EIT 4350 Neural Network- BSMD

COURSE UNIT: EIT 4350 Neural Network- BSMD

CODE : EIT 4350
Lecturer: MASESE CHUMA-
CONTACT: 0725999196
Objective
By the end of this session, students will be able to:
i. Discuss the concepts of fuzzy logic

INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY LOGIC

“As complexity rises, precise statements lose meaning and meaningful statements lose precision”
― Lotfi A. Zadeh
Many tasks are simple for humans, but they create a continuous challenge for machines. Examples
of such systems include walking through a cluttered environment, lifting fragile objects or parking
a car. The ability of humans to deal with vague and imprecise data makes such tasks easy for us.
Therefore, if we aim to replicate the control actions of a human operator, we must be able to model
the activities of the operator and not of the plant itself. Our model must be built so that it is
capable of dealing with vague information.
A is old – true or false. binary logic
What Is Fuzzy Logic?
The 'Fuzzy' word means the things that are not clear or are vague. Sometimes, we cannot decide
in real life that the given problem or statement is either true or false. At that time, this concept
provides many values between the true and false and gives the flexibility to find the best solution
to that problem.
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Example of Fuzzy Logic as comparing to Boolean Logic

History of Fuzzy Logic Systems

Fuzzy logic contains multiple logical values and these values are the truth values of a variable or
problem between 0 and 1. This concept was introduced by Lofti Zadeh in 1965 a professor of
UC Berkeley in California based on the Fuzzy Set Theory. He observed that conventional
computer logic was not capable of manipulating data representing subjective or unclear human
ideas.

This concept provides the possibilities which are not given by computers, but similar to the range
of possibilities generated by humans.

In the Boolean system, only two possibilities (0 and 1) exist, where 1 denotes the absolute truth
value and 0 denotes the absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system, there are multiple
possibilities present between the 0 and 1, which are partially false and partially true.

Characteristics of Fuzzy Logic

Following are the characteristics of fuzzy logic:

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1. This concept is flexible and we can easily understand and implement it.
2. It is used for helping the minimization of the logics created by the human.
3. It is the best method for finding the solution of those problems which are suitable for
approximate or uncertain reasoning.
4. It always offers two values, which denote the two possible solutions for a problem and
statement.
5. It allows users to build or create the functions which are non-linear of arbitrary complexity.
6. In fuzzy logic, everything is a matter of degree.
7. In the Fuzzy logic, any system which is logical can be easily fuzzified.
8. It is based on natural language processing.
9. It is also used by the quantitative analysts for improving their algorithm's execution.
10. It also allows users to integrate with the programming.

When not to use fuzzy logic

However, fuzzy logic is never a cure for all. Therefore, it is equally important to understand that
where we should not use fuzzy logic.
Here, are certain situations when you better not use Fuzzy Logic:

• If you don’t find it convenient to map an input space to an output space

• Fuzzy logic should not be used when you can use common sense
• Many controllers can do a fine job without the use of fuzzy logic

Architecture of a Fuzzy Logic System

In the architecture of the Fuzzy Logic system, each component plays an important role. The
architecture consists of the different four components which are given below.
1. Rule Base
2. Fuzzification
3. Inference Engine
4. Defuzzification
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Following diagram shows the architecture or process of a Fuzzy Logic system:

1. Rule Base

Rule Base is a component used for storing the set of rules and the If-Then conditions given by
the experts are used for controlling the decision-making systems. There are so many updates
that come in the Fuzzy theory recently, which offers effective methods for designing and tuning
of fuzzy controllers. These updates or developments decreases the number of fuzzy set of rules.
2. Fuzzification

Fuzzification is a module or component for transforming the system inputs, i.e., it converts the
crisp number into fuzzy steps. The crisp numbers are those inputs which are measured by the
sensors and then fuzzification passed them into the control systems for further processing. This
component divides the input signals into following five states in any Fuzzy Logic system:
o Large Positive (LP)
o Medium Positive (MP)
o Small (S)
o Medium Negative (MN)
o Large negative (LN)
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3. Inference Engine
This component is a main component in any Fuzzy Logic system (FLS), because all the
information is processed in the Inference Engine. It allows users to find the matching degree
between the current fuzzy input and the rules. After the matching degree, this system
determines which rule is to be added according to the given input field. When all rules are fired,
then they are combined for developing the control actions.
4. Defuzzification

Defuzzification is a module or component, which takes the fuzzy set inputs generated by
the Inference Engine, and then transforms them into a crisp value. It is the last step in the
process of a fuzzy logic system. The crisp value is a type of value which is acceptable by the user.
Various techniques are present to do this, but the user has to select the best one for reducing the
errors.

Membership Function

The membership function is a function which represents the graph of fuzzy sets, and allows users
to quantify the linguistic term. It is a graph which is used for mapping each element of x to the
value between 0 and 1.

This function is also known as indicator or characteristics function.

This function of Membership was introduced in the first papers of fuzzy set by Zadeh. For the
Fuzzy set B, the membership function for X is defined as: μB:X → [0,1]. In this function X, each
element of set B is mapped to the value between 0 and 1. This is called a degree of membership or
membership value.

Old 90, 40,50,70,55,44,42

Fuzzy Logic vs. Probability

Fuzzy Logic Probability
Fuzzy: Tom’s degree of membership within
Probability: There is a 90% chance that Tom is old.
the set of old people is 0.90.
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Fuzzy logic takes truth degrees as a

mathematical basis on the model of the Probability is a mathematical model of ignorance.
vagueness phenomenon.

Crisp vs. Fuzzy

Crisp Fuzzy
It has strict boundaries T or F Fuzzy boundary with a degree of membership
Some crisp time sets can be fuzzy It can’t be crisp
True/False {0,1} Membership values on [0,1]

Classical Set vs. Fuzzy Set Theory

Classical Set Fuzzy Set Theory
Classes of objects with sharp boundaries. Classes of objects do not have sharp boundaries.
A classical set is defined by crisp boundaries, A fuzzy set always has ambiguous boundaries, i.e., there
i.e., there is clarity about the location of the set may be uncertainty about the location of the set
boundaries. boundaries.
Widely used in digital system design Used only in fuzzy controllers.

Classical Set Theory Fuzzy Set Theory

1. This theory is a class of those sets having 1. This theory is a class of those sets having un-sharp
sharp boundaries. boundaries.

2. This set theory is defined by exact 2. This set theory is defined by ambiguous
boundaries only 0 and 1. boundaries.

3. In this theory, there is no uncertainty about 3. In this theory, there always exists uncertainty about
the boundary's location of a set. the boundary's location of a set.
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4. This theory is widely used in the design of 4. It is mainly used for fuzzy controllers.
digital systems.

Fuzzy Logic Examples

See the below-given diagram. It shows that in a Fuzzy system, the values are denoted by a 0 to 1
number. In this example, 1.0 means absolute truth and 0.0 means absolute falseness.

Fuzzy Logic with Example

Application Areas of Fuzzy Logic

The Blow given table shows application of Fuzzy logic by famous companies in their products.
Product Company Fuzzy Logic
Use fuzzy logic to controls brakes in hazardous cases
Anti-lock brakes Nissan depend on car speed, acceleration, wheel speed, and
acceleration
Fuzzy logic is used to control the fuel injection and ignition
Auto transmission NOK/Nissan based on throttle setting, cooling water temperature, RPM,
etc.
Use to select geat based on engine load, driving style, and
Auto engine Honda, Nissan
road conditions.
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Using for adjusting drum voltage based on picture density,

Copy machine Canon
humidity, and temperature.
Use it to adjusts throttle setting to set car speed and
Cruise control Nissan, Isuzu, Mitsubishi
acceleration
Use for adjusting the cleaning cycle, rinse and wash
Dishwasher Matsushita strategies based depend upon the number of dishes and the
amount of food served on the dishes.
Fujitec, Mitsubishi
Elevator control Use it to reduce waiting for time-based on passenger traffic
Electric, Toshiba
Golf diagnostic
Maruman Golf Selects golf club based on golfer’s swing and physique.
system
Fitness Fuzzy rules implied by them to check the fitness of their
Omron
management employees.
Kiln control Nippon Steel Mixes cement
Microwave oven Mitsubishi Chemical Sets lunes power and cooking strategy
Hitachi, Sharp, Sanyo,
Palmtop computer Recognizes handwritten Kanji characters
Toshiba
Plasma etching Mitsubishi Electric Sets etch time and strategy

Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System

• The structure of Fuzzy Logic Systems is easy and understandable

• Fuzzy logic is widely used for commercial and practical purposes
• Fuzzy logic in AI helps you to control machines and consumer products
• It may not offer accurate reasoning, but the only acceptable reasoning
• Fuzzy logic in Data Mining helps you to deal with the uncertainty in engineering
• Mostly robust as no precise inputs required
• It can be programmed to in the situation when feedback sensor stops working
• It can easily be modified to improve or alter system performance
• inexpensive sensors can be used which helps you to keep the overall system cost and
complexity low
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• It provides a most effective solution to complex issues

Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Systems

• Fuzzy logic is not always accurate, so The results are perceived based on assumption, so it
may not be widely accepted.
• Fuzzy systems don’t have the capability of machine learning as-well-as neural network
type pattern recognition
• Validation and Verification of a fuzzy knowledge-based system needs extensive testing
with hardware
• Setting exact, fuzzy rules and, membership functions is a difficult task
• Some fuzzy time logic is confused with probability theory and the terms

Applications of Fuzzy Logic in AI

Fuzzy logic has a wide range of applications in Artificial Intelligence due to its ability to handle
uncertainty and approximate reasoning. Here are some notable applications:
1. Control Systems
Fuzzy logic controllers are widely used in control systems where traditional control methods are
difficult to apply. These systems are robust and can handle non-linearities and uncertainties in
the process.
• Example: Fuzzy logic controllers are used in the automatic transmission systems of vehicles
to decide the optimal gear shift points based on speed, throttle position, and other factors.
2. Expert Systems
Expert systems use fuzzy logic to mimic the decision-making abilities of a human expert. These
systems apply a set of fuzzy rules to a knowledge base to infer conclusions.
• Example: Medical diagnosis systems use fuzzy logic to evaluate symptoms and medical test
results, providing a diagnosis that accounts for the uncertainty and variability in human
health.
3. Image Processing
Fuzzy logic is used in image processing for tasks such as edge detection, noise reduction, and
image enhancement. It helps in handling the ambiguity and vagueness inherent in image data.
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• Example: In edge detection, fuzzy logic can be used to classify pixels as part of an edge or
not, based on their intensity gradients, providing more accurate results than traditional
methods.
4. Decision Support Systems
Fuzzy logic is employed in decision support systems to make informed decisions based on
incomplete or uncertain information. These systems assist in various domains, including finance,
healthcare, and industrial management.
• Example: In financial decision-making, fuzzy logic can be used to evaluate the risk and
return of investment options under uncertain market conditions.
5. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Fuzzy logic aids in the interpretation and generation of human language by handling the inherent
ambiguity and imprecision of natural language.
• Example: In sentiment analysis, fuzzy logic can be used to evaluate the sentiment of a text
based on the degrees of positive, negative, and neutral sentiments expressed in the words and
phrases.
6. Robotics
In robotics, fuzzy logic is used for path planning, obstacle avoidance, and decision-making
processes. It enables robots to operate effectively in uncertain and dynamic environments.
• Example: Autonomous robots use fuzzy logic to navigate through environments by making
real-time decisions about speed, direction, and obstacle avoidance.
7. Industrial Automation
Fuzzy logic is applied in industrial automation for process control, quality assurance, and
predictive maintenance. It helps in managing complex industrial processes that are difficult to
model mathematically.

Other Applications of Fuzzy Logic

Following are the different application areas where the Fuzzy Logic concept is widely used:
1. It is used in Businesses for decision-making support system.
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2. It is used in Automative systems for controlling the traffic and speed, and for improving
the efficiency of automatic transmissions. Automative systems also use the shift
scheduling method for automatic transmissions.
3. This concept is also used in the Defence in various areas. Defence mainly uses the Fuzzy
logic systems for underwater target recognition and the automatic target recognition of
thermal infrared images.
4. It is also widely used in the Pattern Recognition and Classification in the form of Fuzzy
logic-based recognition and handwriting recognition. It is also used in the searching of
fuzzy images.
5. Fuzzy logic systems also used in Securities.
6. It is also used in microwave oven for setting the lunes power and cooking strategy.
7. This technique is also used in the area of modern control systems such as expert systems.
8. Finance is also another application where this concept is used for predicting the stock
market, and for managing the funds.
9. It is also used for controlling the brakes.
10. It is also used in the industries of chemicals for controlling the ph, and chemical
distillation process.
11. It is also used in the industries of manufacturing for the optimization of milk and cheese
production.
12. It is also used in the vacuum cleaners, and the timings of washing machines.
13. It is also used in heaters, air conditioners, and humidifiers.

Advantages of Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Logic has various advantages or benefits. Some of them are as follows:
1. The methodology of this concept works similarly as the human reasoning.
2. Any user can easily understand the structure of Fuzzy Logic.
3. It does not need a large memory, because the algorithms can be easily described with fewer
data.
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4. It is widely used in all fields of life and easily provides effective solutions to the problems
which have high complexity.
5. This concept is based on the set theory of mathematics, so that's why it is simple.
6. It allows users for controlling the control machines and consumer products.
7. The development time of fuzzy logic is short as compared to conventional methods.
8. Due to its flexibility, any user can easily add and delete rules in the FLS system.

Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Logic has various disadvantages or limitations. Some of them are as follows:
1. The run time of fuzzy logic systems is slow and takes a long time to produce outputs.
2. Users can understand it easily if they are simple.
3. The possibilities produced by the fuzzy logic system are not always accurate.
4. Many researchers give various ways for solving a given statement using this technique
which leads to ambiguity.
5. Fuzzy logics are not suitable for those problems that require high accuracy.
6. The systems of a Fuzzy logic need a lot of testing for verification and validation.
Fuzzy logic examples

• Here are a few examples of how fuzzy logic can be applied:

• Temperature control: Fuzzy logic can be used to control the temperature in a room by
using sensors to detect the current temperature and adjust the heating or cooling systems
accordingly. The fuzzy logic system can consider variables such as room size, insulation,
and the desired temperature to decide when to turn the heating or cooling systems on or
off.

• Image processing: Fuzzy logic can improve images’ quality by removing noise and
enhancing features. For example, these systems can identify the edges in a picture and
adjust the brightness and contrast to make the image clearer.

• Decision-making systems: Fuzzy logic can be used to make decisions in uncertain

situations. For example, these systems could evaluate job applicants by considering
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experience, education, and personal qualities. The system could assign a degree of
membership to each candidate based on how well they meet the criteria and use this
information to recommend who should be hired.

• Control systems: Fuzzy logic can control complex systems, such as robots or autonomous
vehicles, using sensory input to decide how to act. For example, a system could be used to
control a robot’s movements, adjusting its speed and direction based on the proximity of
obstacles and other factors.

Read on the following

1. What are the most effective evaluation metrics for ANN models?
2. Discuss various types of artificial neural networks, common activation functions
3. Artificial neural networks (ANN), and its applications, working of ANN.

4. Ethical considerations for neural networks and other machine learning algorithms.
5. Implement Logic Gates with Perceptron