American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Original Research Paper

Estimation of Adaptability and Stability of Nellore Sires,

based on the Productive Progeny Performance Raised in
Brazilian Savanna
1
Júlio César De Souza, 2Fabio Fábio Rafael Leão Fialho, 3Carolina Fregonesi De Souza, 4Carlos Henrique
Cavallari Machado, 4Mariana Pereira Alencar, 5Paulo Bahiense Ferraz Filho and 2André Luiz Julien Ferraz
1Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Aquidauana, Brazil
2Stateof Mato Grosso do Sul University, Campus Aquidauana, Brazil
3Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
4Brazilian Zebu Breeders Association, Uberaba, Brazil
5Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Três Lagoas, Brazil

Article history Abstract: The study investigates the performance and adaptability of Nellore
Received: 24-11-2023 sires across different regions, focusing on weight traits at 205 days (W205) and
Revised: 29-04-2024 550 days (W550). Analysis reveals significant variations in progeny weight
Accepted: 30-04-2024 means among evaluated sires, highlighting the importance of sire selection
Corresponding Author:
for herd improvement. Notably, certain sires consistently exhibit superior
Júlio César De Souza weight traits across diverse environmental conditions, indicating their
Federal University of Mato potential for widespread applicability. Regression analysis further elucidates
Grosso do Sul, Campus the adaptability of sires to specific herds, with some demonstrating
Aquidauana, Brazil adaptability to favorable conditions while others exhibit stability across
Email: julio.souza@ufms.br various regions. Additionally, variance components and coefficients of
determination serve as valuable tools for assessing stability and predictability
in sire performance. Findings emphasize the critical role of informed sire
selection in enhancing herd productivity and resilience. By leveraging these
insights, livestock producers can optimize breeding strategies to achieve
long-term profitability and sustainability in diverse environmental contexts.

Keywords: Animal Production, Cattle, Genotype Environment

Introduction Escarcha et al., 2018; Souza et al., 2022). Studies have

identified causes of non-genetic variations and observed
The Brazilian savanna stands as the largest expanse of station region interactions influencing animal weights
savanna formation in South America, representing a within Nelore Mocho herds, particularly in dairy
pivotal biome within Brazil (Miranda et al., 2009). livestock regions. Furthermore, investigations into
Encompassing a spectrum of vegetation, from expansive genotype-environment interaction have been conducted to
grasslands to dense woodlands, this region poses unique explore post-weaning weight dynamics of Nellore cattle
challenges and opportunities for livestock breeding across different states, such as Maranhão, Mato and Pará.
(De Souza et al., 2018). The advent of artificial Additionally, research has examined the impact of
insemination has revolutionized the integration of genotype environment interaction on birth weight, as well
genetically superior sires across varying environmental as weight at 205 and 550 days of age in Nellore cattle,
gradients. However, studies have underscored the shedding light on the intricate relationship between
complex interplay between genotype and environment genetic makeup and environmental factors in determining
(Ambrosini et al., 2016; Macneil et al., 2017; Silveira, 2019; cattle weight traits.
Silva Neto et al., 2023), complicating the selection of Recognizing the importance of identifying adapted
superior sires for optimal performance. and stable sires tailored to diverse ecosystems is pivotal
Assessments of genetic parameters and analyses of for enhancing productivity and optimizing breeding
genotype-environment interaction have been conducted to strategies (Marçal et al., 2014). While traditional analysis
understand weaning weight variations in livestock methods, such as joint variance analysis, offer insights
production (Souza et al., 2003; Sejian et al., 2015; into sire-herd interactions through F-tests, they often lack
© 2024 Júlio César De Souza, Fabio Fábio Rafael Leão Fialho, Carolina Fregonesi De Souza, Carlos Henrique Cavallari
Machado, Mariana Pereira Alencar, Paulo Bahiense Ferraz Filho and André Luiz Julien Ferraz. This open-access article
is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
Júlio César De Souza et al. / American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 2024, Volume (19): 1.7
DOI: 10.3844/ajabssp.2024.1.7

granularity regarding sire performance across different identifying sires with high adaptability and stability
herd disparities. Conversely, adaptability and stability through advanced linear regression methodologies, the
studies provide a nuanced understanding by identifying research aims to enhance livestock productivity and
sires capable of consistent performance across varying resilience. Such insights are crucial for sustainable
production levels (Marçal et al., 2014, Silveira, 2019; breeding practices, enabling farmers to select genetically
Silva Neto et al., 2023). superior sires capable of consistent performance across
Defined by Cintra (2007), genotypic adaptability and diverse production levels. Ultimately, this research
stability signify the capacity of genetic combinations to contributes not only to the improvement of breeding
exploit environmental stimuli and exhibit predictable strategies but also to the broader goal of promoting
behavior in response to environmental cues, respectively. sustainable livestock production in the Brazilian Savanna
Various methodologies have been proposed to assess biome and beyond.
these parameters, each differing in estimation The aim of this study was to assess the stability and
techniques and interpretation nuances (Changizi et al., adaptability parameters of Nellore sires by analyzing
2014; Silveira, 2019). genetic variations within the breeding stock and their
Against this backdrop, our study aims to estimate the progenies' development. This was achieved through the
stability and adaptability parameters of Nellore sires, utilization of linear regression methodologies to evaluate
leveraging the genetic diversity inherent in the breeding weight at 205 days (P205) and 550 days (P550) across
population. Specifically, we focus on linear regression various production levels.
methodologies to assess weight at 205 days (P205) and
550 days (P550) across diverse production levels. By Materials and Methods
elucidating the performance patterns of Nellore sires in
varied environments, we seek to contribute to the Information from 2,366 progenies of ten Nelore bulls,
optimization of breeding practices and the enhancement born between 1986 and 2012, belonging to the National
of livestock productivity within the Brazilian Savanna. Archive of Zebu Breeds (ABCZ) was used. The animals were
Research investigating bull performance across various raised on pasture in three production regions (Souza et al.,
regions of the country has revealed the presence of genotype 2003). The classification considered the production
x environment interaction. Studies conducted by authors like system, level of technology, quality and productivity of
Souza et al. (2004); Espasandin et al. (2011); Amaral et al. resources and racial type of the bovine herd. The animals
(2014); Souza et al. (2022), which explored trends, were evaluated in the Regions of Alto Taquari-Bolsão
phenotypic and genetic parameters of growth traits in Nellore (RATB), Campo Grande-Dourados (RCGD) and West of
cattle across different regions of Brazil, have highlighted São Paulo-Paraná (RSPR).
the notable impact of genotype  environment interaction. The study estimated Expected Progenies Differences
This study's significance lies in its pursuit of (DEPs) for specific traits in each region of selected bulls.
optimizing livestock breeding practices, particularly Data analysis involved evaluating performance
focusing on Nellore sires within the dynamic characteristics of weight at 205 days of age P205 and at
environmental landscape of the Brazilian Savanna. By 550 days of age P550, (Table 1).
Table 1: Mean (kg) and standard deviations of the data of the DEPs of each sire, by region, for weights at P205 and P550 days of age
P205 Region
------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sires RATB* RCGD RSPR
1 4.01±3.78 (89**) -2.30±1.97 (007) 0.34±03.18 (12)
2 9.71±3.80 (36) 5.64±4.63 (013) -0.86±03.22 (24)
3 3.84±3.73 (47) -1.35±4.17 (010) -2.13±02.84 (08)
4 3.75±2.78 (24) 7.67±3.86 (162) 3.84±03.48 (06)
5 0.69±2.68 (22) 7.98±3.93 (022) 4.46±03.25 (06)
6 3.80±3.05 (36) 4.90±4.56 (147) 1.10±03.64 (12)
7 5.15±3.97 (30) 1.27±4.09 (088) 4.55±04.27 (05)
8 -1.21±2.77 (49) -1.21±1.81 (019) 2.55±02.80 (17)
9 1.79±2.60 (25) -3.12±3.85 (062) 0.76±02.95 (38)
10 1.11±3.47 (39) 1.72±3.87 (094) 2.70±03.64 (34)
P550 Region
---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sires RATB RCGD 3
1 41.76±10.23 (89) 33.84±05.41 (007) 40.88±09.92 (12)
2 38.69±16.78 (36) 28.05±17.99 (106) 14.34±15.74 (24)
3 39.12±10.65 (47) 24.36±16.36 (010) 32.12±12.83 (08)
4 -0.63±10.64 (24) 20.48±11.98 (162) 8.96±12.37 (06)
5 01.30±06.81 (22) 20.17±08.17 (022) 10.67±10.26 (06)

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DOI: 10.3844/ajabssp.2024.1.7

Table 1: Continue
6 -1.35±06.74 (36) 04.20±11.40 (147) -5.52±11.90 (12)
7 2.21±12.66 (30) 03.99±09.99 (088) 6.15±11.29 (05)
8 -0.24±09.48 (49) 03.95±05.66 (019) 2.68±08.50 (17)
9 5.15±07.00 (25) 03.66±12.56 (062) 3.83±09.61 (38)
10 11.39±13.15 (39) 03.59±10.50 (094) 2.69±10.24 (33)
** ( ) Observation number, * Region: RATB: Alto Taquari-Bolsão, RCGD: Campo Grande-Dourados, RSPR: Oeste de São Paulo -Paraná

The dataset's traits underwent analysis of variance Table 2: Summary of the analysis of variance for the
within each region to determine genetic variability characteristics, weaning weight (W205) and yearling
between the mean values of the tested bulls' progenies and weight (W550), considering the sire  region interaction
to determine the extent of genetic parameters. A joint W205 W550
analysis of variance was conducted to uncover ----------------------------------------------
interactions between bulls and regions. Source of variation MS MS
The regression model used in the study functioned as a Sire 5045.17* 47822.21*
dataset about different bulls and their performance in Region 1885.37* 5453.33*
various herds. The analysis revealed that the sum of herd Sirex region 1861.59* 10531.66*
indices for each bull equals zero, enabling the calculation Error 2071972.11 10564097.63
of the average performance for each bull. To estimate CV (%) 12.72 13.86
stability and adaptability, a model was used where a bull's
R2 (%) 34.50 50.63
performance depends on the herd index along with
CV: Coefficient of variation, MS: Means Square, R2: Coefficient
additional factors (Marçal et al., 2014; Silveira, 2019).
of determination, *: Significance level (p<0.05)
The General Linear Models procedure (GLM) of the
program Statistical Analysis System (SAS), the student was
used in the analysis of joint variance and in the manipulation This can benefit cattle breeders from the perspective
of the database. For the analysis of dissimilarity between of genetic improvement. Understanding the stability and
herds, adaptability and stability, the genes program was used: adaptability of bulls in different regions can help in
A computational application in genetics and statistics, selecting breeders more suitable to the specific
Windows version, according to Silveira (2019). environment of the farm. This can lead to genetic
improvement of the herd, resulting in more resilient and
Results and Discussion productive animals. Resource management, when
Adaptation is described as either genetic (long-term) or recognized and allowing observation of how bulls behave
non-genetic (short-term) responses to challenges or stressors. in different environmental conditions, enables the farmer
Short-term responses, which also have a genetic component, to adjust management practices, such as feeding and
vary among animals in their ability to cope with stressors like
high temperatures. Non-genetic adaptations, like changes shelter, to optimize herd performance and minimize the
in food intake and respiratory rate in response to heat, are impacts of environmental stress. In this way, strategic
typically short-term. Various management strategies, planning can be developed. Understanding the
such as providing shade and handling food appropriately, interactions between bulls and regions can inform
are mentioned as short-term responses to acute challenges strategic decisions, such as the distribution of the herd in
(Gaughan, 2019; Changizi et al., 2014; Silveira, 2019).
The fluctuating challenge of adapting to different areas of the farm or the choice of bulls more
environmental conditions and the resultant impacts on suitable for business expansion or diversification. Based
animal performance, such as milk production and fertility, on the aforementioned, productivity maximization can be
are noted. However, the section lacks a thorough achieved. By selecting bulls with greater stability and
discussion of the tables provided, including Table 2, adaptability, farmers can increase herd efficiency and
which summarizes the analysis of variance for
productivity, resulting in better long-term financial
characteristics like weaning weight and yearling weight,
considering the sire  region interaction. This interaction returns. In summary, understanding the stability and
indicates variability in sire performance across different adaptability of bulls can help farmers make more
regions but doesn't provide insight into progeny informed and effective decisions to improve the health,
performance. Additionally, the absence of comparisons productivity and profitability of their herds.
with previous research limits contextualization.
In the RATB and RCGD regions for the W205 and the
Integrating findings more cohesively, emphasizing
study-specific outcomes and thoroughly discussing RCGD for the W550, positive performances were
referenced tables would greatly improve the section's obtained for the indices, presenting the best performance
clarity and impact. averages of the sires' offspring (Table 3).

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DOI: 10.3844/ajabssp.2024.1.7

Table 3: Estimates of the mean of the progenies of the sires and herd index of the region (Ij) for the traits of weaning weight (W205)
and yearling weight (W550)
W205 W550
-------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
Region Average (Ij) Average (Ij)
RATB 186.60 0.7490 333.24 -3.46
RCGD 187.91 2.0659 343.04 6.34
RSPR 183.03 -2.8149 333.82 -2.88
RATB = Alto Taquari-Bolsão, RCGD = Campo Grande-Dourados, RSPR = West of São Paulo-Paraná

Table 4: Estimates of the parameters of adaptability (βoi, β1i) and stability (α²di) and coefficient of determination (RCGD) of the ten
sires evaluated for the characteristics of performance weight adjusted for the 205 days (W205)
Sire βoi β1i α²di RCGD (%)
1 176.45 1.53 ns 047.03** 35.41
2 180.91 4.41++ 024.29* 88.66
3 174.41 2.28 ns 040.89* 57.83
4 188.46 2.94 ns 225.50** 32.08
5 197.91 -3.11++ -004.96 ns 98.01
6 191.53 1.89 ns 010.36 ns 71.86
7 203.44 0.62 ns 039.95* 09.43
8 179.10 -1.50 ns 002.17 ns 74.95
9 177.35 -0.48 ns -006.25 ns 70.76
10 188.58 1.42 ns 006.89 ns 64.28
ns = non-significant result (p>0.05) according to the t-test used, ++ significant results at 0.1% probability by t-test, ** significant result
at the level of 0.1% probability (p<0.001) by the F test

Table 5: Estimates of the parameters of adaptability (βoi, β1i) and stability (α²di) and coefficient of determination (R2) of the ten sires
evaluated for the characteristics of performance weight adjusted at 550 days (W550)
Sires βoi β1i α²di R2 (%)
++ **
1 391.08 0.14 138.34 00.91
2 358.41 0.52++ 1.141.45** 01.41
3 378.51 -0.36++ 316.94** 02.47
4 324.35 5.71++ 537.32** 78.59
5 330.90 -2.51++ 1.340.98** 22.15
6 303.48 2.38++ 017.26** 95.21
7 321.37 0.33++ 209.42** 03.12
8 315.04 1.79++ 54.35** 78.13
9 321.89 2.07++ 51.65** 83.36
10 321.98 -0.08++ 232.91** 00.15
++ significant results at 0.1% probability by t-test, ** significant result at the level of 0.1% probability (p<0.001) by the F test

The difference in the mean weight of the progenies of The results observed in the RATB and RCGD regions
the Sires evaluated for the performance traits for P205 for the W205, as well as in the RCGD region for the
varied between 174.41 and 203.44 kg. It was verified in W550, demonstrate positive performances in terms of the
the intercepts (βoi) of W205 in the progenies of different indices, showcasing the superior performance averages of
genotypic compositions, that Sires 7, 5, 6, 10 and 4 are parents the sires' offspring. Specifically, when evaluating the
of progenies with higher W205. Considering the mean weight differences among progenies of the assessed
intercepts (βoi) of W205 for the phenotypes of the sires for the performance traits related to P205, variations
progenies of the Sires, it appears that sires 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, between 174.41 and 203.44 kg were identified.
9 and 10, based on in the t-test of significance for the Examining the intercepts (β0i) of W205 across progenies
angular coefficients (β1i), with the corrected of different genotypic compositions, it is evident that sires
environmental indices for each evaluated environment, 7, 5, 6, 10 and 4 are associated with progenies exhibiting
they were identified as having general adaptability, that is, higher W205 values. Further analysis of these intercepts
they are adapted to different environments. The sire 2 (β0i) for W205 across progeny phenotypes reveals that
presented the value of (β1i ≥1) indicating adaptability to sires 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 demonstrate general
favorable herds. However, sire 5 (β1i ≤1) has adaptability adaptability, as indicated by the significance of the t-test
to unfavorable herds (Table 4). for the angular coefficients (β1i), considering the corrected

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environmental indices for each evaluated environment. between 378.51 and 303.48 kg with a variation of 19.82%.
This suggests their adaptability across different Sires 1, 3, 2, 5 and 4 stood out with the highest W550
environments. Notably, sire 2 exhibits a β1i value of (β1i ≥1), values of their progenies (Table 5). The intercepts (βoi)
signifying adaptability to favorable herds, whereas Sire 5 represent the mean P550 values of the progenies of the
displays a β1i value of (β1i ≤1), indicating adaptability to studied sites. Based on the t-test of significance for the
unfavorable herds. These findings underscore the nuanced slope coefficients (β1i), with the corrected environmental
adaptability profiles of different sires, providing valuable indexes for each evaluated environment, sires 4, 6, 8 and 9
insights for cattle breeders in optimizing herd performance were identified with the values (β1i ≥1) indicating
adaptability to favorable herds. The values of the
across varied environmental conditions. These results are
components of variance inflicted on the regression deviations
similar to those reported by Silveira (2019).
(α²di) and the values of the coefficient of determination (R²)
The values of the components of variance inflicted to
are used as an auxiliary measure for comparison according
the regression deviations (α²di) and the values of the
coefficient of determination (R²) being used as an to the recommendation (Barros et al., 2006; Marçal et al.,
auxiliary measure of comparison according to the 2014; Silveira, 2019; Silva Neto et al., 2023). Sires 8, 9, 4
recommendation of Barros et al. (2006), sires 8, 9, 3, 2, 5, and 6 were classified as having high R² value (%) above
6 and 10 were classified as having high R² value (%) 50%, as having high stability and predictable performance
above 50%, as high stability, with highly predictable in the different regions studied.
performance in the different regions studied. Genotypes The evaluation of progenies from different sires for the
4, 1 and 7 have low stability (R² <50%), that is, they have trait W550 revealed significant variations in weight mean
an unlikely performance. across regions, ranging from 303.48-378.51 kg, indicating
Souza et al. (2004; 2022); Gienapp et al. (2008); a substantial 19.82% difference. Among the sires, sires 1,
Thornton et al. (2009); Sejian et al. (2015); Zhang et al. 3, 2, 5 and 4 exhibited the highest mean W550 values for
(2017); Escarcha et al. (2018); reported the importance of their progenies, demonstrating their potential for
determining the parameters for adaptation to different producing offspring with greater weight. The intercepts
livestock farming strategies and, therefore, identifying (βoi) serve as representations of the mean P550 values of
the best animals adapted to each environment. Making the progenies from the studied sires, offering insights into
adjustments to production, availability of food and their overall performance. Through the t-test of
water and the responses of animals there is fundamental significance for the slope coefficients (β1i), adjusted for
to the production system as a whole. Therefore, environmental factors in each region, Sires 4, 6, 8 and 9
selecting animals that present minimal stress and that were identified as having adaptability to favorable herds,
carry genes that maximize productivity and as evidenced by values of (β1i ≥1). Additionally, the
performance is what is desired. components of variance inflicted on the regression
The classification of sires based on the values of the
deviations (α²di) and the coefficient of determination (R²)
components of variance inflicted to the regression
were employed as supplementary measures for
deviations (α²di) and the coefficient of determination (R²)
provides valuable insights into their stability and comparison, following the recommendation of Barros et al.
predictability across different regions. Sires 8, 9, 3, 2, 5, 6 (2006). Sires 8, 9, 4 and 6 were classified as possessing
and 10, characterized by high R² values above 50%, are high R² values (>50%), indicative of high stability and
deemed to possess high stability, indicating highly predictable performance across diverse regions, thereby
predictable performance across the studied regions. underlining their potential for consistent performance and
Conversely, genotypes 4, 1 and 7 exhibit low stability suitability for various breeding programs (Souza et al.
(R² <50%), suggesting less predictable performance. These 2004; Macneil et al., 2017; Silva Neto et al., 2023).
findings align with previous research by Souza et al. (2003; Escarcha et al. (2018) reported a series of factors that
2022); Sejian et al. (2015); Gienapp et al. (2008); can directly affect adaptation strategies. These include the
Thornton et al. (2009); Zhang et al. (2017); Escarcha et al. lack of information on the various production systems;
(2018), which emphasize the significance of determining adequate investigation into where the genotype will be
adaptation parameters for livestock farming strategies. By
placed; infrastructure and market organization.
identifying animals best suited to specific environments,
adjustments to production, food and water availability and The study delves into the stability and adaptability
animal responses can be optimized, thereby enhancing the parameters of Nellore sires across different regions,
overall production system. The selection of animals employing advanced linear regression methodologies to
exhibiting minimal stress and carrying genes conducive to evaluate weight traits at 205 days (P205) and 550 days
maximizing productivity and performance emerges as a (P550) across diverse production levels. Findings
fundamental goal, underscoring the importance of underscore the nuanced adaptability profiles of various
strategic breeding decisions in livestock management. sires, offering valuable insights for cattle breeders in
The progenies of the sires evaluated for the W550 optimizing herd performance across varied environmental
showed differences in the weight mean in the regions conditions. Notably, sires exhibiting high stability and

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DOI: 10.3844/ajabssp.2024.1.7

predictable performance across diverse regions are Paulo Bahiense Ferraz Filho and André Luiz
identified, providing a basis for informed breeding Julien Ferraz: Analyzed the data. Made adjustments
decisions aimed at enhancing herd productivity and to the methodology.
resilience. The classification of sires based on stability
parameters aligns with previous research emphasizing the Ethics
significance of determining adaptation parameters for
livestock farming strategies. Additionally, significant This article is original and contains unpublished
variations in progeny weight mean across regions material. The corresponding author confirms that all of the
highlight the need for tailored breeding programs to other authors have read and approved the manuscript and
maximize offspring performance. By integrating that no ethical issues are involved.
findings and addressing cited factors affecting
adaptation strategies, this study contributes to a more References
comprehensive understanding of genotype-environment Amaral, R. D. S., Carneiro, P. L. S., Martins Filho, R.,
interactions and informs strategic breeding decisions for Ambrosini, D. P., & Malhado, C. H. M. (2014).
sustainable livestock production (Souza et al. 2003; Tendências, parâmetros fenotípicos e genéticos de
2004; 2022; Sejian et al., 2015; Escarcha et al., 2018). características de crescimento em bovinos Nelore
mocho do Nordeste brasileiro. Revista Brasileira De
Conclusion Saúde E Produção Animal, 15(2), 261-271.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402014000200003
Through extensive analysis, it's clear that sire Ambrosini, D. P., Malhado, C. H. M., Martins Filho, R.,
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higher weights and favorable adaptability indicators características de crescimento em bovinos Nelore.
significantly enhance herd improvement efforts. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 51(2), 177-186.
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performance across regions. These insights emphasize Barros, J. B. G., Balieiro, J. C. C., Eler, J. P., Ferraz, J. B.
the critical need for informed sire selection, S., Balieiro, E. S., & Mattos, E. C. (2006).
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Utilizing such knowledge enables livestock producers fenotípicas em características produtivas em bovinos
to refine breeding programs, elevating productivity, de corte mestiços criados em diferentes ambientes.
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Acknowledgment https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352006000400022
Changizi, M., Choukan, R., Heravan, E. M., Bihamta, M.
ABCZ-Brazilian association Zebu Breeders. R., & Darvish, F. (2014). Evaluation of genotype ×
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Funding Information and relationship among univariate parametric
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This research received external funding from CAPES- 1255-1267.
foundation coordination for the improvement of higher https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-386
education personnel and FUNDECT-foundation to Cintra, D. C. (2007). Interação genótipos-ambientes e
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technology in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. características de crescimento em bovinos de corte
compostos no Brasil. Master's Dissertation,
Author’s Contributions Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos,
úlio César De Souza: Conceptualized the project and University of São Paulo, Pirassununga.
provided advisory support. Conducted software https://doi.org/10.11606/D.74.2007.tde-18052007-133705
development and formal analysis. Souza, J. C., Paiva, L. M., Da Silva de Arruda, R. M.,
Fábio Rafael Leão Fialho: Developed the fundamental Barros, W. M., Bassinello, P. Z., De Oliveira, G. F.,
idea. Analyzed and interpreted the data. Reviewed and edited De Souza, C. F., Rezende, M. P. G., & Markwith, S.
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written content. Imperiled: The Encyclopedia of Conservation (1-,
Carlos Henrique Cavallari Machado and Mariana pp. 392-399). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-
Pereira Alencar: Curated the data. 0-12-821139-7.00223-3

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Silveira, M., V., (2019). Adaptability and phenotypic Silva Neto, J. B., Mota, L. F. M., Amorim, S. T., Peripolli,
stability for productive and reproductive traits in E., Brito, L. F., Magnabosco, C. U., & Baldi, F.
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