3148 - Power Systems

Engineering
Module 2: Transmission Line
Parameters

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 Course Plan
Module Titles
Module 1 – Basic concept
Current Focus: Module 2 – Transmission Line Parameters
Module 3 – Transmission Line Models and Synchronous Machine
Module 4 – Power Transformers
Module 5 – Power Flow
Module 6 – Power Flow Analysis and Control – Midterm Exam
Module 7 – Symmetrical Faults
Module 8 – Unsymmetrical Faults
Module 9 – System Protection
Module 10 – Transient Stability
Module 11 – Power System Operation and Controls
Module 12 – Final Exam (no content)

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 Topics for this Module

• 2.1 Transmission Systems

• 2.2 Transmission Line Parameters
– Transmission line inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance
• 2.3 Medium, Short and Long Line Models
• 2.4 ABCD Parameters
– Examples
• 2.5 Assignment #1

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 Module 2 – Section 1

Transmission Systems

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 Primary Methods for Power Transfer

• The most common methods for transfer of electric power are:

 Overhead ac
 Underground ac
 Overhead dc
 Underground dc
• The analysis will be developed for ac lines.

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ACSR Conductors

Aluminium Cable Steel Reinforced

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Transmission Line Model

• A Transmission line can be modeled using the passive

elements of the electrical circuit.

Resistor
Inductor

Capacitor

• How could we calculate the Transmission line parameters?

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 Module 2 – section 2

Transmission Line Parameters

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 Resistance

The dc resistance of a conductor at a specified temperature T is:

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Resistance (cont’d)

Resistivity of conductor metals varies linearly over normal

operating temperatures according to:

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Inductance of a Single Wire

• To develop models of transmission lines, we first need to

determine the inductance of a single, infinitely long wire. To
do this we need to determine the wire’s total flux linkage,
including:
1. flux linkages outside of the wire
2. flux linkages within the wire
• We’ll assume that the current density within the wire is
uniform and that the wire is solid with a radius of r.
• In fact, current density is non-uniform, and conductor is
stranded, so our calculations will be approximate.

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Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire

**** H/m
Not H/feet

𝑟𝑟 ′ = 0.7788 𝑟𝑟 , 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟

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Inductance of a Three-Phase Three-Wire

**** H/m
Not H/feet

𝑟𝑟 ′ = 0.7788 𝑟𝑟
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Inductance of a Three-Phase Three-Wire
(Transposed)

**** H/m
Not H/feet

The conductors are identical each with GMR denoted Ds ( or r’).

• GMR: (r’ or DS): Geometric Mean Radius
• GMD: (or Deq) ; Geometric Mean Distance

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Inductance: 3-Phase Transposed and with Bundled
Conductors

To increase the capacity of high voltage transmission lines

it is very common to use a number of conductors per
phase. This is known as conductor bundling. Typical
values are two conductors for 345 kV lines, three for 500
kV and four for 765 kV.

**** H/m
Not H/feet

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Bundled Conductors

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Example 1

10 m 10 m
a b c

20 m

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Example 1 (cont’d)

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r’

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Example 2

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Example 2 (cont’d)

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Example 2 (cont’d)

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Capacitance: Three-Phase Three-Wire (Transposed)

No Bundled

permittivity: ε= 8.854 10−12 F/m

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Transmission Tower Configurations
The problem with the line analysis we’ve done so far is we
have assumed a symmetrical tower configuration. Such a
tower figuration is seldom practical.

Therefore, in general
Dab ≠ Dac ≠ Dbc
Unless something was done
this would result in unbalanced
phases.

Typical Transmission Tower

Configuration

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 Module 2 – Section 3

Medium, Short and Long Line

Models

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Transmission Model

• How do we model the Transmission line using the

circuit elements?

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Two-Port Network

Note: VR and VS
are line to ground
voltages

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Short Transmission Line (1)

l < 80 km

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Medium Transmission Line
250 km < l < 80 km

z =R+jωL Ω/m, series impedance per unit length

y = G+jωC S/m, shunt admittance per unit length
Z = zl Ω, total series impedance
Y = yl S, total shunt admittance
l = line length m
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Propagation Constant & Characteristic
Impedance

Define the propagation constant γ as

γ
= yz= α + jβ
where
α = the attenuation constant
β = the phase constant

Characteristic Impedance:

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Long Transmission Line (differential equations)

l > 250 km

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Long Transmission Line (π equivalent)

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 Module 2 – Section 4

ABCD Parameters

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Summary: ABCD Model

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Voltage Regulation and Line Efficiency

Efficiency

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Example 3

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Example 3, solution

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Example 3, solution (cont’d)

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Example 3, solution (cont’d)

Lumped Model

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Past PEO Exam 1

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Past PEO Exam 2

May 2013

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Module 2 – Section 5

Assignment #1

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 Assignment 1

• Assignment # 1 is uploaded and the due date is two weeks

from now.

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Any questions?

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