IMS ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD

Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities

UNIT-I (ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS)
SHORT NOTES
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:- A differential equation is an equation involving the dependent variable, independent
variable and different derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to independent variables .

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS:-

dn y dn−1y dn−2 y
An equation of the form a0 dxn + a1 dxn−1 + a2 xn−2
+ … … … . + an y = Q …… ........ (1),

where a0 ,a1, ………………. an are all constants and Q is a function of ′x′ alone is called linear differential equation
of nth order with constant coefficients. In symbolic form, equation (1) becomes

(a0 Dn+ a1 Dn-1 + a2 Dn-2+ ……..an-1 D +an) 𝑦 = 𝑄 …… (2) Or f (D)y = Q

If y = u is the complete solution (C.F.) of the equation f(D)y = 0 and y = v is the particular integral of the
equation f(D)y = Q , then the complete solution of the equation f(D)y = Q is y = u + v i.e.
y = C. F. + P. I.

(A).Complementary function (C.F.):- If in equation (2) Q = 0, then equation is known as homogeneous equation
and its solution is known as Complementary function.

Rules for finding the Complementary function (C.F.):-

Consider the equation (Dn+ a1 Dn-1 + a2 Dn-2+ …….. +an-1 D +an) y = 0 ,where all the ai’s are constant.

Auxiliary equation is mn+ a1 mn-1 + a2 mn-2+ ……..an-1 m +an= 0. Let m1, m2, ….. mn be roots of the auxiliary
equation.

Case 1.When the roots of auxiliary equation are real and distinct:- Suppose roots are m1, m2, ….. mn.

Then C. F. = c1 em1x + c2 em2x + c3 em3x … . . +cn emn x .

Case 2. When the roots of auxiliary equation are equal:-

(i). Suppose m1 = m2 and other roots are distinct then C. F. = (c1 +c2 x)em1x + c3 em3x … . . cn emn x .

(ii). Suppose m1 = m2 = m3 and other roots are distinct then

C. F. = (c1 +c2 x + c3 x 2 )em1x + c4 em4x … . . cn emnx .

Case 3. When the roots of auxiliary equation are imaginary:- Suppose m1 = α +iβ and m2 = α - i β, then

C. F. = ( c1 cosβx + c2 sinβx)eαx + c3 em3x … . . cn emn x

Case 4.When the roots of auxiliary equation are repeated imaginary:-

Suppose m1 =m2 = α +i β and m3 =m4 = α - iβ

C. F. = [(c1 + c2 x)cosβx + (c3 + c4 x)sinβx)]eαx + c5 em5x … . . cn emn x

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(B).Rules for finding the Particular Integral (P.I.):- In General, P.I. of differential equation with constant
coefficients can be find by following two methods.

I- Short Methods:

Case1. When Q= eax (or eax+b).

1 1
P. I. =f(D) eax = f(a) eax , provided f (a) ≠0.

Case of failure: If f (a) = 0, the above method fails. Then

1 1
P. I. =f(D) eax = x f′ (a) eax , provided f ′(a) ≠0.

1 1
Again if, 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 0, then P. I. = eax = x2 eax , provided f ′′(a) ≠0, and so on.
f(D) f′′ (a)

Case 2. When 𝑸 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) or 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃).

1 1
P .I. = f(D2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = f(−a2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), provided f (-a2)≠ 0.

1 1
Similarly, 𝑃. 𝐼. = f(D2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = f(−a2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), provided f (-a2)≠ 0.

Case of failure: If f (-a2) = 0, the above method fails. Then

1 1
P. I. = f(D2 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) =𝑥 f′(−a2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), provided f’(-a2)≠ 0 and so on.

1
Case 3. When Q = xm , m being a positive integer. Then P. I. = f(D)
xm

Take out the lowest degree term common with sigh from f (D) to make the first term unity. The remaining factor
will be of the form [1 + ɸ (D)]-1 or [1 - ɸ (D)]-1. Use Binomial expansions

1. (1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + ⋯ … … … … … … . . upto infinite.

2. (1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + … … … … … …upto infinite.

1 1
Case 4. When Q = eax V, where V is any function of x. Then, P. I. = f(D) (eax V) = eax f(D+a)
V.

II- General Method:- When Q is any other function of x which is not covered in short method. Then resolve f (D)
into linear factors. Use the following formulae:
1
1. (D−a) Q = eax ∫ e−ax Q dx.

1
2. Q = e−ax ∫ eax Q dx.
(D+a)
Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations (Euler – Cauchy equation):- An equation of the form
dn y dn−1 y dn−2 y
x n dxn + a1 x n−1 dxn−1 + a2 x n−2 dxn−2 + … … … . an y = Q ,

where ai’s are constants and Q is a function of x, is called Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation.

Steps for solution:-

d
(i). Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 , so that z = log x and Let D = dz.
d d2
(ii). Replace x dx by D, x2 dx2 by 𝐷 (𝐷 − 1) and so on.

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Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations: Differential equations in which there is one independent variable
and two or more than two dependent variables are called simultaneous linear equations.
d2 y dy
Linear Differential Equations of Second Order: A differential equation of the form dx2
+ P dx + Qy = R

is known as linear differential equation of second order , where P,Q and R are functions of x alone.

Method 1.Reduction into Normal form:- To find the complete solution of y’’ + Py’ + Qy = R,when it is reduced
to Normal form (Removal of first derivative).

Steps for solution:-

d2 y
(i). Make the coefficient of dx2
as 1 if it is not so.

d2 y dy
(ii). Compare with the standard form dx2
+ P dx + Qy = R and find P, Q and R which are functions of x.

(iii). Let y = u v be the complete sol of the given diff equation,

1
1 dP P2 R
(iv). Find u = e−2 ∫ Pdx , I = Q − 2 dx − 4
and S = u.

d2 v
(v). Normal form is given by of dx2
+ Iv = S ,which we solve for 𝑣.

(vi). At last y = u v be the complete solution.

Method 2.By changing the Independent Variable:- To find the complete solution of differential equation
d2 y dy
+ P + Qy = R by changing the Independent Variable.
dx2 dx
Steps for solution:-
d2 y
(i). Make the coefficient of dx2 as 1 if it is not so.

d2 y dy
(ii). Compare with the standard form dx2
+ P dx + Qy = R and find P, Q and R which are functions of x.
dz 2
(iii). Choose z such that (dx) = Q . Q is taken in such a way that it remains the whole square of a function
without surd and its negative sign is ignored.
dz d2 z
(iv). Find dx
. Hence obtain z and dx2 .
dz d2 z
P + Q R
dx dx2
(v). Find 𝑃1 , 𝑄1 and 𝑅1 by the formulae P1 = dz 2
, Q1 = dz 2
and R1 = dz 2
.
( ) ( ) ( )
dx dx dx
d2 y dy
(vi). Reduced equation is dz2 + P1 dz + Q1 y = R 1 , solve for y in terms of z.
(vii). Write the complete solution as y in terms of x by replacing the value of z in terms of x.
Method 3. Method of variation of Parameters:- To find the complete solution of y’’ + P y’ + Q y = R by the
Method of Variation of Parameters.
Steps for solution:-

Find out the parts of C.F .Let them be u and v.

Consider y = Au+ B v as the complete sol of equation.

−Rv Ru
Find A = ∫ dx + C1 and B = ∫ dx + C2 where C1 and C2 are the arbitrary constants of
uv1−u1 v uv1 −u1 v
integration.
Write y = Au + B v as the complete solution.

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 PROBLEMS BASED ON LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
Find the General Solution (Complete Solution) of the following Differential Equations 1 to 17:-
d
1. (2D + 1)2 y = 0. , D ≡ dx (AKTU 2012, 14). Ans.y = (c1 + c2 x)e−x/2
d5 y d3 y
2.
dx5
− 2 dx3 = 0 (AKTU 2009). Ans.y = c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 + c4 e√2x + c5 e−√2x
d
3. [D3 + 2D2 − 3D]y = ex , D ≡ . (AKTU 2022). Ans. y = c1 + c2 ex + c3 e−3x .
dx
x3 −x
4. (D + 1)3 y = 2e−x (AKTU 2017) Ans.y = [c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 ]e−x + e
3
17
5. (D − 2)3 y = 17e2x . (AKTU 2011) Ans.y = [c1 + c2 x]e2x + 6 x 3 e2x
x
d3 y √3 √3
6.
dx3
+y=3 Ans. y = c1 e−x + e 2 [c2 cos 2 x + c3 sin 2 x] + 3
d2 y x
7.
dx2
+ a2 y = Sin ax (AKTU 2008). Ans. y = c1 cos ax + c2 sinax − 2a cos ax
d2 y
8. Find the complementary function of dx2
+ a2 y = 0 (AKTU 2023). Ans. y = c1 cos ax + c2 sinax
9. [D2 − 4D − 5]y =e 2x
+ 3Cos(4x + 3)(AKTU2008).
e2x 3
Ans.y = c1 e−x + c2 e5x − 9
− 697 [16 sin(4x + 3) + 21cos(4x + 3)
10. [D3 − 1]y = 3x 4 − 2x 3 . (AKTU 2016)
x
√3 √3
Ans. y = c1 ex + e−2 [c2 cos 2
x + c3 sin 2 x] − [3x 4 − 2x 3 + 72x − 12]
11. (D − 2)2 y = 8(e2x + sin 2x + x 2 ). (AKTU 2018)
Ans.y = [c1 + c2 x]e2x + 4x 2 e2x + cos2x + 2x 2 + 4x + 3
[D2 x
12. − 2D + 4]y = e cos x + sin x cos 3x (AKTU2018)
ex cos x 1 1
Ans.y = ex [c1 cos√3x + c2 sin√3x] + − cos2x + [2cos4x − 3sin4x]
2 8 104
d3 y d2 y dy
13.
dx3
− 3 dx2 + 4 dx − 2y = ex + Cos x. (AKTU2006).
1
Ans. y = c1 ex + ex (c2 cos x + c3 sinx) + xex + (3 sin x + cos x)
10
𝑒𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
14. Solve [𝐷2 − 1]𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + [𝑥 2 − 𝑥] − −
4 2 10
d2 y dy 2 3x x e3x 2
15.
dx2
− 2 dx + y = x e , (AKTU 2014). Ans. y = (c1 + c2 x)e + 4
[x − 2x + 3/2]
d2 y 1 1
16.
dx2
+ y = e2x + Cos h 2x +x 3 (AKTU 2014). Ans. y = c1 cos x + c2 sinx + 5 e2x + 5 Cos h 2x +x 3 − 6x
d2 y dy
17. +2 + y = x 2 e−x Cos x , (AKTU 2012). Ans. y = (c1 + c2 x)e−x + (−x 2 cosx + 4x sinx + 6 cosx)e−x
dx2 dx
1
18. [D2 − 2D + 1]y = x Sin x, (AKTU 2012). Ans. y = (c1 + c2 x)ex + 2 (x cos x + cos x − sin x)
d2 y x
19. Find P.I. of
dx2
+ 4y = Sin 2x (AKTU 2019, 2023). Ans. P. I. = − 4 cos 2x.
d2 y dy
20. Find the roots of the auxiliary equation of the differential equation
dt2
− 6 dt + 9y = 4e3t . (AKTU 2016).
Ans. 3,3
+ 4y = sin2 2x, with conditions𝑦(0) = 0 , y  0   0. (AKTU-2013)
d2 y
21.
dx2
1 1 
Ans. y  c1 cos 2 x  c2 sin 2 x   1  cos 4 x 
8 3 
d2 y dy e−x
22. Solve the differential equation
dx2
+ 2 dx + y = x+2.
Ans. y   c1  xc2  e x  e x  x  2 log  x  2   x.
d2 y dy π
23. Solve the differential equation
dx2
+ 2 dx + 10y + 37 Sin3x = 0 and find the value of y , when x = 2 , given
dy
that y = 3, dx
= 0 when x = 0. (AKTU 2011). Ans. y =1.
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 TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Find the General Solution of the following Differential Equations 1 to 12:-
1. (2D − 1)2 (𝐷2 − 7D + 12)y = 0. (AKTU 2012, 14). Ans.y = (c1 + c2 x)e−x/2 + c3 e3x + c4 e4x
1
2. [4D2 + 4D − 3]y = ex . (AKTU 2018) Ans.y = c1 e0.5x + c2 e−1.5x + 21 e2x
1 1
3. (D2 − 4)y = x 2 . (AKTU 2018) Ans.y = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x − 4 [x 2 + 2]
1 15
4. [D2 − 3D + 2]y = x 2 + 2x + 1. (AKTU 2015). Ans.y = c1 ex + c2 e2x + 2 [x 2 + 5x + ]
2
5. [D2 x
− 2D + 1]y = e sin x. (AKTU 2016 ) Ans.y = (c1 + c2 x)e − e sin xx x

d2 y dy x2 1
6. −3 + 2y = xex + Sin 2x. (AKTU 2003). Ans. y = c1 ex + c2 e2x − ex ( + x) + (3 cos2x − sin2x)
dx2 dx 2 20
1 ex
7. [D2 − 2D + 2]y = x + ex Cos x. (AKTU 2001). Ans.y = ex [c1 Cos x + c2 sinx] + 2 (x + 1) + x sinx
2
8. [D2 − 4D + 4]y = 8x 2 e2x Sin 2x. (AKTU 2004, 2023).
Ans.y = (c1 + c2 x)e2x + e2x [(3 − 2x 2 ) sin 2x − 4xcos 2x]
9. [D2 − 2D + 1]y = xex Sin x. (AKTU 2005). Ans. y = (c1 + c2 x)ex − ex [xsinx + 2 cos x]
10. [D2 + 5D − 6]y = cos 3x + cos2x. (AKTU 2015)
1 1
Ans. y  c1e x  c2 e 6 x   cos 3x  sin 3x    sin 2 x  cos 2 x  .
30 20
 sin x tan x 
11. [D2 + 2D + 2]y = e−x sec 3 x (AKTU 2016) Ans. y  e  x  c1 cos x  c2 sin x  .
 2 
d2 y dy x x
12.
dx2
+ 3 dx + 2y = ee Ans. y = c1 e−x + c2 e−2x + e−2x ee
d2 x g
13. Solve the differential equation
dt2
+ b (x − a) = 0 (a, b and g being positive constant)
dx g
and x = a′ and dt
= 0, when t = 0, show that x = a + (a′ − a)Cos (√b) t. (AKTU 2007).

d 2n  x  n  x
14. A function n  x  satisfies the differential equation 2
  0 , where L is constant. The boundary
dx L2
x

conditions are n  0   , and n     0. Find the solution of this equation. (AKTU-2016) Ans. n  x    e L
d2 y dy
15. For a differential equation
dx2
+ 2α dx
+ y = 0 , find the value of α for which the differential equation
characteristic equation has equal number of roots. (AKTU 2016) Ans. ±1.
16. Find the particular integral of (D − a)2 y = eax f ′′ (x). (AKTU 2017) ax
Ans.y = e [c1 + c2 x + f(x)].
d2 y
17. Solve the differential equation dx2
= −12x 2 + 24x − 20 with the condition 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦’ = 21 and hence find the value of 𝑦 at 𝑥 = 1. (AKTU 2016) Ans. y = 19
18. Find the differential equation which represents the family of straight lines passing through the origin.
(AKTU-2021) Ans. ydx − xdy = 0.
19. Find the order and degree of following differential equations. Also explain your answer.
3 3/2
d2 y d2 y dy 2
(i). 2 +
√1 + (dy) (AKTU-2015) Ans. 2,2 (ii). 𝑘 = [1 + ( ) ] Ans. 2,2
dx dx dx2 dx
20. State the criterion for linearly independent solutions of the homogeneous linear nth order differential
equation. (AKTU-2021). Ans. 𝑊(y1 , y2 , … … yn ) ≠ 0.

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 PROBLEMS BASED ON EULER- CAUCHY HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Solve the following differential equations:-
d2 y dy x2 logx 3
1. x 2 dx2 − 2x dx − 4y = x 2 + 2 logx. (AKTU 2014) Ans.y = c1 x −1 + c2 x 4 − 6
− 2
+8
d 1 2 1
√3 √3 x−2
2. ( + ) y = x −4 . (AKTU 2011). Ans.y = x −2 [c1 cos (logx) + c2 sin (logx)] +
dx x 2 2 3
d 2y dy 𝑥3
2
3. x dx2
+ 2x dx − 12y = x 3 logx (AKTU-2022) Ans𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 3 + 𝑐2 𝑥 −4 + 98 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥(7𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 2)]
x3
4. x 2 y ′′ + xy ′ − y = x 3 ex (AKTU 2002,16). Ans.y = c1 x 3 + c2 x −4 + logx[7logx − 2].
2
2
2d y dy
5. x +x + y = (log x) Sin (log x). (AKTU 2002, 15)
dx2 dx
1 1
Ans.y = c1 Cos (log x ) + c2 Sin (log x) − 4 (log x)2 cos(logx) + 4 (logx) Sin (log x)
d2 y dy c1 c ex
6. x 2 dx2 + 4x dx + 2y = ex . (AKTU 2003 ) Ans. y = x
+ x22 + x2
d2 y dy
7. (2x + 3)2 − 2(2x + 3) − 12y = 6 x. (AKTU 2010,15)
dx2 dx
3
Ans.y = c1 (2x + 3)−1 + c2 (2x + 3)3 − (2x + 3) + 3/4
16
d2 y dy
8. (x + 1)2 dx2 + (x + 1) dx + y = 4 Cos [log(1 + x)]. (AKTU2011,18,21).
Ans.y = c1 Cos log( 1 + x ) + c2 Sin log(1 + x) + 2 log(1 + x) sin log(1 + x)

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Solve the following differential equations:-
d2 y dy
1. x 2 +x − 9y = 48x 5 . (AKTU 2009) Ans.y = c1 x −3 + c2 x 3 + 3x 5
dx2 dx
3 d2 y
3d y dy
2. x dx3
+ 3x 2 dx2 + x dx + y = x + log x (AKTU2001).
c1 √3 √3 x
Ans.y = x
+ √x {c2 Cos ( 2 log x) + c3 Sin ( 2 log x)} + 2 + logx
d3 y d2 y
3. x 3 dx3 + 2x 2 dx2 + 2y = 10[x + 1/ x] [AKTU 2009]
c1 logx
Ans.y = + x[c2 cos(logx) + c3 sin(logx)] + 5x + 2
x x

PROBLEMS BASED ON SIMULTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve the following system of Simultaneous Differential Equations:-
dx dy
1. Solve simultaneous differential equations dt
= 3y , dt = 3x. (AKTU 2019)
Ans. x = c1 e3t − c2 e3t , y = c1 e3t + c2 e3t .
dx dy
2.
dt
− y = t, dt + x = 1. (AKTU 2018 ) Ans. x = c1 cost + c2 sint + 2, y = −c1 sint + c2 cost − t.
dx dy
3. Solve simultaneous differential equations   y ,   x . Also show that the point (x, y) lies on a circle.
dt dt
Ans. x  c1 cos t  c2 sin t ; y  c1 sin t  c2 cos t.
dx dy
4.
dt
+ 5x + y = e t , dt + x + 5y = e 5t
. (AKTU2009)
6 1 1 10
Ans.x = c1 e−4t + c2 e−6t + 35 et − 99 e5t , y = −c1 e−4t + c2 e−6t − 35 et + 99 e5t
dx dy
5.
dt
+ y = Sin t , dt + x = Cos t, given that x = 2 and y = 0, when t = 0. (AKTU 2014)
Ans.x = et + e−t , y = e−t − et + sin t
dx dy
6.
dt
= 3x + 8y , dt = −x − 3y , 𝑥 (0) = 6 and 𝑦 (0) = −2. (AKTU 2010). Ans.x = 4et + 2e−t , y = e−t − et
dx dy dz
7.
dt
= 2y , dt = 2z dt
= 2x . (AKTU 2007) Ans.x = c1 e2t + e−t (A cos√3t + Bsin√3t)

6
8. t
dx
 y  0, t
dy
 x  0 ,Given that x(1)  1, y (1)  0. (AKTU-2022)
 1 
Ans. x   t   , y   t   .
1
dt dt  t  t
2 2
d x dy d y dx
9. 2
  3x  et , 2
4  3 y  sin 2t . (AKTU-2021)
dt dt dt dt
 x  c cos t  c sin t  c cos 3t  c sin 3t  1 e  t  2 cos 2t & 
 1 2 3 4
5 15 
Ans.  
 y  c cos t  c sin t  c cos 3t  c sin 3t  1 e  t  1 sin 2t . 
 5 6 7 8
5 15 
2 2
d x dx d y dy d
4  4 x  y, 4  3 y  25 x  16e where D 
t
10. 2 2
. (AKTU-2017, 2023)
dt dt dt dt dt
 x  c1e3t  c2 e3t  c3 cos t  c4 sin t  8et 
Ans.  
 y  c1e  25c2 e   3c3  4c4  cos t   4c3  3c4  sin t  8e .
3t 3t t

d2 x d2 y
11.
dt2
+ y = Sin t , dt2 + x = Cos t. (AKTU 2005, 16, 18).
t
Ans. x = c1 et + c2 e−t + c3 cost + c4 sint + 4 (sint − cost),
t 1
y = c1 et − c2 e−t + c3 cost + c4 sint + (sint + cost) − (cost − 3sint).
4 4

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Solve the following system of Simultaneous Differential Equations:-
dx dy
1. dt
= 3x + 2y , dt = 5x + 3y . (AKTU2008,22)
√10 3t
Ans.x = e3t [c1 cosh√10t + c2 sinh√10t], y = 2
e [c1 cosh√10t + c2 sinh√10t]
dx dy dy
2. dt
+ dt
+ 2x + y = 0 , dt
+ 5x + 3y = 0 (AKTU 2009)
(c1 −3c2) (c2 +3c1)
Ans.x = 5
sint − 5
cost, y = c1 cost + c2 sint
dx dy
3. dt
+ 2x − 3y = t , dt − 3x + 2y = e2t (AKTU 2013)
3 2 13 4 3 12
Ans.x = c1 e−5t + c2 et + e2t − t − , y = c1 e−5t + c2 et + e2t − t −
7 5 25 7 5 25
dx dy
4. + 4x + 3y = t , + 2x + 5y = e t (AKTU2015)
dt dt
5 31 1 1 3 27 5
Ans.x = c1 e−2t + c2 e−7t + 14 t − 196 − 8 et , y = 3 [−2c1 e−2t + 3c2 e−7t − 7 t − 98 + 8 et ]

5. Dx + Dy + 3x = Sin t and Dx + y − x = Cos t. (AKTU2003)

1 1
Ans.x = c1 e−t + c2 e3t − (cost − 2sint), y = 2c1 e−t − 2c2 e3t + (2cost + sint)
5 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
6. 𝑑𝑡
+ 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝑡 , 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0; given that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0.
−1 1 1 −2 2 2
Ans.𝑥 = [(1 + 6𝑡)𝑒 −3𝑡 + (𝑡 + )] , 𝑦 = [(2 + 3𝑡)𝑒 −3𝑡 − (𝑡 − )]
27 9 3 27 9 3
dx dx dy
7. = −4 (x + y ) , +4 = −4y With conditions x (0) =1, y (0) =0. (AKTU 2014).
dt dt dt

Ans.x = (1 − 2t)e−2t , y = te−2t

7
 PROBLEMS BASED ON DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH
VARIABLE COEFFICIENTS

(A). Reduction to Normal Form

Solve the following differential equations:-
d2 y dy 2 2
1.
dx2
− 4x dx + (4x 2 − 1)y = −3ex Sin2x Ans.y = ex [c1 cosx + c2 sinx + sin2x]
(x2 +2x) (x2 +2x)
d2 y dy 2 /2 1
2.
dx2
− 2x dx + (x 2 + 2)y = e 2 (AKTU2011) Ans. y = ex [c1 cos√3x + c2 sin√3x + 4 e 2 ]

3.  
x 2 y   2 x 2  x y   ( x 2  2 x  2) y  0. (AKTU-2018) Ans. y  (c1 x  c2 x 2 )e x

(B).By Changing Independent Variable

Solve the following differential equations by changing the independent variable:-
d2 y 1 dy x2
4.
dx2
− x dx + 4x 2 y = x 4 (AKTU 2002, 03, 04, 15) Ans.y = c1 cosx 2 + c2 sinx 2 + 4
x
d2 y dy B ee
5. x 2 dx2 + x dx − y = x 2 ex . Ans.y = Ax + x + ce−2x (1 − x
)
d2 y dy
6. Cos x dx2 + Sin x dx − 2y Cos3 x = 2Cos5 x. Ans.y = c1 cosh√2 (sinx) + c2 sinh√2 (sinx) + sin2 x
d2 y dy 2 2
7. x dx2 − dx − 4x 3 y = 8x 3 Sin x 2 (AKTU-2022) Ans.y = [c1 ex + c2 e−x ] − sinx 2

1
xy  (4 x 2  1) y  4 x3 y  2 x3 (AKTU-2019) . Ans y  (c1  c2 x 2 )e  x 
2

8.
2
d2 y dy
9. (x + 1)2 dx2 + (x + 1) dx + y = 4 Cos [log(1 + x)]. (AKTU2021).

Ans.y = c1 Cos log( 1 + x ) + c2 Sin log(1 + x) + 2 log(1 + x) sin log(1 + x).

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Problems based on method (Reduction to Normal form)

d2 y dy
1. x 2 dx2 − 2(x 2 + x) dx + (x 2 + 2x + 2)y = 0 . (AKTU 2009). Ans.y = xex [c1 + c2 x]
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 e−cosx
2. Solve 𝑑𝑥 2 + (3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 4y sin 2 x = e−cosx sin 2 x Ans.y = c1 ecosx + c2 e2cosx + 6
d2 y dy x2 ⁄2 2 /2 1 2
3. + 2x + (x 2 − 8)y = x 2 e− [AKTU2012,13] Ans. y = e−x [c1 e3x + c2 e−3x − (x 2 + )]
dx2 dx 9 9

Problems based on method (By changing Independent variable)

d2 y dy 2
4. x dx2 + (4x 2 − 1) dx + 4x 3 y = 2x 3 .(AKTU 2006, 13, 18). Ans.y = [c1 + c2 x]e−x + 1/2
d2 y dy 1 a a 1
5. x6 dx2
+ 3x 5 dx
+ a2 y = x2 (AKTU 2014). Ans.y = c1 cos (2x2 ) + c2 sin (2x2 ) + a2 x2
d2 y dy x x
6. dx2
+ Cot x dx + 4y Cosec 2 x = 0. Ans.y = c1 cos (2log tan 2) + c2 sin (2log tan 2)

8
 (C). Method of Variation of Parameter

Solve the following differential equations by the Method of Variation of Parameter:-

d2 y logcosax x
1.
dx2
+ a2 y = Sec ax (AKTU 2013,14,15) Ans. y = [ a2
+ c1 ] cosax + [2 + c2 ] sinax.
d2 y
2. + y = cosec x (AKTU-2022) 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
dx2

3. (D2 − 1)y = 2(1 − e−2x )−1/2 (AKTU 2021)

Ans. y = c1 ex + c2 e−x − ex sin−1 (e−x ) − e−x (−1 + e2x )−1/2 .
𝑐2 1
4. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ,, + 𝑥𝑦 , − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 . (AKTU 2018) Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + + (1 − ) 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
ex ex e2x ex
5. [D2 − 3D + 2]y = (AKTU 2011,18) Ans. y = c1 ex + c2 e3x + (1 − e2x ) log(e−x + 1) + −
1+ex 2 2 4
𝑒 3𝑥
6. 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 𝑥2
. (AKTU2017) Ans 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 [𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑥]
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑥
7.
𝑑𝑥 2
− 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (AKTU2003) Ans 𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 2 𝑥2
8. +2 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 l𝑜𝑔𝑥 (AKTU2008) Ans.𝑦 = [ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑐1 ] 𝑒 −𝑥 + [𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 ]𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 4

9. [𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2]𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) (AKTU 2012) Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝑒 −𝑥 )

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥3
10. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (AKTU2004, 2016) Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 3 + 𝑐2 𝑥 −4 + 98 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥(7𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 2)]
𝑑𝑥 2

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Solve the following differential equations by the Method of Variation of Parameter:-

d2 y
1. dx2
+ y = tan x (AKTU 2015,19) Ans. y = c1 cosx + c2 sinx − cosx log[secx + tanx].
𝑑2 𝑦 2
2. 𝑑𝑥 2
− 𝑦 = 1+𝑒 𝑥 (AKTU2012) Ans 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1) − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
d2 y dy c2 3
3. x2 +x − y = x 3 ex Ans. y = c1 x + + (x − 3 + ) ex
dx2 dx x x
2
2𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
4. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . (AKTU 2012 ) Ans.𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2 𝑥 3 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 0. (AKTU 2015,2023) Ans.𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 3 + 𝑐2 𝑥 −4 .

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