟﺟﮭد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﯾﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘوة أو اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ اﻟذي ﯾدﻓﻊ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺋرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﯾ ُﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﺣدث ﻋن ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﺑﻣﺻدر اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ أو اﻟﻔوﻟﺗﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬اﻷﻣﺑﯾر ‪Ampere‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﯾ ُﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﺷدة اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﯾﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺋرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﯾ ُﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻧد اﻟﺣدﯾث ﻋن ﻗدرة اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺗﮭﻼك اﻟﺗﯾﺎر أو ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﺣﻣل‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ )اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟوﺣدة‪ :‬واط ‪Watt.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﮭﺎ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻘدرة أﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ اﺳﺗﮭﻠك اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﻛﻣﯾﺔ أﻛﺑر ﻣن‬
‫اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺗﻰ ﯾ ُﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛل ﻣﻧﮭﻣﺎ‪:‬‬

‫•ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﺣدث ﻋن ﺗﺷﻐﯾل أو ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﺟﮭﺎز‪ :‬ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔوﻟت‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺣﺗﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎز إﻟﻰ ﻓوﻟﺗﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣل‪.‬‬

‫•ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﺣدث ﻋن ﻗوة اﻟﺗﯾﺎر أو اﺳﺗﮭﻼك اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‪ :‬ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﺑﯾر‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث‬
‫ﯾﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﮫ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺗردد واﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‪:‬‬

‫• اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺗردد ‪ AC‬ﯾﺗﻐﯾر اﺗﺟﺎھﮫ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻧﺗظﺎم ﻣﻊ ﻣرور اﻟوﻗت‪ .‬ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر ‪ DC‬ﯾﺗدﻓق ﻓﻲ اﺗﺟﺎه‬

‫واﺣد ﺛﺎﺑت‪ .‬ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم أﺣﯾﺎﻧًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض‬
‫اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫•اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪Resistance‬‬
‫• ﺗﺗﺄﺛر ﺑﺎﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻼك واﻷﺟﮭزة‪ .‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟزاﺋدة ﺗؤدي إﻟﻰ ﻓﻘد ﻓﻲ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ وارﺗﻔﺎع ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣرارة‪.‬‬
‫• ﯾﺟب اﺧﺗﯾﺎر ﻣواد ذات ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ وﺗوﺟﯾﮫ اﻷﺳﻼك ﺑﻌﻧﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻓﻘد اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫أﻧواع اﻷﺳﻼك‪:‬‬
‫•اﻷﺳﻼك اﻟﻧﺣﺎﺳﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﺗﻣﯾز ﺑﺗوﺻﯾل ﺟﯾد ﻟﻠﻛﮭرﺑﺎء وﻗوة ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﯾﺟب اﺧﺗﯾﺎر ﺣﺟم اﻷﺳﻼك ﺑﻧﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﻣل اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻓﻘد اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• اﺳﻼك اﻷﻟﻣﻧﯾوم‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‪ ،‬وﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻋﻧﺎﯾﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺗﻣدد واﻻﻧﻛﻣﺎش‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻌدات اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ واﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗواطﻊ اﻟدواﺋر ‪Circuit Breakers‬‬

‫• ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﺑواﺑﺎت اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ ﺿد اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟزاﺋد‬
‫واﻷﺧطﺎء اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﯾﺟب اﺧﺗﯾﺎرھﺎ ﺑﻌﻧﺎﯾﺔ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﺎت اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺣواﺟز اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ‪GFCI‬‬

‫• ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻟرطﺑﺔ ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن ﻣن‬
‫ﺣوادث اﻟﺻدﻣﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﺿرورﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣطﺎﺑﺦ واﻟﺣﻣﺎﻣﺎت واﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫• ﻧظم اﻟﺗﺣﻛم واﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ‬

‫• أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟذﻛﯾﺔ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺗﺷﻣل أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗوﻗﯾت واﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬
‫ﺗوﻓﯾر ﻓﻲ اﺳﺗﮭﻼك اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋن ﺑﻌد ﻟﺗوﻓﯾر راﺣﺔ‬
‫وﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻹﺿﺎءة‪.‬‬

‫• أﺟﮭزة اﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ واﻟﺿوء‪:‬‬

‫• ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺗﺷﻐﯾل وإﯾﻘﺎف اﻹﺿﺎءة ﺑﻧﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ وﺗوﻓﯾر اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻣرات واﻟﻐرف ﻟﺗﻔﺎدي ﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬
‫اﻹﺿﺎءة ﺑﺷﻛل ﻏﯾر ﺿروري‪.‬‬
 ‫• اﻟﺗﺣدﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ واﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫• اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫• ﯾﺗﺿﻣن اﻟﻧظر ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺷﻣﺳﯾﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ وﻏﯾرھﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﺳﺗداﻣﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎم‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻹﺿﺎءة‬

‫• أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬

 ‫ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺻطﻠﺢ "اﻟﻔﺎزات" ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ ﻋدد اﻟﻣوﺻﻼت أو اﻷﺳﻼك اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ داﺋرة ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ ﻧظﺎم ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻔرد أو ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ أو ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻔﺎزات‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺣﺎﻻت ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك اﻟﻣزﯾد ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﻓﺎز واﺣد ‪Single Phase‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﯾﺗﺄﻟف ﻣن ﻓﺎز واﺣد وﻣوﺻل ذو ﺗﯾﺎر ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ واﺣد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﻣﻧزﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻔﺎز ‪Two-Phase‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﯾﺗﺄﻟف ﻣن ﻓﺎزﯾن ﯾﻌﻣﻼن ﺑﺗﯾﺎرﯾن ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﯾن ﻣﺗﻌﺎﻣدﯾن‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻻ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ وﯾﻌﺗﺑر ﻧظﺎًﻣﺎ ﻗدﯾًﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻔﺎز ‪Three-Phase‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﯾﺗﺄﻟف ﻣن ﺛﻼث ﻓﺎزات ﻣﺗوازﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﻣل ﺑﺗﯾﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻣﺗزاﻣﻧﺔ وﻣﺗﻧﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﺑزواﯾﺎ ‪ 120‬درﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﻧﻘل واﻟﺗوﻟﯾد اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻔﺎز‪ ،‬ﯾﺗﯾﺢ ھذا اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺗزاﻣن ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ أن ﺗﻛون أﻛﺛر اﺳﺗﻘراًرا وﻛﻔﺎءة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗطﻠب طﺎﻗﺔ أﻛﺑر‪ .‬ﯾ ُﻔﺿل اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻔﺎزات اﻟﻣﺗﻌددة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﻣﺣرﻛﺎت ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺑﯾرة‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل ﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻵﻻت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ وﻣﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟﺳﻔن واﻟﻣروﺣﯾﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﺗﻣدﯾدات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔراغ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎري‬

‫ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘدﯾر اﻷﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﺿﻣﺎن ﺗوﻓﯾر ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺳﺎب اﻟﻘدرة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﯾﺎرات اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‪ :‬ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻷﺣﻣﺎل ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗوازن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻔﺎزات )ﻣن ﺿرورة ﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﺗوازن‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل(‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ اﻟﺗﺣﻛم‪ :‬ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣواﻗﻊ ووظﺎﺋف اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ وﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻌّﺎل وﻓﻌّﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ اﻟﺗوﻗﯾت واﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻵﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻛﻔﺎءة اﺳﺗﮭﻼك اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣواﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﺄﺧذ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣواﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﺄﺧذ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻧﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻧظر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟذﻛﯾﺔ‪ :‬اﺳﺗﺧدام أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟذﻛﻲ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﺗوﻓﯾر ﻓﻲ اﺳﺗﮭﻼك اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫وراﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‪.‬‬
‫ﻣراﻋﺎة اﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‪ :‬اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻗواطﻊ اﻟﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺣواﺟز اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﺿﻣﺎن ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‪.‬‬
‫اﻣﺗﺛﺎل اﻟﻛود اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬اﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن اﺗﺑﺎع اﻟﻠواﺋﺢ واﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ واﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
 ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‪...‬‬

‫إن اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﺟزًءا ﺣﯾوﯾًﺎ ﻣن ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻔراﻏﺎت اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ واﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺗﻠﻌب دوًرا ﻛﺑﯾًرا ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻷﺟواء وﺗﺄﺛﯾرھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺟرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻔﺿل ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﻣﺑﺗﻛرة‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺣﺳن اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﯾس ﻓﻘط اﻟرؤﯾﺔ واﻟوظﺎﺋف اﻟﺑﺻرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺿﺎ ﺗﻌزز اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ وﺗﻌﺑﯾر اﻟﮭوﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎت‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن أﯾ ً‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﻌور واﻟﻣزاج‪ ،‬ﺗﺳﮭم اﻹﺿﺎءة ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺑﯾر ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟراﺣﺔ واﻷداء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣن ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ واﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾ ُظﮭر اﻟﻣﺳﺎق أھﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻹﺿﺎءة ﺑﺷﻛل ﻓﻌّﺎل ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن وﺗﺣﻘﯾق اﻟﺗوازن اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﯾن اﻟوظﺎﺋف اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ واﻟﺟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎري‪.‬‬