AP Precalc 3.1 Periodic Phenomena 3.

1 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! As input values increase, if the output values demonstrate a repeating pattern over successive equal-length
intervals we have what is called a __________ relationship. Another word to describe this would be
cyclical.

If we have the graph of a single period (cycle), then we can construct the graph of the periodic
relationship. The following graphs show one period of a periodic function.

Sketch the rest of the graph on the given axes.

1. 2.
y y
 



 


4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 x
x
            

 

The period of the function is the smallest change in 𝑥-values it takes for the function to repeat itself. In
fancy math terms, we say:

The period of the function is the smallest positive value of 𝑘 such that 𝒇 𝒙 𝒌 𝑓 𝑥 for all 𝑥 in the
domain.

Identify the length of the period for each function.

3. 4.
y y
 

 



8 6 4 2  2 4 6 8 10 12 x
1 1 3 
x
1 
 4 2 4 


Period = _____ Period = _____

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Write your questions Periodic functions take on various characteristics of a function such as increasing, decreasing, different
and thoughts here! concavities, etc. Recognize that any characteristics found in one period of the function will be in every
period of the function.

5. Below is one cycle of a periodic function. Use the graph to answer the questions.
 y

 1 2 3 4



a. Is the function increasing, decreasing or both on the interval 18 𝑥 20?

b. Is the function concave up, concave down, or both on the interval 31 𝑥 33?

c. Is there a relative max, relative min, or neither at the point 𝑥 82?

3.1 Periodic Phenomena

AP Precalculus
3.1 Practice
The following graphs show one period of a periodic function. Sketch the rest of the graph on the given axes and
answer any questions that follow.
1. 2.
 y


 1 2 3


 1 2 3 4 x 


a. Is the function increasing, decreasing or both on the 
interval 52 𝑥 56? 

a. Is the function increasing, decreasing or both on the

interval 25 𝑥 27?
b. Is the function concave up, concave down, or both
on the interval 30 𝑥 34?
b. Is the function concave up, concave down, or both
on the interval 34 𝑥 36?
c. Is there a relative max, relative min, or neither at the
point 𝑥 44?
c. Is there a relative max, relative min, or neither at the
point 𝑥 47?

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3. 4.

y
 


x
               x
 3 2 1 1 2 3




a. Is the function increasing, decreasing or both on the

interval 22 𝑥 23?
a. Is the function increasing, decreasing or both on the
interval 37 𝑥 39?

b. Is there a relative max, relative min, or neither at the

point 𝑥 30? b. Is the function concave up, concave down, or both
on the interval 27 𝑥 28?

Identify the length of the period for each function.

5. 6.
y  y



 
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
 

Period = _____
Period = _____

7. 8.
y y
 
 
 

 
1
4
1
2
3
4
1 x

 1 2 3 4 5 x

 
 

Period = _____ Period = _____

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3.1 Periodic Phenomena 3.1 Test Prep
9.
y


1 2 4 5 6 8 9x



Graph of 𝑓

The graph of the function 𝑓 is givn in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. Which of the following functions has the same period as 𝑓?

(A) (B)
y y
 

 

 

 

x x

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

(C) (D)
y
y 








2 4 6 8 x
x 

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

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 AP Precalc 3.2A Radians 3.2A Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! We are accustomed to finding coordinate points in a coordinate plane. But what about an angle in a
coordinate plane? An angle is in standard position when the vertex coincides with the origin and one ray
coincides with the positive 𝑥-axis. The other ray is called the terminal ray.

 Draw a positive 45° angle in standard position and label the

initial ray and the terminal ray.

 Draw a negative 225° angle in standard position.

 Label Quadrants I, II, III, and IV.

1. Name all the angles that are in standard position. Give the initial ray and terminal ray of each angle.

Angle: __________
𝐵
Initial ray: ______
𝐴 Terminal ray: ______
𝐶
𝐷 Angle: ___________
Initial ray: ______
Terminal ray: ______

We are not going to measure things in degrees in this course or next year in AP Calculus. There is
another way of measuring angles. That unit of measurement is called a ________. We will discuss the
definition of a radian later, but first we have an important formula to learn.

Use the circle and sketch an angle with the terminal ray in QII.
The rays of the angle will be touching the circle. The fancy
way of saying this is that the arc of the circle is __________
by the angle. Label the circle’s arc length between these rays as
𝑠. Label the radius of the circle as 𝑟. We then have

𝒔
𝜽
𝒓
where 𝜃 is the angle measure in radians, 𝑠 is the arc length
subtended by rays of the angle, and 𝑟 is the radius of the circle.

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Write your questions
and thoughts here! What is a Radian?

An angle of one radian is when the angle creates an arc

length on a circle that is equal to the radius of the circle.
This means 𝑠 𝑟 and 𝜃 1.

Can you estimate how many radians are in one circle?

We will answer this later in the lesson.

2. The figure gives an angle in standard position and a circle

with radius 4 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. The length of the minor arc 𝑠 8.796
subtended by the angle is 8.796. Find the measure of the 𝐵
angle. 𝑟 4
𝜃
𝐶
𝑂

3. If an angle measure is 1.4𝜋 radians and the 4. Given an angle measure of 0.625𝜋 radians
radius of the circle is 2.7, what is the length of with an arc length of 3.125𝜋, what is the
the arc subtended by the angle? radius of the circle?

Unit Circle: A circle with _____________________.

If we have a Unit Circle, then the formula for the radians simplifies.

𝜃 𝑠 𝑟 1

The radian measure of the angle is the same as the length of the
subtended arc.

For a unit circle, one full revolution would be the length of the
circumference.
𝐶 2𝜋𝑟

 In other words, one revolution represents ____ radians. Was your

estimate from the top of the page close?
 Half a revolution is ____ radians.
 A quarter of a revolution is _____ radians.

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Write your questions 5. Give an estimate of how many radians the angle represents.
and thoughts here!
For simplification, leave your answer in terms of 𝜋 and
round the coefficient to only one or two decimal places.

Angles in standard position that share a terminal ray differ by an integer number of revolutions.
6. An angle with a measure of 4.3𝜋 would have a terminal ray in which quadrant?
Hint: Subtract or add 2𝜋 until you get a value in the interval 0 𝜃 2𝜋.

3.2A Radians
AP Precalculus
3.2A Practice
For each set of axes, name all the angles that are in standard position. Give the initial ray and terminal ray of
each angle.
1. 2.

𝐵
𝐴
𝑊
𝐶 𝑌
𝐷 𝑋
𝑍

Give an estimate of how many radians the angle represents. For simplification, leave your answer in terms of 𝝅
and round the coefficient to one or two decimal places.
3. 4. 5.

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 The measurement of an angle in standard position is listed. In which quadrant is the terminal ray?
6. 𝜃 2.9𝜋 7. 𝜃 8.2𝜋 8. 𝜃 7.2𝜋

9. 𝜃 5.2𝜋 10. 𝜃 8.1𝜋

Below are various measurements of a circle’s radius, an angle within the circle, or the arc subtended by the
angle. SKETCH the approximate angle on the axes and find the missing value.
11. Radius is 2.4 and the length of an arc subtended by 12. Radius is 1.45 and an angle is 1.4𝜋 radians. Find the
an angle is 1.32. Find the length of the arc subtended by the angle.
measure of the angle.

13. An angle is 0.8𝜋 radians and the length of an arc 14. Radius is 6.1 and an angle is 0.5𝜋 radians. Find the
subtended by the angle is 16.9. What is the radius of length of the arc subtended by the angle.
the circle?

15. Radius is 6.11 and the length of an arc subtended by 16. Radius is 6.18 and an angle is 1.7𝜋 radians. Find the
an angle is 30.6. Find the measure of the angle. length of the arc subtended by the angle.

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 17. An angle is 4.11 radians and the length of an arc 18. Radius is 7.8 and the length of an arc subtended by
subtended by the angle is 26. What is the radius of an angle is 17.94. Find the measure of the angle.
the circle?

19. An angle is 3.06 radians and the length of an arc subtended by the angle is 29.47. What is the radius of the circle?

3.2A Radians 3.2A Test Prep

20. An angle with a measure of 5.7𝜋 would be equivalent to which of the following angle measures?

(A) 2.7𝜋 (B) 1.7𝜋 (C) 5.7𝜋 (D) 0.3𝜋

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 AP Precalc 3.2B Sine, Cosine, and Tangent 3.2B Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! How do you pronounce the following names?
Mr. Jones Mrs. Smith

An abbreviation does not mean we pronounce things differently. It just helps us write it faster. That is
the same for sine, cosine, and tangent. How do you pronounce the following?

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽

Recall: SOH – CAH – TOA

sin 𝜃
hypotenuse
opposite
cos 𝜃

𝜃
adjacent
tan 𝜃

Given an angle in standard position and a circle centered at the

origin, there is a point, 𝑃, where the terminal ray intersects the 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
circle (see figure to the right).

Using SOH – CAH – TOA, we can find the value of sine,

𝜃
cosine, and tangent of the angle.

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
The sine of the angle is the ratio of the vertical displacement of
𝑃 from the 𝑥-axis to the distance between the origin and point 𝑃.
the vertical displacement of 𝑃 from the 𝑥 axis
sin 𝜃
the distance between the origin and point 𝑃
𝑦
sin 𝜃
𝑟
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
The cosine of the angle is the ratio of the horizontal displacement of 𝑃 from the 𝑦-axis to the distance
between the origin and point 𝑃.
the horizontal displacement of 𝑃 from the 𝑦 axis
cos 𝜃
the distance between the origin and point 𝑃
𝑥
cos 𝜃
𝑟
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
The tangent of the angle is the slope, if it exists, of the terminal ray.
the vertical displacement of 𝑃 from the 𝑥 axis
tan 𝜃
the horizontal displacement of 𝑃 from the 𝑦 axis
𝑦 sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃
𝑥 cos 𝜃
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Write your questions Each figure below gives a circle in the 𝒙𝒚-plane with center at the origin, and an angle 𝜽 in
and thoughts here!
standard position. Find the value of each expression.

1. Find sin 𝜃.

3, 1
2. Find cos 𝜃. 𝜃

3. Find tan 𝜃.

4. Find sin 𝛼.

5. Find cos 𝛼. 𝛼 6, 0

6. Find tan 𝛼.
2.6, 5.4

When the circle is a UNIT CIRCLE (𝑟 1), the trig values can be simplified.
𝒚
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝒙

Each figure below gives a circle in the 𝒙𝒚-plane with center at the origin, and an angle 𝜽 in
standard position. Find the value of each expression.

7. Find sin 𝛼. 1

0.5
8. Find cos 𝛼. 𝛼

1 0.5 0.5 1

0.5
9. Find tan 𝛼.
0.65, 0.76 1

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3.2B Sine, Cosine, and Tangent
AP Precalculus
3.2B Practice
Each figure below gives a circle in the 𝒙𝒚-plane with center at the origin, and an angle 𝜽 in standard position.
Find the value of each expression.
1. 2.
2.9, 11.644

12, 0 𝜃 5, 0
𝜃

4.58, 2

a. sin 𝜃 a. sin 𝜃

b. cos 𝜃 b. cos 𝜃

c. tan 𝜃 c. tan 𝜃

3. 4.
1.96, 4.6

𝜃 𝜃 5, 0
2, 0

1.937, 0.5

a. sin 𝜃 a. sin 𝜃

b. cos 𝜃 b. cos 𝜃

c. tan 𝜃 c. tan 𝜃

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 5. 6.
1 0.2, 0.9798 1

0.5
0.5
𝛼 𝛼
1 0.5 0.5 1
1 0.5 0.5 1
0.5
0.5

1
0.3, 0.954 1

a. sin 𝛼 a. sin 𝛼

b. cos 𝛼 b. cos 𝛼

c. tan 𝛼 c. tan 𝛼

3.2B Sine, Cosine, and Tangent 3.2B Test Prep

7. In the 𝑥𝑦-plane, angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an angle in standard position with terminal ray 𝐵𝐶, which intersects the unit circle at the
point with coordinates 0.6, 0.8 . Which of the following descriptions is correct?

(A) The sine of angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is .

(B) The sine of angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is .

(C) The sine of angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 0.6.

(D) The sine of angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 0.8.

8. An angle 𝜃 is in standard position in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. On the interval 0 𝜃 2𝜋 (one full circle), in which quadrant(s)
would the terminal ray of the angle be located for each statement?
a. sin 𝜃 0 b. cos 𝜃 0 c. tan 𝜃 0

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9. An angle 𝜃 is in standard position in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. Which of the following is true about 𝜃 on the interval 0 𝜃 2𝜋
if cos 𝜃 0?

(A) There is no value of 𝜃 on 0 𝜃 2𝜋 for which cos 𝜃 0.

(B) There are values of 𝜃 on 0 𝜃 2𝜋 for which cos 𝜃 0 in all four Quadrants.

(C) There is a value of 𝜃 on 0 𝜃 2𝜋 for which cos 𝜃 0 in Quadrant II only.

(D) There are values of 𝜃 on 0 𝜃 2𝜋 for which cos 𝜃 0 in Quadrants II and III only.

10. The figure shows a circle centered at the origin with an angle of measure
𝜃 radians in standard position. The terminal ray of the angle intersects
the circle at point 𝑃, and point 𝑄 also lies on the circle. The coordinates 𝑃
of 𝑃 are 𝑥, 𝑦 and the coordinates of 𝑄 are 𝑥, 𝑦 . Which of the
following is true about the cosine of 𝜃?
𝜃 2, 0

(A) cos 𝜃 , because it is the ratio of the horizontal displacement of 𝑃 from the 𝑦-axis to the distance between
the origin and 𝑃.

(B) cos 𝜃 , because it is the ratio of the vertical displacement of 𝑄 from the 𝑥-axis to the distance between
the origin and 𝑄.

(C) cos 𝜃 , because it is the ratio of the vertical displacement of 𝑃 from the 𝑥-axis to the distance between
the origin and 𝑃.

(D) cos 𝜃 , because it is the ratio of the vertical displacement of 𝑄 from the 𝑥-axis to the distance between
the origin and 𝑄.

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 AP Precalc 3.3A Sine and Cosine Function Values 3.3A Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! The 45°, 45°, 90° triangle in terms of 𝜋 radians:

𝜋
𝝅
√2
4 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟒
1

𝜋
𝝅
4 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟒
1

𝝅
The Unit Circle – multiples of
𝟒
Recall from our last lesson that on a unit circle cos 𝜃 𝑥 and sin 𝜃 𝑦. This allows us to obtain the
following coordinate points for all multiples of .

𝒚
0,1
√2 √2 √2 √2
, 𝜋 ,
2 2 2 2
2 𝜋
3𝜋
4 4

1,0 1,0
0
𝜋 𝒙
2𝜋

5𝜋 7𝜋
4 3𝜋 4
√2 √2 2 √2 √2
, ,
2 2 2 2
0, 1

Now we can evaluate sine and cosine for all angles that are multiples of . While evaluating the below
trig expressions, try not to look at the above unit circle. You want to memorize the unit circle so that
you can answer these problems quickly. In elementary school, you had multiplication tables that you
had to memorize. If you never memorized them, math classes became more challenging. That’s how
this works as well. If you don’t get the coordinate points on the unit circle memorized with their
associated angles, then precalculus and calculus become more challenging.

Find the value of each expression. Try not to look back at the Unit Circle for help.
1. sin 2. cos 3. sin 𝜋 4. cos 5. sin 6. cos

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15
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
The 30°, 60°, 90° triangle in terms of 𝜋 radians:

𝜋
6 𝝅 𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟔 𝟑
2
√3

𝜋 𝝅 𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬
3 𝟔 𝟑

𝝅
The Unit Circle – multiples of
𝟔
We can now find the coordinate points for all multiples of .

𝒚
1 √3 1 √3
, ,
2 2 2 2
𝜋
2𝜋 𝜋
√3 1 2 √3 1
, 3 3 ,
2 2 5𝜋 2 2
𝜋
6
6
0
𝜋 𝒙
2𝜋
7𝜋 11𝜋
√3 1 6 6 √3 1
, 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 ,
2 2 2 2
3 2 3

1 √3 1 √3
, ,
2 2 2 2

Find the value of each expression. Try not to look back at the Unit Circle for help.
7. sin 8. cos 9. sin 10. cos 11. cos 12. sin

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16
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
The completed unit circle:

cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 𝒚
1 √3 1 √3
, 0,1 ,
2 2 2 2
√2 √2 𝜋 √2 √2
, ,
2 2 2𝜋 2 𝜋 2 2
3𝜋 3 𝜋
√3 1 3
, 4 4 √3 1
2 2 5𝜋 𝜋 ,
2 2
6 6
1,0 𝜋 0 1,0
𝒙
2𝜋
7𝜋 11𝜋
√3 1 6 6 √3 1
, 5𝜋 7𝜋 ,
2 2 4𝜋 2 2
4 5𝜋
4 √2 √2
√2 √2 3 3𝜋 3
, ,
2 2 2 2 2
1 √3 1 √3
, 0, 1 ,
2 2 2 2

Tips and Tricks!

√ √
 There is a pattern where every coordinate can be written as , . Start with “zero”
coordinates and count up.
?
 All the angles that contain are halfway between the 𝑥- and 𝑦-axis.
𝟒
?
 All the angles that contain are one angle away from the 𝑥-axis.
𝟔
?
 All the angles that contain are one angle away from the 𝑦-axis.
𝟑

√ √
,
√ √ 2 2 √ √
, ,
2 2 2 2
√ √ 𝜋
, √ √
2 2 𝜋 ,
2𝜋 2 2 2
3𝜋 3 𝜋
√ √ 3 √ √
, 4 4 ,
2 2 5𝜋 𝜋 2 2
6 6

√ √ 𝜋 0 √
,
√
, 2 2
2 2 2𝜋
√ √ 7𝜋 11𝜋
, 6 6 √ √
2 2 ,
5𝜋 7𝜋 2 2
4𝜋 5𝜋
√ √ 4 4
, 3 3𝜋 3 √ √
2 2 ,
2 2 2
√ √
, √ √
2 2 ,
√ √ 2 2
,
2 2

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17
3.3A Sine and Cosine Function Values
AP Precalculus
3.3A Practice
Find the value of each expression. Try not to look back at the Unit Circle for help.
1. sin 2. cos 3. sin 4. cos 5. sin

6. cos 7. cos 8. sin 9. cos 10. cos

11. sin 12. cos 13. sin 14. sin 15. cos 2𝜋

16. cos 17. sin 18. cos 19. sin 20. cos

21. sin 22. cos 23. sin 0 24. sin 25. sin 26. sin 𝜋

27. Fill in the unit circle below by labeling all of the angles and coordinate points. Do all that you can without looking
back at your notes. This will help you know how much you still need to study it.

cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 𝒚
1 √3 1 √3
, ,
2 2 0 ,1 2 2
1 √3 1 √3
, ,
2 2 2 2

1 √3 1 √3
, ,
2 2 2 2

0 ,1 0 ,1
𝒙

1 √3 1 √3
, ,
2 2 2 2

1 √3 1 √3
, ,
2 2 2 2

1 √3 1 √3
,
,
2 2 0 ,1 2 2

No test prep for this lesson!

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18
 AP Precalc 3.3B Sine and Cosine Function Values 3.3B Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Recall: cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟
If we manipulate these equations, we get
𝜃

𝑥 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 𝑟 sin 𝜃

This allows us to find any coordinate point if we know the angle in standard position, and the circle’s
radius (distance from the origin) where the terminal ray intersects the circle. For this lesson, we will
focus on angles that are multiples of and . This means we will not use a calculator, and you will need
to have these angles and their coordinate points memorized.

For each problem, an angle in standard position in the 𝒙𝒚-plane is given in radians. A circle is
centered at the origin with the given radius. What are the coordinates of the point of intersection
of the terminal ray of the angle and the circle?
1. 𝜃 ,𝑟 6 2. 𝜃 ,𝑟 7

In the 𝒙𝒚-plane, the terminal ray of angle 𝜽 in standard position intersects a circle of radius 𝒓 at
the given point. What are the values of 𝜽 and 𝒓?
3.
√
,
√
4.
√
, 5. 2, 2√3

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3.3B Sine and Cosine Function Values
AP Precalculus
3.3B Practice
For each problem, an angle in standard position in the 𝒙𝒚-plane is given in radians. A circle is centered at the
origin with the given radius. What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal ray of the
angle and the circle?
1. 𝜃 ,𝑟 4 2. 𝜃 ,𝑟 7 3. 𝜃 ,𝑟 6

4. 𝜃 ,𝑟 5 5. 𝜃 ,𝑟 12 6. 𝜃 ,𝑟 3

7. 𝜃 ,𝑟 8 8. 𝜃 ,𝑟 16 9. 𝜃 𝜋, 𝑟 9

In the 𝒙𝒚-plane, the terminal ray of angle 𝜽 in standard position intersects a circle of radius 𝒓 at the given point.
What are the values of 𝜽 and 𝒓?
10. 0, 10 11. 3√2, 3√2 12.
√
,
√

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 13. 9√3, 9 14. 15, 15√3 15.
√
,

3.3B Sine and Cosine Function Values 3.3B Test Prep

16. The figure shows a circle of radius 4 along with five labeled points in the 𝑥𝑦-plane.

𝐵
4, 0 4, 0

𝐴 𝑂 𝐷

The measure of angle 𝐷𝑂𝐶 is . The measure of angle 𝐴𝑂𝐵 is half of angle 𝐴𝑂𝐶. What are the coordinate points
of point 𝐵?

(A) 4 cos , 4 sin

(B) 4 cos , 4 sin

(C) 2 cos , 2 sin

(D) 2 cos , 2 sin

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17. Angles 𝐴 and 𝐵 are in standard position in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. The measure of angle 𝐴 is radians, and the measure of
angle 𝐵 is radians. The terminal rays of both angles intersect a circle centered at the origin with radius 16. What
is the distance between these two points of intersection: the circle and terminal ray of angle A, and the circle and
terminal ray of angle 𝐵?

(A) 16 sin 16 sin

(B) 8 sin 8 sin

(C) 16 cos 16 cos

(D) 8 cos 8 cos

18. The figure shows a circle of radius 6 along with the origin and three labeled points in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. If the
coordinates of 𝑋 are 3, 3√3 , what is the measurement of angle 𝐴𝑂𝑋?

𝐴 6, 0 𝑂 𝐵 6, 0

(A) (B) (C) (D)

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 AP Precalc 3.4 Sine and Cosine Function Graphs 3.4 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! The Sine Function Graph
Given an angle of measure 𝜃 in standard position and a unit circle centered at the origin, there is a point,
𝑃, where the terminal ray intersects the circle. The sine function, 𝑓 𝜃 sin 𝜃, gives the 𝑦-coordinate, or
vertical displacement from the 𝒙-axis, of point 𝑃.

cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 𝒚
1 √3 1 √3
, 0,1 ,
2 2 2 2
√2 √2 𝜋 √2 √2
, ,
2 2 2𝜋 2 𝜋 2 2
3𝜋 3 𝜋
√3 1 3
, 4 4 √3 1
2 2 5𝜋 𝜋 ,
2 2
6 6
1,0 𝜋 0 1,0
𝒙
2𝜋
7𝜋 11𝜋
√3 1 6 6 √3 1
, 5𝜋 7𝜋 ,
2 2 4𝜋 2 2
4 5𝜋
4 √2 √2
√2 √2 3 3𝜋 3
, ,
2 2 2 2 2
1 √3 1 √3
, 0, 1 ,
2 2 2 2

Fill in the table of values for 𝑓 𝜃 sin 𝜃. To save you time, the decimal values have been given.
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝜽 𝟎 𝝅
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 1 √2 √3 √3 √2 1
0 1 0
(exact) 2 2 2 2 2 2

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
0 0.5 0.707 0.866 1 0.866 0.707 0.5 0
(decimal)

𝟕𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟏𝟏𝝅
𝜽 𝟐𝝅
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 1 √2 √3 √3 √2 1
1 0
(exact) 2 2 2 2 2 2

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
0.5 0.707 0.866 1 0.866 0.707 0.5 0
(decimal)

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Write your questions Plot these sine value points and sketch the graph on the axis below.
and thoughts here!

This is considered a periodic function, and you have just graphed one cycle, or period, of the sine
function. As we travel around the unit circle the 𝑦-values will continue to follow a pattern of increasing
to positive one, decreasing to negative one, and then returning to the starting position again of zero.

In our next lesson, we will go in depth about how to graph the sine and cosine functions. For this lesson,
we will focus on recognizing some basic characteristics of both sine and cosine on the interval 𝟎 𝜽
𝟐𝝅.

Characteristics of the graph of 𝑓 𝜃 sin 𝜃 on the interval 0 𝜃 2𝜋.

sin 𝜃 increases on sin 𝜃 decreases on

Increasing/Decreasing


𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
2 2


𝝅
𝟎 𝜽 and
𝟐
𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝜽 𝟐𝝅 𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

sin 𝜃 is concave up on sin 𝜃 concave down on

Concavity


𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
2 2


𝝅 𝜽 𝟐𝝅 𝟎 𝜽 𝝅

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Write your questions The function 𝒇 is given by 𝒇 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽. Describe the concavity of 𝒇 on the interval, and if 𝒇 is
and thoughts here! increasing or decreasing on the interval.
1. 𝜃 𝜋 2. 𝜃 2𝜋 3. 𝜃

The Cosine Function Graph

Given an angle of measure 𝜃 in standard position and a unit circle centered at the origin, there is a point,
𝑃, where the terminal ray intersects the circle. The cosine function, 𝑓 𝜃 cos 𝜃, gives the 𝑥-coordinate,
or horizontal displacement from the 𝒚-axis, of point 𝑃.

Fill in the table of values for 𝑓 𝜃 cos 𝜃. To save you time, the decimal values have been given.
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝜽 𝟎 𝝅
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 √3 √2 1 1 √2 √3
1 0 1
(exact) 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
1 0.866 0.707 0.5 0 0.5 0.707 0.866 1
(decimal)

𝟕𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟏𝟏𝝅
𝜽 𝟐𝝅
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 √3 √2 1 1 √2 √3
0 1
(exact) 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
0.866 0.707 0.5 0 0.5 0.707 0.866 1
(decimal)

Plot these cosine value points and sketch the graph on the axis below.

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Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Characteristics of the graph of 𝑓 𝜃 cos 𝜃 on the interval 0 𝜃 2𝜋.
cos 𝜃 increases on cos 𝜃 decreases on

Increasing/Decreasing


𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
3𝜋
2
2


𝝅 𝜽 𝟐𝝅 𝟎 𝜽 𝝅

cos 𝜃 is concave up on cos 𝜃 concave down on

Concavity


𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
3𝜋
2
2

𝝅
𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟎 𝜽
𝟐
𝜽 and
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝝅
𝜽 𝟐𝝅
𝟐

The function 𝒇 is given by 𝒇 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽. Describe the concavity of 𝒇 on the interval, and if 𝒇 is
increasing or decreasing on the interval.
4. 𝜃 𝜋 5. 𝜃 2𝜋 6. 𝜃

7. We are given an angle 𝜃, in standard position as shown in

the figure. The function 𝑔 is given by 𝑔 𝑎 sin 𝑎. For
the angle 𝛼 (not shown), 𝜃 𝛼 . Which of the
following is true?
𝜃
(A) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 (B) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 (C) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃

(D) Depending on the value of 𝛼, sometimes 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃

and sometimes 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 .

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3.4 Sine and Cosine Function Graphs
AP Precalculus
3.4 Practice

1. We are given an angle 𝜃, in standard position as shown in the figure. The function 𝑔 is given
by 𝑔 𝑎 cos 𝑎. For the angle 𝛼 (not shown), 𝜃 𝛼 .
Which of the following is true?
𝜃

(A) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 (B) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 (C) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃

(D) Depending on the value of 𝛼, sometimes 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 and sometimes

𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 .

2. We are given an angle 𝜃, in standard position as shown in the figure. The function 𝑔 is given
by 𝑔 𝑎 sin 𝑎. For the angle 𝛼 (not shown), 𝜃 𝛼 2𝜋.
Which of the following is true?

𝜃
(A) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 (B) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 (C) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃

(D) Depending on the value of 𝛼, sometimes 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 and sometimes

𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 .

3. We are given an angle 𝜃, in standard position as shown in the figure. The function 𝑔 is given
by 𝑔 𝑎 cos 𝑎. For the angle 𝛼 (not shown), 𝜃 𝛼 2𝜋.
Which of the following is true?

(A) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 (B) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 (C) 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 𝜃

(D) Depending on the value of 𝛼, sometimes 𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 and sometimes

𝑔 𝛼 𝑔 𝜃 .

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 The function 𝒇 is given by 𝒇 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽. Describe the concavity of 𝒇 on the interval, and if 𝒇 is increasing or
decreasing on the interval.
4. 0 𝜃 5. 𝜃 𝜋 6. 𝜋 𝜃
Concave down Concave up Concave up
Decreasing Decreasing Increasing

7. 𝜃 2𝜋 8. 0 𝜃 𝜋
Concave down Concave down from 0 𝜃
Increasing Concave up from 𝜃 𝜋
Decreasing from 0 𝜃 𝜋

The function 𝒇 is given by 𝒇 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽. Describe the concavity of 𝒇 on the interval, and if 𝒇 is increasing or
decreasing on the interval.
9. 0 𝜃 10. 𝜃 𝜋 11. 𝜋 𝜃
Concave down Concave down Concave up
Increasing Decreasing Decreasing

12. 𝜃 2𝜋 13. 𝜋 𝜃 2𝜋
Concave up from 𝜋 𝜃 2𝜋
Concave up
Increasing Decreasing from 𝜋 𝜃
Increasing from 𝜃 2𝜋

3.4 Sine and Cosine Function Graphs 3.4 Test Prep

14. For the function 𝑓 𝜃 cos 𝜃, what are all values of the domain when 𝑓 𝜃 1?

15. For the function 𝑔 𝜃 sin 𝜃, what are all values of the domain when 𝑔 𝜃 0?

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 AP Precalc 3.5 Sinusoidal Functions 3.5 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! Any function that is an additive or multiplicative transformation of 𝑓 𝜃 sin 𝜃 is called a ___________
function.
Parent Function Graphs of Sinusoids
𝒇 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒇 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

𝑓 𝜃 cos 𝜃 is an ______ function. It has 𝑓 𝜃 sin 𝜃 is an _____ function. It has

reflective symmetry over the ___________. rotational symmetry about the ___________.

cos 𝜃 is a transformation of sin 𝜃. If you look at the graphs, we can shift sin 𝜃 by to the left, and it will
match up with cos 𝜃.
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽


𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝟐


cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

Standard equations: 𝒚 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒚 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Amplitude: ____ Half the difference between the maximum and minimum values.

Midline: A horizontal line halfway between the maximum and minimum values. It is
determined by finding the average of the maximum and minimum values. The concavity of the
sinusoid will change when it crosses the midline. For 𝑦 𝑎 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜃 the midline
is _________.

Period (cycle): ____ The reciprocal of frequency. The change in 𝜃 values required for the
function to complete one full cycle.

Frequency: ____ The reciprocal of period. The number of cycles the graph completes per
one radian. For these functions the frequency is approximately 0.159 cycles per radian.

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Write your questions Graph the following sinusoid functions.
and thoughts here!
1. 𝑓 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 2. 𝑓 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃

Amp: _______ 𝑥-ints: _______ Amp: _______ 𝑥-ints: _______

Max value: _______ Min value: _______ Max value: _______ Min value: _______

3. 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 4. 𝑦 4 cos 𝑥

Amp: _______ 𝑥-ints: _______ Amp: _______ 𝑥-ints: _______

Max value: _______ Min value: _______ Max value: _______ Min value: _______

For each problem, the sinusoid has been vertically shifted and has the given maximum and
minimum values. Write the equation of the midline for the sinusoid AND find the amplitude.
5. Maximum value: 100 6. Maximum value: 135
Minimum value: 20 Minimum value: 90

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3.5 Sinusoidal Functions
AP Precalculus
3.5 Practice
Graph the trig function.
1. 𝑓 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 2. 𝑦 sin 𝑥

3. 𝑓 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 4. 𝑦 cos 𝑥

5. 𝑓 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 6. 𝑓 𝑡 4 cos 𝑡

Write the equation of the following sine curves.

7. y
8. y
9. y

  

  

  
x x

       
           
            
    

 

 


𝑦 ______________________ 𝑦 ______________________ 𝑦 ______________________

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 Write the equation of the following cosine curves.
10. y
11. y
12.
y

  
 

 
x x 
x
       
       
        
    
    
 
   

  



𝑦 ______________________ 𝑦 ______________________ 𝑦 ______________________

For each problem, the sinusoid has been vertically shifted and has the given maximum and minimum values.
Write the equation of the midline for the sinusoid AND find the amplitude.
13. Max value: 40 14. Max value: 1.9 15. Max value: 65 16. Max value: 10
Min value: 28 Min value: 0.1 Min value: 30 Min value: 6

3.5 Sinusoidal Functions 3.5 Test Prep

17. The daily low temperatures of a certain city over a period of time are modeled with a sinusoidal function the 𝑥𝑦-
plane. The minimum daily low temperature is 24℉, and the maximum daily low temperature is 52℉. Based on
these temperatures, which of the following is the best value for the amplitude of the sinusoidal function?

(A) 76 (B) 38 (C) 28 (D) 14

18. The figure shows the graph of a periodic function 𝑓 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. What is the frequency of 𝑓?








 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Graph of 𝑓

(A) (B) (C) (D) 8

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19. Calculator active. Mr. Brust’s patience with his 4th period class seems to have cycles of ups and downs. His
patience can be modeled by the function 𝑃 𝑡 30 cos 0.15𝑡 60, where 𝑡 is the number of minutes he has spent
with his 4th period class and 𝑃 𝑡 is his patience level. A person’s patience level is measured as 100 being the most
patience anyone can possibly have, and 0 representing no patience. Which of the following best describes the
behavior of 𝑃 𝑡 on minute 30?
hint: If you are graphing the function on a calculator, be sure your mode is set to RADIANS and not DEGREES.

(A) The amount of patience is increasing at a decreasing rate.

(B) The amount of patience is decreasing at a decreasing rate.

(C) The amount of patience is increasing at an increasing rate.

(D) The amount of patience is decreasing at an increasing rate.

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 AP Precalc 3.6A Sinusoidal Function Transformations 3.6A Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Standard equations: 𝒚 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝜽 𝒅 𝒚 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝜽 𝒅

Amplitude: ____ Half the difference between the maximum and minimum values.

Midline: A horizontal line halfway between the maximum and minimum values. It is
determined by finding the average of the maximum and minimum values. The concavity of the
sinusoid will change when it crosses the midline. The equation for the midline is _________.

Period (cycle): ____ The reciprocal of frequency. The change in 𝜃 values required for the
function to complete one full cycle.

Frequency: ____ The reciprocal of period. The number of cycles the graph completes per
one radian.

Graph the following sinusoid functions.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 3 sin 2𝑥 2. 𝑦 2 cos

Amp: _______ Period: _______

Amp: _______ Period: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______

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34
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
3. 𝑦 2 sin 1 4. 𝑦 3 4 cos 2𝑥

Amp: _______ Period: _______

Amp: _______ Period: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______

3.6A Sinusoidal Function Transformations

AP Precalculus
3.6A Practice
Identify the amplitude, period, and frequency of each function.
1. 𝑓 𝜃 13 sin 2𝜃 7 2. 𝑔 𝑡 5 6 cos 𝜋𝑡 3. ℎ 𝜃 24 sin 8𝜋𝜃

Amp: _____ Period: ___________ Amp: _____ Period: ___________ Amp: _____ Period: ___________

Freq: _______ Freq: _______ Freq: _______

Use the given information to create a sine function.

4. 5. 6.
Amplitude: 5 Amplitude: 2 Amplitude: 1
Period: 4𝜋 Period: Period: 4
Vertical Shift: down 4 Vertical Shift: up 1
Vertical Shift: up 9

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Identify the listed information and graph the trig function.
7. 𝑦 4 sin 8. 𝑦 2 cos 𝜃

Amp: _______ Period: _______ Amp: _______ Period: _______

Midline: _____________ Freq: _______ Midline: _____________ Freq: _______

Max value: _______ Min value: _______ Max value: _______ Min value: _______

9. 𝑦 cos 4𝑥 10. 𝑦 3 cos 2𝑥

Amp: _______ Period: _______ Amp: _______ Period: _______

Midline: _____________ Freq: _______ Midline: _____________ Freq: _______

Max value: _______ Min value: _______ Max value: _______ Min value: _______

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 11. 𝑦 3 sin 𝑥 1 12. 𝑦 3 4 sin 𝑥

Amp: _______ Period: _______

Amp: _______ Period: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______

13. 𝑦 2 3 sin 14. 𝑦 2 cos 2𝑥 4

Amp: _______ Period: _______

Amp: _______ Period: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______

Write the equation of the following sine curves.

15. y
16. y
17. y

  
 
   x

x
    
    
 
x

      
       
   
    

 

𝑦 ______________________ 𝑦 ______________________ 𝑦 ______________________

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 Write the equation of the following cosine curves.
18. 19. y
20. y
y

  

 

  
x
x
 x
   
       




  


         
  

     
 


𝑦 ______________________ 𝑦 ______________________ 𝑦 ______________________

3.6A Sinusoidal Function Transformations 3.6A Test Prep

21. Calculator active. The cycle between low tides and high tides at a beachfront town can be measured by

𝑓 𝑥 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑

where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑑 are constants. The maximum value of the tide is 12.04 feet, and the minimum value of the tide is
1.36 feet. Assuming we know the values of 𝑏 and 𝑑, which of the following would best define 𝑓 𝑥 ?

(A) 10.68 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑

(B) 6.7 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑

(C) 6.02 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑

(D) 5.34 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑

22. Calculator active. The table gives minimum temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, on the first day of each of 8
months in a certain city. The function 𝑓 given by 𝑓 𝜃 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝜃 𝑑, where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑑 are constants, is used to
model these data with 𝜃 representing the number of the month.

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Temperature
(degrees 28.6 23.2 34.9 40.3 48.6 56.7 68.2 61.0
Fahrenheit)

Based on the data in the table, which of the following is the best value for 𝑑?

(A) (B) 22.5 (C) 45 (D) 45.7

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23. The table gives ordered pairs for seven points from a larger data set. The larger data set can be modeled by a
sinusoidal function 𝑓 with a period of 6. The minimum values of the data set occur at 𝑥-values that are multiples
of 6.

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑓 𝑥 4 1 3 6 3 1 4

Which of the following best defines 𝑓 𝑥 for the larger data set?

(A) 4 cos 12𝜋𝑥 1

(B) 4 cos 𝑥 1

(C) 5 cos 12𝜋𝑥 1

(D) 5 cos 𝑥 1

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 AP Precalc 3.6B Sinusoidal Function Transformations 3.6B Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! The focus of this lesson is to learn about the phase shift of a periodic function. This means we are
shifting the sinusoidal function horizontally (to the left or right).

Standard equations:
𝒚 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃 𝜽 𝒄 𝒅 𝒚 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃 𝜽 𝒄 𝒅

Graph the following sinusoid functions.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 2 2. 𝑦 2 sin 2𝑥 𝜋 1

Amp: _______ Period: _______

Amp: _______ Period: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Midline: _____________ Freq: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______
Max value: _______ Min value: _______
Phase Shift: _____________
Phase Shift: _____________

3. Create a sine function that has the 4. Write the equation of the following sine curve. Use a
following attributes. positive leading coefficient and the closest phase shift
Amplitude: 3 possible (left or right).
Period: 𝜋 
Phase Shift: left 
x

Vertical Shift: down 4    

   
   



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3.6B Sinusoidal Functions Transformations
AP Precalculus
3.6B Practice
Identify the following attributes of each function.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 13 sin 4 𝑥 7 2. 𝑓 𝜃 2 sin 5 3. 𝑓 𝑥 6 cos 3𝑥 11

Amp: _____ Period: ___________ Amp: _____ Period: ___________ Amp: _____ Period: ___________

Phase Shift: _____________ Phase Shift: _____________ Phase Shift: _____________

Vertical Shift: ____________ Vertical Shift: ____________ Vertical Shift: ____________

Graph the trig function.

4. 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 5. 𝑦 2 sin 2 𝑥

6. 𝑦 4 cos 𝑥 2 7. 𝑦 2 sin 2𝑥 𝜋 1

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8. 𝑦 cos 2𝑥 9. 𝑦 3 sin 1

Create a sine function that matches the following attributes.

10. 11. 12. 13.
Amplitude: 2 Amplitude: 5 Amplitude: 1 Amplitude: 8
Period: Period: Period: 6 Period:
Phase Shift: right Phase Shift: left Phase Shift: right
Phase Shift: left
Vertical Shift: up 8 Vertical Shift: up 2 Vertical Shift: up 5
Vertical Shift: down 14

Write a sine AND cosine function for the following curves. Use a positive leading coefficient and the closest
phase shift possible (left or right). For some problems, it may be equal to move left or right.
14. 15.
y y




x 
    
   
   
    
    
    




Sine equation: 𝑦 ______________________ Sine equation: 𝑦 ______________________

Cosine equation: 𝑦 ______________________ Cosine equation: 𝑦 ______________________

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 16.
y


x

       

     
       


Sine equation: 𝑦 ______________________

Cosine equation: 𝑦 ______________________

3.6B Sinusoidal Functions Transformations 3.6B Test Prep

17. Suppose you are riding a Ferris wheel. After everyone is loaded, the wheel starts to turn and the ride lasts 180
seconds. Your height ℎ (in feet) above the ground at any time 𝑡 (in seconds) can be modeled by the equation
ℎ 𝑡 85 sin 𝑡 6 90.

a. What is the period? g. How many circles will the Ferris

Wheel make during the ride?

b. What does the period represent?

c. What is the frequency?

h. Calculator active. How high are you when the ride

d. What does the frequency represent? begins? (Remember, you are not at ground level
because the people in line behind you had to get on the
ride.)

e. What is your maximum height?

i. calculator active. How far off the ground are you
when the ride stops?
f. What is your minimum height?

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 AP Precalc 3.7 Sinusoidal Function Context and
Write your questions
and thoughts here! Data Modeling 3.7 Notes
The following data set can be modeled by a sinusoidal function. Use the data to answer each problem
below.

𝒙 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
𝒇 𝒙 130 184 225 172 126 98 137 169 224 168

𝒙 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
𝒇 𝒙 132 102 128 181 227 171 129 101 141 183

1. Estimate the period and 2. Estimate the vertical shift 3. Estimate the amplitude.
frequency. (midline).

Period: 60 62.5
𝑦 162.5
Frequency:

4. Using the above information, create a sinusoidal function model.

Estimated equation: 𝑓 𝑥 62.5 sin 𝑥 5 162.5
or
Estimated equation: 𝑓 𝑥 62.5 cos 𝑥 20 162.5

5. Using a calculator, find a sinusoidal model from the given data set. Your answer should look
similar to your estimate of the model in #4.

𝑓 𝑥 55.387 sin 0.105𝑥 0.477 156.11

These are the types of problems in the practice, but there are many more types of problems that you will
see in AP Classroom and on the AP Exam. The test prep section of this lesson packet should give you
good exposure to those types of problems.

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3.7 Sinusoidal Function Context and Data Modeling
AP Precalculus
3.7 Practice
1. The following data set can be modeled by a sinusoidal function. Use the data to answer each problem below.

𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
𝒇 𝒙 97 24 62 18 104 21 65 16 101 23

𝒙 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
𝒇 𝒙 59 22 98 17 60 19 99 18 61 23

a. Estimate the period and b. Estimate the vertical shift c. Estimate the amplitude.
frequency. (midline).

Period: 4

d. Using the above information, create a sinusoidal function model.

2𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 80 sin 𝑥 3 20
5
or
2𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 80 cos 𝑥 20
5

e. Using a calculator, find a sinusoidal model from the given data set. Your answer should look similar to your
estimate in part d.

𝑓 𝑥 80.633 sin 1.575𝑥 1.519 19.466

2. The following data set can be modeled by a sinusoidal function. Use the data to answer each problem below.

𝒙 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋 8𝜋 9𝜋
𝒇 𝒙 349 220 180 230 345 470 510 465 348 235

𝒙 10𝜋 11𝜋 12𝜋 13𝜋 14𝜋 15𝜋 16𝜋 17𝜋 18𝜋 19𝜋
𝒇 𝒙 207 240 361 458 498 462 358 210 196 215

a. Estimate the period and b. Estimate the vertical shift c. Estimate the amplitude.
frequency. (midline).
150
Period: 8𝜋 𝑦 350

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 d. Using the above information, create a sinusoidal function model.
Possible estimates:
1
𝑓 𝑥 150 sin 𝑥 4𝜋 350
4
1
𝑓 𝑥 150 cos 𝑥 6𝜋 350
4
1
𝑓 𝑥 150 cos 𝑥 2𝜋 350
4

e. Using a calculator, find a sinusoidal model from the given data set. Your answer should look similar to your
estimate in part d.

𝑓 𝑥 161.992 sin 0.25𝑥 3.12 347.497

3.7 Sinusoidal Function Context and Data Modeling 3.7 Test Prep

3. Calculator active. Mr. Sullivan is tired of not having air Point 𝑃

conditioning in Germany, so he buys a large fan for his living
room. The blades of this fan rotate in a counterclockwise
direction and complete 20 rotations every second. Point 𝑃 is on
the tip of one of the fan blades and is located directly above the
center of the fan at time 𝑡 0 seconds, as indicated in the figure.
Counterclockwise
Point 𝑃 is 12 inches from the center of the fan. The center of the
fan is 30 inches above the floor. As the fan blades rotate at a
constant speed, the distance between 𝑃 and the floor periodically
decreases and increases.

The sinusoidal function ℎ models the distance between 𝑃 and the floor, in inches, as a function of time 𝑡, in seconds.
The graph of ℎ and its dashed midline for two full cycles is shown. Five points, 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, and 𝐸, are labeled on the
graph. No scale is indicated, and no axes are presented.
𝐴 𝐸

𝐵 𝐷

Determine possible coordinates 𝑡, ℎ 𝑡 for the five points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, and 𝐸

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4. A student rides his bicycle to school each day. The pedals are mounted on a bracket whose center is 29 cm above the
ground. Each pedal is 16.5 cm from the center of the bracket. Assume that the bicycle is pedaled at 12 cycles per
minute. With the starting position of the pedals in a horizontal position at 𝑡 0.
a. Label the graph with time (seconds) on the 𝑥-axis. Each line will represent one second.

b. Label the 𝑦-axis as height (cm) from the ground. Each line will represent 5 cm.

c. Sketch the graph of this sinusoidal function for the first three cycles. Assume the pedal you are measuring goes
“up” on the first rotation.

5
1

d. Write the equation of the sine curve with the time given in seconds.

e. Calculator active. When is the pedal 40 cm above the ground for the 3rd time?

f. Calculator active. How high is the pedal after 23 seconds?

5. A robotic ant is designed to cross a table in a sinuisoidal pattern, making a wave pattern as it travels from left to right.
The table has a length of 1,800 mm and a width of 800 mm. Standing on one side of the table, the values 𝑥 0 and
𝑥 1,800 represent the left and right sides of the table, respectively. The values 𝑦 0 and 𝑦 800 represent the
nearest and furthest sides of the table, respectively.

The path of the robotic ant begins on the left side of the table, 𝑥 0, and completes one period of a sinusoidal
function by ending on the right side of the table, 𝑥 1,800. During its path, the robotic ant reaches its maximum
distance from the near side of the table of 𝑦 750 before reaching its minimum distance of 𝑦 150. If 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥
models the path of the robotic ant, which of the following could define 𝑓 𝑥 ?

(A) 300 sin 𝑥 450 (B) 300 sin 3600𝜋𝑥 450

(C) 600 sin 𝑥 450 (D) 600 sin 3600𝜋𝑥 450

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6. Calculator active. The function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓 𝑥 4 sin 2𝑥 cos 6𝑥 . Using the period of 𝑓, how many
number of complete cycles of the graph of 𝑓 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane are on the interval 0 𝑥 700? Round to the nearest
whole number.

7. When an earthquake hits and creates a tsunami, the water first goes down from its normal level, and then rises an
equal distance above its normal level, then returns to its normal level. A tsunami is approaching Trig Island and is
modeled by:
2𝜋
𝑑 𝑡 10 sin 𝑡 7.5 11
15

where 𝑑 is the water’s depth in meters and 𝑡 is the time in minutes since the earthquake. This model only works for
one cycle!

a. Using the equation, what is the maximum depth of the tsunami wave?
(No calculator!)

b. Using the equation, what is the normal depth of water at Trig Island? (No calculator!)

c. What is the period of this function? What does this mean in the context of this problem?

d. The Treasure of Trig Island lies 5 meters beneath the normal surface of the water. For how long will the Treasure
of Trig Island be exposed? (Remember to look at your answer from part b.)

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8. The function 𝑔 is given by 𝑔 𝜃 sin 𝜃 . The sinusoidal function ℎ is a phase shift of the function 𝑔 by positive
units. Which of the following is true?

(A) Consecutive minima of ℎ occur at ,𝑔 and ,𝑔 because consecutive minima of 𝑔

occur at 𝜋, 𝑔 𝜋 and 𝜋, 𝑔 𝜋 , and ℎ is the image of 𝑔 with a horizontal shift of units right.

(B) Consecutive minima of ℎ occur at ,𝑔 and ,𝑔 because consecutive minima of 𝑔

occur at 𝜋, 𝑔 𝜋 and 𝜋, 𝑔 𝜋 , and ℎ is the image of 𝑔 with a horizontal shift of units left.

(C) Consecutive minima of ℎ occur at ,𝑔 and ,𝑔 because consecutive minima of 𝑔 occur

at ,𝑔 and ,𝑔 , and ℎ is the image of 𝑔 with a horizontal shift of units right.

(D) Consecutive minima of ℎ occur at ,𝑔 and ,𝑔 because consecutive minima of 𝑔

occur at ,𝑔 and ,𝑔 , and ℎ is the image of 𝑔 with a horizontal shift of units left.

9. The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎 sin 𝑏 𝑥 𝑐 𝑑. In the 𝑥𝑦-plane, the points 3,6 and 5,16 represent a
minimum value and a maximum value, respectively, on the graph of 𝑓. What are values of 𝑎 and 𝑑?

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 AP Precalc 3.8 The Tangent Function 3.8 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! Take a unit circle and form an angle in standard position. The point, 𝑃, is
the intersection of the terminal ray and the circle.

The tangent function, 𝑓 𝜃 tan 𝜃, gives the ___________ of the

terminal ray.

The slope of the terminal ray can also be described by the ratio of
the change in 𝑦-values to the change in 𝑥-values between any two
points on the ray. The tangent function is also the ratio of the sine
function to the cosine function. Therefore

sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃
as long as cos 𝜃 0.

1. In the 𝑥𝑦-plane, an angle 𝜃, in standard position, has a measure of 𝜃 . What is the slope of the
terminal ray of the angle?

Finding the tangent values is the same as finding the slope of the terminal ray of the angle.

Evaluate.
2. tan 3. tan 4. tan

Think about the slope values of the terminal ray as it moves around the unit circle.
 Slope starts as ________.
 Gets larger until it approaches ___________.
 At 𝜃 , the slope is ______________. 0, 1

 Then the slope is very negative but starts to grow

towards zero.
 Once we reach an angle of ___, we are back to a
slope of zero again. 1, 0 1, 0
 As soon as we pass the angle 𝜋, the slope will be
the same as it was in _________________.
 Every ___________ revolution of the circle, the
tangent function repeats.
0, 1
The period of tan 𝜃 is ____.

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Write your questions
and thoughts here! Each time that cos 𝜃 0, tan 𝜃 is undefined. What angle on the unit circle does this occur?

For the graph of 𝑓 𝜃 tan 𝜃, this is represented by vertical asymptotes.

Vertical Asymptotes
For the graph of 𝑓 𝜃 tan 𝜃, a vertical asymptote appears at every 𝜃 𝑘𝜋, for integer
values of 𝑘.

𝝅
For the graph of tan 𝑏𝜃 , the period is .
𝒃

A vertical asymptote appears at every 𝜃 𝑘 , for integer values of 𝑘.

𝟐𝒃 𝒃

Write an equation that represents all asymptotes of the graph of 𝒇 in the 𝒙𝒚-plane.
5. 𝑓 𝜃 tan 2𝜃 6. 𝑓 𝜃 tan

Characteristics of the tangent graph

y



x

   
    
   






𝑓 𝜃 tan 𝜃
 The tangent function increases.
 Its graph changes from concave down to concave up between each set of asymptotes.
 The point where it changes concavity is called an inflection point.

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Write your questions
and thoughts here! The graph of 𝑔 𝜃 𝑎 tan 𝑏 𝜃 𝑐 𝑑 is transformation of the graph of 𝑓 𝜃 tan 𝜃 in the
following ways:
 The constant 𝒂 creates a _____________________ by a factor of |𝑎|. If 𝑎 0, there is a
reflection over the ______________.

 The constant 𝒃 creates a __________________ and changes the period by a factor of .

If 𝑏 0, there is a reflection over the ___________.

 The constant 𝒄 creates a ____________________________ (phase shift) by 𝑐 units.
 The constant 𝒅 creates a ____________________________ by 𝑑 units.

Graph each function.

7. 𝑦 tan 2𝜃 1 8. 𝑦 3 tan 2

3.8 The Tangent Function

AP Precalculus
3.8 Practice
Write an equation that represents all asymptotes of the graph of 𝒇 in the 𝒙𝒚-plane.
1. 𝑓 𝜃 tan 3𝜃 2. 𝑓 𝜃 tan 6𝜃 3. 𝑓 𝜃 tan

In the 𝒙𝒚-plane, the angle 𝜽 is in standard position. What is the slope of the terminal ray of the angle?
4. 𝜃 5. 𝜃 6. 𝜃

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 Evaluate.
7. tan 8. tan 9. tan 10. tan

Graph each trig function.

11. 𝑦 tan 𝜃 12. 𝑦 4 tan 𝜃 3

13. 𝑦 2 tan 𝜃 1 14. 𝑦 tan 2𝜃 𝜋 2

3.8 The Tangent Function 3.8 Test Prep

15. The graph of the function 𝑔 is given in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. If y

𝑔 𝑥 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥 20, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants,

𝟏𝟎
which of the following could be true?
I. If 𝑎 0 then 𝑏 1
II. If 𝑎 0 then 𝑏 0  
 
III. If 𝑎 0 then 𝑏 1  
𝟏𝟎
IV. If 𝑎 0 then 𝑏 0

(A) III only (B) IV only

𝟑𝟎
(C) I and IV only (D) II and III only
Graph of 𝑔

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16. The graph of 𝑓 𝑥 tan 𝑏𝑥 , where 𝑏 is a constant, is shown in y


the 𝑥𝑦-plane. What is the value of 𝑏?





(A) 4 


(B) 2 4 3 2 4 5
1 2 x



(C) 


(D)




Graph of 𝑓

17. The figures shows the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥 , where 𝑎 and y


𝑏 are constants, in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. The graph of 𝑓 has two

vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 𝜋 and 𝑥 𝜋, and a point with 
coordinates given is on the graph of 𝑓. What are all solutions 
to 𝑓 𝑥 1.829? 
 2.317, 1.829

x

 
  
(A) 𝑥 2.317 only 




(B) 𝑥 2.317 𝜋𝑘, where 𝑘 is any integer 


(C) 𝑥 2.317 2𝜋𝑘, where 𝑘 is any integer 



(D) 𝑥 2.317 3𝜋𝑘, where 𝑘 is any integer Graph of 𝑓

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 AP Precalc 3.9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3.9 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! Find the missing side. Find the missing angle.

Trig Function Inverse Trig Function

𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑥
PRINCIPAL VALUES
Domain:
Domain: Domain:

Range: Range:
Range:

Graph: Graph: Graph:

𝑦 sin 𝑥

𝒇 𝒙 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

Restricted Domain: Restricted Domain:

𝑦 cos 𝑥

𝑦 tan 𝑥

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Write your questions
and thoughts here!
𝟏
Find the inverse of the function. Graph it! State the domain and range of 𝒇 𝒙 .

𝑓 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 1 for 𝑥

Evaluate the following expressions. Find the principal value in radians.

sin cos
√ tan √3

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3.9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
AP Precalculus
3.9 Practice
𝟏
The graph of 𝒇 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 is shown below. Use the graph of 𝒇 to graph 𝒈 𝒙 .
1. 𝑔 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 2. 𝑔 𝑥 3sin 𝑥 3. 𝑔 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1

𝟏
The graph of 𝒇 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 is shown below. Use the graph of 𝒇 to graph 𝒈 𝒙 .
4. 𝑔 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝜋 5. 𝑔 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 6. 𝑔 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥

𝟏
The graph of 𝒇 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 is shown below. Use the graph of 𝒇 to graph 𝒈 𝒙 .
7. 𝑔 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥 8. 𝑔 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 𝜋 9. 𝑔 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝜋

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 𝟏
Find the inverse of each function and list the domain and range of 𝒇 𝒙 .
10. 𝑓 𝑥 5 sin 𝑥 3 for 𝑥 11. 𝑓 𝜃 tan 𝜃 for 𝜃

12. 𝑓 𝑥 4 cos 2𝑥 for 0 𝑥 13. 𝑓 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 𝜋 1 for 𝜃

Evaluate the following expressions. Find the principal value in radians. NO CALCULATOR!!

14. sin 15. cos 16. tan 1

17. arccos
√
18. arcsin
√ 19. tan √3

20. sin 1 21. sin

√
22. arccos
√

23. tan
√
24. cos
√ 25. arcsin 0

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3.9 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3.9 Test Prep

26. Which of the following is the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

27. Given 𝑓 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥 , which of the following is the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

28. Given 𝑓 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 1 for 𝑥 , what is the domain of 𝑓 𝑥 ?

3𝜋 3𝜋
(A) ,
2 2

(B) 0, 2
(C) 1, 3
(D) 𝜋, 𝜋

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 AP Precalc 3.10 Trig Equations and Inequalities 3.10 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Solve Trigonometric Equations
RESTRICTED DOMAIN
𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝝅
Exact Values Approximate Values
2 sin 𝑥 5 4 tan 𝑥 2tan 𝑥 8 0

ALL VALUES
Exact Values Approximate Values
4 cos 𝜃 2 3 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃

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Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Solve Trigonometric Inequalities

RESTRICTED DOMAIN
𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝝅
Exact Values Include a rough sketch.
4 cos 𝑥 1 3

CHANGE IN PERIOD

ALL EXACT VALUES

cos 2𝜃 4 4

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3.10 Trigonometric Equations and Inequalities 3.10 Practice
AP Precalculus
Solve each equation for 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝝅. Find the exact value(s) using the unit circle.
1. 2 sin 𝑥 3 4 2. 4 3 cos 𝑥 7

3. tan 𝑥 1 4. 1 cos2 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥

Solve each equation for 𝟎 𝜃 𝟐𝝅. Find the approximate value(s) using a calculator.
5. 6 3 cos 𝜃 7 6. 5sin 𝜃 3 6

7. 6cos 𝜃 4 cos 𝜃 0 8. cos 𝜃 3cos 𝜃

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Solve each equation. Find ALL exact value(s) using the unit circle.
9. 2 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 10. 4 tan2 2𝑥 12

Solve each equation. Find ALL approximate value(s) using a calculator.

11. 7 sin2 𝑥 5 12. 5 sin 𝜃 3 4

Solve each inequality for 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝝅. Find the exact value(s). Include a rough sketch.
13. 2sin 𝑥 2 3 14. 2cos 𝑥 √3

𝜋
15. 2 cos 𝑥 2 3
2

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3.10 Trigonometric Equations and Inequalities 3.10 Test Prep
16. What are all values of 𝜃, for 0 𝜃 2𝜋, where 4 sin 𝜃 2sin 𝜃 ?
(A) 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋

(B) 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋

(C) , , ,

(D) , , ,

17. The function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓 𝑥 2 cos 3𝑥 1. For how many values of x where 0 𝑥 2𝜋 does
𝑓 𝑥 0?
(A) None
(B) Two
(C) Four
(D) Six

18. The function 𝑔 is given by 𝑔 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 . What are all solutions 𝑔 𝑥 √3 ?

(A) 𝑥 +2𝜋𝑘 and 2𝜋𝑘, where k is any integer

(B) 𝑥 +2𝜋𝑘, where k is any integer

(C) 𝑥 +2𝜋𝑘 and 2𝜋𝑘, where k is any integer

(D) 𝑥 +2𝜋𝑘, where k is any integer

19. What is the solution set for 4 2 sin 𝑥 3 where 0 𝑥 2𝜋 ?

(A) ,

(B) 0 , ∪ , 2𝜋

(C) ,

(D) 0 , ∪ , 2𝜋

20. What are all values of 𝜃, for 0 𝜃 2𝜋, where sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 0?

(A) , , , , ,

(B) 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋

(C) 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋

(D) and
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 AP Precalc 3.11 Secant, Cosecant, Cotangent Functions 3.11 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! RECIPROCAL TRIG FUNCTIONS

Cosecant Secant Cotangent

csc 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 =

Find the exact value of the following expressions.

𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋
csc ( ) sec ( ) cot ( )
6 4 3

Find the approximate value of the following expressions.

𝜋
csc ( ) sec(−1.43) cot(𝜋)
5

Graphs of reciprocal trig functions.

𝑓(𝑥 ) = csc 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥 ) = sec 𝑥

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = cot 𝑥

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Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Graph the following. State the range and all vertical asymptotes.

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3 sec 𝑥 − 1

Range:

Vertical Asymptotes:

𝜋
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 csc (𝑥 − 2 ) + 1

Range:

Vertical Asymptotes:

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2cot(2(𝑥 + 𝜋))

Range:

Vertical Asymptotes:

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3.11 Secant, Cosecant, and Cotangent Functions
AP Precalculus
3.11 Practice
Evaluate the following expressions. Use exact values.
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
1. sec ( ) 2. csc ( ) 3. cot ( )
3 4 2

7𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
4. sec ( ) 5. csc (− ) 6. cot ( )
6 3 4

7. csc(𝜋) 5𝜋
8. sec ( )
5𝜋
9. cot ( )
4 3

Evaluate the following expressions. Use approximate values from calculator.

10. csc(1.43) 11. sec ( )
𝜋 5𝜋
12. cot ( )
5 7

13. sec(1.3𝜋) 14. cot(−3.26) 𝜋

15. csc ( )
9

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Graph the following and state all vertical asymptotes.
16. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2csc 𝑥 17. 𝑓(𝑥) = sec(𝑥) − 1

Range: Range:

Vertical Asymptotes: Vertical Asymptotes:

1 1 𝜋
18. 𝑓(𝑥) = cot ( 𝑥) 19. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 csc ( (𝑥 − ))
2 2 2

Range: Range:

Vertical Asymptotes: Vertical Asymptotes:

20. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cot(𝑥) − 1 21. 𝑓(𝑥) = sec(2𝑥) + 1

Range: Range:

Vertical Asymptotes: Vertical Asymptotes:

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3.11 Secant, Cosecant, and Cotangent Functions 3.11 Test Prep
1
21. Which of the following is the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −2 csc (2 𝑥) ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

𝜋
22. Which of the following is the graph of 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 2 sec (2 (𝜃 + 2 )) ?
(A) (B)

(C) (D)

23. Which of the following describes the graph of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2cot 𝑥 ?

𝜋
(A) Vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = 2 + 𝜋𝑘, where k is an integer, and the range is all real numbers.
𝜋
(B) Vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = 2 + 𝜋𝑘, where k is an integer, and the range is (−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞).

(C) Vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = 𝜋 + 𝜋𝑘, where k is an integer, and the range is all real numbers.
(D) Vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = 𝜋 + 𝜋𝑘, where k is an integer, and the range is (−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞).

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 AP Precalc 3.12A Equivalent Representations of Trig Functions 3.12A Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! Pythagorean Identities

Unit circle

Reciprocal Pythagorean Identities

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏

Use trig identities to write each expression in terms of a single trig identity.

tan 𝑥 cos 𝑥 1 − cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥

cos 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥

Tips:
1. Rewrite in 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2. Squared trig functions could be Pythagorean Identity
3. Put in terms of one trig function

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Write your questions
and thoughts here! Use trig identities to solve the trig equations for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝝅. Find exact values.

1 = sec 2 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 1 − sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 = 2

3.12A Equivalent Representations of Trig Functions

AP Precalculus
3.12A Practice
Use trig identities to write each expression in terms of a single trig identity.
1. cot 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2.
1−sin2 𝑥 3. sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥
sin2 𝑥

4. sin 𝜃 sec 𝜃
5.
sec2 𝑥−1 6. cot 2 𝜃 (1 − cos 2 𝜃)
sin2 𝑥

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Use trig identities to solve the trig equations for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝝅. Find exact values.
7. sin2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 1 8. 2 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 1

9. sec 2 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 = 1 10. sin3 𝑥 (1 + cot 2 𝑥) = 1

cos 𝑥 3 √2
11. sec 𝑥
=4 12. (1 − sin2 𝑥) sec 𝑥 = 2

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3.12A Equivalent Representations of Trig Functions 3.12A Test Prep

csc2 𝑥
13. The function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = sec2 𝑥 . Which of the following expressions is equivalent to 𝑓(𝑥) ?

(A) cos2 𝑥
(B) tan2 𝑥
(C) sin2 𝑥
(D) cot 2 𝑥

csc 𝜃 cot 𝜃 sin 𝜃

14. The function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓(𝜃) = . Which of the following expressions is equivalent to 𝑓(𝜃)?
cos 𝜃

(A) csc 𝜃
(B) sin 𝜃
(C) sec 𝜃
(D) tan 𝜃

15. The function 𝑔 is defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = csc 2 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 . What are all solutions to 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 on the interval
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 ?
𝜋 3𝜋
(A) 𝑥 = and
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
(B) 𝑥 = 4 , 2 , ,
2 4
𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
(C) 𝑥 = 2 , , ,
4 2 4
𝜋
(D) 𝑥 = 2

1−cos2 𝑥
16. The function 𝑔 is given by 𝑔(𝑥) = + 1 . Which of the following expressions is equivalent to 𝑔(𝑥)?
cos2 𝑥

(A) cot 2 𝑥
(B) tan2 𝑥
(C) csc 2 𝑥
(D) sec 2 𝑥

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 AP Precalc 3.12B Equivalent Representations of Trig Functions 3.12B Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! Sum/Difference Identities

sin 𝛼 𝛽

sin 𝛼 𝛽

cos 𝛼 𝛽

cos 𝛼 𝛽

Find the exact value of the sum or difference.

𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 2𝜋
sin cos
4 3 4 3

Simplify the following.

𝜋
sin 𝑥
6

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Write your questions
Double Angle Identities
and thoughts here!

sin 2𝛼

cos 2𝛼

Use trig identities to solve the trig equations for 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝝅. Find exact values.

sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 3 cos 2𝑥 2 cos 𝑥

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3.12B Equivalent Representations of Trig Functions
AP Precalculus
3.12B Practice
Find the exact value of the sum or difference.

1. sin 2. cos

3. cos 4. sin

5. cos 6. sin 𝜋

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Simplify the following.

7. sin 𝑥 8. cos 𝜃 9. 4sin 2𝑥

Use trig identities to solve the trig equations for 𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝝅. Find exact values.
10. sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 0 11. sin 2𝑥 sec 𝑥 0

12. cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 13. cos 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 0

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3.12B Equivalent Representations of Trig Functions 3.12B Test Prep

14. The function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 . Which of the following expressions is equivalent to 𝑓 𝜃 ?
(A) 2cos 𝜃
(B) 1 2sin 𝜃
(C) 1 2cos 𝜃
(D) 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

15. The function 𝑔 is defined by 𝑔 𝑥 sin 𝑥 . The solutions to which of the following equations on
the interval 0 𝑥 2𝜋 are the solutions to 𝑔 𝑥 1 on the interval 0 𝑥 2𝜋 ?
(A) sin 𝑥 √3 cos 𝑥 2
(B) sin 𝑥 √3 cos 𝑥 2
(C) √3sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2
(D) √3sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2

16. The function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓 𝜃 cos 𝜃 . What is the value of 𝑓 ?

√
(A)

(B)

(C)
√
(D)

17. Given cos 2𝑥 and 𝑥 𝜋, what is the exact value of sin 𝑥 ?

√
(A)
√
(B)
√
(C)
√
(D)

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 AP Precalc 3.13 Trigonometry and Polar Coordinates 3.13 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! Polar Coordinates 𝒓, 𝜽

Pole: 2, 3,

Name the point 4 different ways.

Convert polar to rectangular coordinates.

Formula: 𝜋 5𝜋
6, 4,
3 4
𝑥

Convert rectangular to polar coordinates where 𝟎 𝜽 𝟐𝝅.

Formula: 3, 5 2, 6

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Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Complex Numbers 𝒂 𝒃𝒊
Absolute Value of
𝑧 3 4𝑖 Name the point.
Complex Number

𝑧 𝑎 𝑏𝑖

|𝑧| 𝑎 𝑏

Convert Rectangular Complex Numbers to Polar Form.

Formula: 3 𝑖√7 2 𝑖

Convert Polar Complex Numbers to Rectangular Form.

Formula: 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
3 cos 3𝑖 sin 4 cos 𝑖 sin
3 3 2 2
𝑥

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3.13 Trigonometry and Polar Coordinates
AP Precalculus
3.13 Practice
Plot the following polar points.
2𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
1. 3, 2. 2, 3. 4,
3 6 4

Name the polar point four different ways.

4. 5.

Convert the polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates.

2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
5. 4, 6. 2, 7. 5,
3 4 6

Convert the rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates where 𝟎 𝜽 𝟐𝝅.

8. 2, 4 9. 3, 4 10. 2, 1

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Plot the following points on the complex plane.
11. 3 4𝑖 12. 4 𝑖 13. 1 2𝑖

Convert rectangular complex numbers to polar form.

14. 3 4𝑖 15. 2 5𝑖 16. 3 3𝑖

Convert polar complex numbers to rectangular form.

3𝜋 3𝜋
17. 10 cos 𝑖 sin 18. 4 cos 𝑖 sin 19. 3 cos 3𝑖 sin
4 4

Fill in the table with approximate decimal values using a calculator. Plot the points.
20. 𝑟 4 cos 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜽 0
6 4 3 2
𝒓

2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝜽 𝜋
3 4 6
𝒓

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3.13 Trigonometry and Polar Coordinates 3.13 Test Prep
21. A complex number has the rectangular coordinates 1, √3 Which of the following is one way to
Express the complex number using its polar coordinates 𝑟, 𝜃 ?

(A) 2 cos 𝑖 2 sin

(B) 2 cos 𝑖 2 sin

(C) 2 cos 𝑖 2 sin

(D) 2 cos 𝑖 2 sin

22. The graph above indicates a point in the complex plane. The complex number has polar coordinates 𝑟, 𝜃 .
Which of the following completes the expression for the point in polar form 4√2 cos 𝜃 𝑖 4√2 sin 𝜃 ?
(A) 𝜃

(B) 𝜃

(C) 𝜃

(D) 𝜃

23. The point 𝐴 has polar coordinates 4, . Which of the following also gives the location of point 𝐴 in
polar coordinates?

(A) 4,

(B) 4,

(C) 4,

(D) 4,

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 AP Precalc 3.14A Polar Function Graphs 3.14A Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Lines Circles
𝜋
𝜃= 𝑟 = 4cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 4sin 𝜃
3

Cycle: Cycle:

Positive Negative Positive Negative

Roses
Odd n Cosine Even n Cosine
𝑟 = 4cos (3𝜃) 𝑟 = 4cos (2𝜃)

# of petals: # of petals:

Cycle: Cycle:

Odd n Sine Even n Sine

𝑟 = 3sin (5𝜃) 𝑟 = 5sin (4𝜃)

# of petals: # of petals:

Cycle: Cycle:

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Write your questions
Describe the polar function.
and thoughts here!
𝑟 = 2 cos(7𝜃) 𝑟 = 9 sin(𝜃) 𝑟 = 8 sin(6𝜃)
Type: Type: Type:
Line Circle Rose Line Circle Rose Line Circle Rose
Opens: Petals: Opens: Petals: Opens: Petals:

Max distance from pole: Max distance from pole: Max distance from pole:

Cycle: Cycle: Cycle:

Write the equation of the following polar functions. Answer the questions.

Equation: Equation: Equation:

Sketch a graph. Find the endpoints of the restricted domain and highlight on the function.
𝑟=3 𝑟 = 4 cos(3𝜃) 𝑟 = 5 sin(𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Endpoints of ≤𝜃≤𝜋 Endpoints of ≤𝜃≤ Endpoints of ≤𝜃≤𝜋
6 6 3 2

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3.14A Polar Function Graphs
AP Precalculus
3.14A Practice
Describe the equation of the polar function. Fill in the table.
1. 𝑟 = 6 cos(5𝜃) 2. 𝑟 = 4 sin(𝜃) 3. 𝑟 = 7

Type: Type: Type:

Line Circle Rose Line Circle Rose Line Circle Rose
Opens: Petals: Opens: Petals: Center: Petals:

Max distance from pole: Max distance from pole: Max distance from pole:

Cycle: Cycle: Cycle:

𝜽 𝒓 𝜽 𝒓 𝜽 𝒓
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
6 3 4
𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋
2 2

4. 𝑟 = cos(6𝜃) 2𝜋 6. 𝑟 = −8 sin(3𝜃)
5. 𝜃 =
3

Type: Type: Type:

Line Circle Rose Line Circle Rose Line Circle Rose
Opens: Petals: Opens: Petals: Opens: Petals:

Max distance from pole: Max distance from pole: Max distance from pole:

Cycle: Cycle: Cycle:

𝜽 𝒓 𝜽 𝒓 𝜽 𝒓
𝜋 𝜋
5
6 4
𝜋 𝜋
−2
2 2
Write the equation of the polar function.
7. 8. 9.

Equation: Equation: Equation:

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Write the equation of the polar function.
10. 11. 12.

Equation: Equation: Equation:

13. 14. 15.

Equation: Equation: Equation:

Sketch a graph. Find the endpoints of the restricted domain and highlight this interval on the function.
(Use graphing calculator to verify your answers)
16. 𝑟 = 3 17. 𝑟 = 4 cos(3𝜃) 18. 𝑟 = 5 sin(𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Endpoints of ≤𝜃≤𝜋 Endpoints of ≤𝜃≤ Endpoints of ≤𝜃≤𝜋
6 6 3 2

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3.14A Polar Function Graphs 3.14A Test Prep

19. Which of the following is the graph of the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃), where 𝑓(𝜃 ) = −4 cos 𝜃, in the polar
coordinate system for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

20. The graph of polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) and 𝑟 = 𝑔(𝜃), where 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 4 cos 𝜃 and 𝑔(𝜃 ) = −4 sin 𝜃, in the
polar coordinate system for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. Which of the following is a possible polar coordinate
for 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 𝑔(𝜃) ?

𝜋
(A) (2√2, 4 )
3𝜋
(B) (2√2, )
4
5𝜋
(C) (2√2, )
4
7𝜋
(D) (2√2, )
4

21. The graph of the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃), is given the polar coordinate system. Which of the
following defines 𝑓(𝜃 ) for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 ?

(A) 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 3 sin(2𝜃)
(B) 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 3 sin(4𝜃)
(C) 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 3 cos(2𝜃)
(D) 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 3 cos(4𝜃)

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 AP Precalc 3.14B Polar Function Graphs 3.14B Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Limaçon
𝒓 = 𝒂 ± 𝒃𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜽)

EXAMPLE: 𝑟 = 3 + 3cos (𝜃) 𝒂 = 𝒃 CARDIOID

rectangular polar

𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏cos (𝜃) 𝑟 = 𝑎 − 𝑏cos (𝜃) 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏sin (𝜃) 𝑟 = 𝑎 − 𝑏sin (𝜃 )

EXAMPLE: 𝑟 = 5 + 3cos (𝜃) 𝒂>𝒃 DIMPLED CARDIOID

rectangular polar

Use the graph of the polar function 𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽) for 𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 to answer the following.
1. Write the equation of the polar function.
A B C D
𝑟 = 4 + 2 cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 4 − 2 cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 4 + 2 sin 𝜃 𝑟 = 4 − 2 sin 𝜃
𝜋
2. If the domain of 𝑓 is restricted to ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋,
2

a. Is the function positive or negative?

b. Is the function increasing or decreasing?

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Write your questions
and thoughts here!
EXAMPLE: 𝑟 = 1 + 3cos (𝜃) 𝒂 < 𝒃 Inner Loop Limaçon

Use the graph of the polar function 𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽) for 𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 to answer the following.
1. Which is the equation of the polar function?
A B C D
𝑟 = 2 + 5 cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 2 − 5 cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 2 + 5 sin 𝜃 𝑟 = 2 − 5 sin 𝜃
𝜋
2. If the domain of 𝑓 is restricted to ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋,
2

a. Is the function positive or negative?

b. Is the function increasing or decreasing?

𝒂 = 𝒃 cardioid
Limaçon
𝒂
𝒂 > 𝒃, 𝟏 < 𝒃 < 𝟐 dimpled cardioid
𝒓 = 𝒂 ± 𝒃𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜽) (one loop limaçon)
𝒂 > 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒃 > 𝟎
𝒂 < 𝒃 inner loop limaçon

𝒓 = 𝟓 + 𝟕 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽) 𝒓 = 𝟖 − 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽) 𝒓 = 𝟔 + 𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽)

Archimedes’ Spiral
EAMPLE: 𝑟 = 𝜃 where 𝜃 ≥ 0

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3.14B Polar Function Graphs
AP Precalculus
3.14B Practice
Match the equation to its graph below.
1. 𝑟 = 2 + 6 cos(𝜃) 2. 𝑟 = 2 − 6 sin(𝜃) 3. 𝑟 = 3 + 3 cos(𝜃)
matches graph: ______ matches graph: ______ matches graph: ______

4. 𝑟 = 3 − 3 cos(𝜃) 5. 𝑟 = 2 − 4 cos(𝜃) 6. 𝑟 = 4 + 2 sin(𝜃)

matches graph: ______ matches graph: ______ matches graph: ______

7. 𝑟 = 4 − 2 cos(𝜃) 8. 𝑟 = 𝜃 9. 𝑟 = −6 cos(𝜃)
matches graph: ______ matches graph: ______ matches graph: ______

10. 𝑟 = 6 − 2sin(𝜃) 11. 𝑟 = 4 12. 𝑟 = 6sin(𝜃)

matches graph: ______ matches graph: ______ matches graph: ______

GRAPHS:
A B C D

E F G H

I J K L

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 Circle the correct equation for the following polar graphs.
13. 14. 15.

𝑟 = 4 + 2 cos(𝜃) 𝑟 = 4 + 2 sin(𝜃) 𝑟 = 3 + 2 cos(𝜃) 𝑟 = 3 + 2 sin(𝜃) 𝑟 = 3 + 3 cos(𝜃) 𝑟 = 3 + 3 sin(𝜃)

𝑟 = 2 − 4 cos(𝜃) 𝑟 = 2 − 4 sin(𝜃) 𝑟 = 2 − 3 cos(𝜃) 𝑟 = 2 − 3 sin(𝜃) 𝑟 = 3 − 3 cos(𝜃) 𝑟 = 3 − 3 sin(𝜃)

𝑟 = 4 − 2 cos(𝜃) 𝑟 = 4 − 2 sin(𝜃) 𝑟 = 3 − 2 cos(𝜃) 𝑟 = 3 − 2 sin(𝜃) 𝑟 = 6 − 6 cos(𝜃) 𝑟 = 6 − 6 sin(𝜃)

Use the graphs of the polar function 𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽) and 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝜽) for 𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 to answer the following.
16. 17. 𝑟
𝑟

𝜃
𝜃

3𝜋 3𝜋
If the domain of 𝑓 is restricted to ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 , If the domain of 𝑓 is restricted to 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ ,
2 2

a. Is the function positive or negative? a. Is the function positive or negative?

b. Is the function increasing or decreasing? b. Is the function increasing or decreasing?

18. 19. 𝑟
𝑟

𝜃
𝜃

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
If the domain of 𝑓 is restricted to ≤𝜃≤ , If the domain of 𝑓 is restricted to 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ ,
4 2 2

a. Is the function positive or negative? a. Is the function positive or negative?

b. Is the function increasing or decreasing? b. Is the function increasing or decreasing?

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3.14B Polar Function Graphs 3.14B Test Prep

20. Which of the following is the graph of the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃), where 𝑓(𝜃 ) = 4 − 4 cos 𝜃, in the polar
coordinate system for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

𝜋
21. The polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃), where 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 3 𝜃, is defined for 𝜃 > 0. Which of the following describes
the graph of 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) in the polar coordinate system?

𝜋
(A) The graph of 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is line along the angle 3
𝜋
(B) The graph of 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is a circle with radius of 3

(C) The graph of 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is a spiral with increasing radius

(D) The graph of 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is a spiral with decreasing radius

22. The graph of the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃), is given the polar coordinate system. Which of the
following defines 𝑓(𝜃 ) for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 ?

(A) 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 3 − 5 sin(𝜃)

(B) 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 4 − 4 sin(𝜃)

(C) 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 2 − 2 sin(𝜃)

(D) 𝑓 (𝜃 ) = 2 − 6 sin(𝜃)

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 AP Precalc 3.15 Rates of Change in Polar Functions 3.15 Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here! Rate of Change of r
EXAMPLE #1: 𝑟 = 6sin (3𝜃)
r on the intervals:
𝝅
(𝟎, 𝟔 )

𝝅 𝝅
(𝟔 , 𝟑)

𝝅 𝝅
(𝟑 , 𝟐)

𝝅 𝟐𝝅
(𝟐 , )
𝟑

Distance from the Pole

𝒓 is positive 𝒓 is negative

𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽) is increasing

𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽) is decreasing

EXAMPLE #2: 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋
𝜽 0 𝜋
6 3 2 3 6
𝒓 0 2.5 4.33 5 4.33 2.5 0

𝜋
a. Describe the behavior of the function on the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2
.

𝜋
b. Describe the behavior of the function on the interval 2 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 .

𝜋 𝜋
c. What is the average rate of change on the interval 6 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ ?
3

𝜋
d. Estimate the value of 𝑓 ( 4 ).

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Write your questions
and thoughts here!
EXAMPLE #3: 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) = 3 + 5sin (𝜃) on the interval 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝜽 𝜋 2𝜋
6 4 3 2 3 4 6

a. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓 is increasing.

b. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓 is decreasing.

c. Is there at least one relative extrema on the interval 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋? Explain.

d. The distance between 𝑓(𝜃) and the pole is increasing or decreasing on the
5𝜋 3𝜋
interval 4 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2 . Justify your answer.

e. The distance between 𝑓(𝜃) and the pole is increasing or decreasing on the
7𝜋
interval 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 6 . Justify your answer.

3𝜋 7𝜋
f. Find the average rate of change of 𝑓 between 𝜃 = 2
and 𝜃 = 4
.

g. On what interval(s) must 𝑓(𝜃) = 0.

5𝜋 5𝜋
h. Compare the estimated value 𝑓 ( 3 ) to the real value of 𝑓 ( 3 ).

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3.15 Rates of Change in Polar Functions
AP Precalculus
3.15 Practice
Use the table of selected values for the polar function 𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽) to answer the following.
1.
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
𝜽 0
4 2
𝜋 2𝜋
4 4 2 4

𝒓 11 9.53 6 2.46 1 2.46 6 9.53 11

a. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓 is increasing. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓 is decreasing.

b. The distance between 𝑓(𝜃) and the pole is increasing or decreasing on the interval 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 .
Justify your answer.

5𝜋 7𝜋
c. Find the average rate of change of 𝑓 between 𝜃 = 4
and 𝜃 = 4
.

𝜋
d. Estimate the value of 𝑓 (3 ) using an average rate of change.

𝜋 5𝜋
e. Are there any extrema on the interval [ 4 , ] ? Explain how you know.
4

2.
𝜋 𝜋
a. Is 𝑓 increasing or decreasing on the interval 4 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ ?
2
𝜽 𝒓
0 0
b. Is the distance between 𝑓(𝜃) and the pole is increasing or decreasing 𝜋
𝜋 −1.41
on the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 4 ? 8
𝜋
−2
4
3𝜋
𝜋
−1.41
c. Is the rate of change of 𝑓 faster on the interval [0, ] or the interval 8
8 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 0
[ 8 , 4 ] ? Justify. 2

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 Use the polar function 𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽) to fill in the table and answer the questions. Calculator Active.
3. 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) = 8 cos(𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 11𝜋
𝜽 0
6 2
𝜋 2𝜋
6 6 2 6

a. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓 is increasing. Determine the interval(s) where 𝑓 is decreasing.

5𝜋 11𝜋
b. How many extrema on the interval ≤𝜃≤ ?
6 6

c. Determine the intervals where the distance between 𝑓(𝜃) and the pole is increasing on the interval
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 . Justify your answer.

d. Determine the intervals where the distance between 𝑓(𝜃) and the pole is decreasing on the interval
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 . Justify your answer.

5𝜋 2𝜋
e. Find the average rate of change of 𝑓 between 𝜃 = 6
and 𝜃 = 𝜋 . Use to estimate 𝑓 ( ).
3

4. 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) = −3 + 5 sin(𝜃)
a. Is the distance between 𝑓(𝜃) and the pole is increasing or decreasing
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜽 𝒓
on the interval 2 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 4 ?
0
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
b. Find the average rate of change of 𝑓 between 𝜃 = 4 and 𝜃 = 2 . 4
𝜋
2
3𝜋
5𝜋
c. Estimate the value of 𝑓 ( ) using an average rate of change. 4
6
𝜋

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3.15 Rates of Change in Polar Functions 3.15 Test Prep
5. Consider the graph of the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃), where 𝜃 is increasing in the polar coordinate system on
3𝜋
the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. Given 𝑓(𝜃) < 0 and decreasing on the interval 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2 which of the
following statements is true about the distance between the point with polar coordinates (𝑓(𝜃), 𝜃) and the
origin.
(A) The distance is increasing for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

(B) The distance is decreasing for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

3𝜋
(C) The distance is increasing for 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ .
2

3𝜋
(D) The distance is decreasing for 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ .
2

Use the table of selected values for the polar equation 𝒓 = 𝒇(𝜽) below to answer questions 6 and 7.
CALCULATOR ACTIVE 𝜋 𝜋
𝜽 0
8 4
√3 1
𝒓 −1 − −
2 2

6. The graph of the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃), is given the polar coordinate system. Which of the following
descriptions is true ?
𝜋
(A) As 𝜃 increasing from 0 to 4 , the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is increasing, and the distance between
the point (𝑓(𝜃), 𝜃) on the curve and the origin is increasing.
𝜋
(B) As 𝜃 increasing from 0 to 4 , the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is increasing, and the distance between
the point (𝑓(𝜃), 𝜃) on the curve and the origin is decreasing.
𝜋
(C) As 𝜃 increasing from 0 to 4 , the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is decreasing, and the distance between
the point (𝑓(𝜃), 𝜃) on the curve and the origin is increasing.
𝜋
(D) As 𝜃 increasing from 0 to 4 , the polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) is decreasing, and the distance between
the point (𝑓(𝜃), 𝜃) on the curve and the origin is decreasing.

𝜋
7. If the value of 𝑟 = 𝑓 (8 ) is estimated using the average rate of change of the function over the interval
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 , which of the following is true?
(A) The estimated value would be an overestimate of the actual vale by approximately 0.116.

(B) The estimated value would be an underestimate of the actual vale by approximately −0.23.

(C) The estimated value would be an overestimate of the actual vale by approximately 1.616.

(D) The estimated value would be an underestimate of the actual vale by approximately −1.043.

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