MEENAKSHI RAMASWAMY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINNERING
EE3404 MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO 8085 ARCHITECTURE

Part A (2 Mark Questions with Answers)

1. What is a functional block diagram?

o A functional block diagram is a graphical representation of the system's
components and their interconnections. It shows how different modules of a
system (such as memory, CPU, I/O) interact to achieve the system's desired
function.
2. What is memory interfacing?
o Memory interfacing is the process of connecting memory devices (such as RAM,
ROM) to a processor. It ensures the proper transfer of data between the processor
and memory by managing addresses, control signals, and data lines.
3. What are I/O ports?
o I/O ports are communication interfaces that allow a processor to interact with
external devices (such as keyboards, displays, sensors) for input and output
operations. These ports can be parallel or serial in nature.
4. Explain the concept of data transfer.
o Data transfer refers to the process of moving data between different parts of a
computer system, such as between memory, I/O devices, or the processor.
Common methods include serial, parallel, and DMA (Direct Memory Access).
5. What is a timing diagram?
o A timing diagram is a graphical representation of signals over time, showing how
data, control, and clock signals behave in synchronization during various
operations of a system.
6. What is an interrupt in a computer system?
o An interrupt is a mechanism that temporarily halts the normal execution of the
CPU to give attention to a specific task or event, such as I/O operations, after
which normal processing resumes.
7. Explain the need for interrupt structure in microprocessor systems.
o The interrupt structure allows the processor to handle urgent or high-priority tasks
(like I/O requests) asynchronously, improving the system's efficiency by allowing
it to multitask without waiting for a process to complete.
8. What is an interrupt service routine (ISR)?
o An ISR is a special function or routine that the processor executes in response to
an interrupt. It is responsible for handling the interrupt and performing the
required task, after which control is returned to the main program.
9. What are the types of interrupts in a microprocessor?
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o The main types of interrupts are hardware interrupts (triggered by external
devices) and software interrupts (triggered by program instructions). Interrupts
can also be classified as maskable and non-maskable.
10. What is a memory-mapped I/O?
o In memory-mapped I/O, I/O devices are treated as part of the memory address
space, and the processor can read and write data to the I/O devices using standard
memory instructions.
11. What is the role of a bus in data transfer?
o A bus is a set of communication lines that transmit data between the CPU,
memory, and I/O devices. It can carry data, addresses, and control signals
necessary for operations.
12. What is the difference between memory-mapped I/O and port-mapped I/O?
o In memory-mapped I/O, I/O devices share the same address space as memory,
while in port-mapped I/O, special instructions are used to interact with the I/O
devices, and I/O devices are mapped to specific I/O addresses.
13. What is a DMA controller?
o A DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller allows peripherals to transfer data
directly to or from memory without involving the CPU, improving data transfer
speed and reducing CPU load.
14. What is a synchronous transfer in data transfer?
o In synchronous data transfer, data is transferred in synchronization with a clock
signal. Both the sender and receiver are timed by the same clock, ensuring
coordinated data exchange.
15. What is an asynchronous transfer in data transfer?
o In asynchronous data transfer, data is transmitted without synchronization with a
clock signal. Start and stop bits are used to indicate the beginning and end of data,
and timing is managed by the devices themselves.
16. What is the purpose of address bus in memory interfacing?
o The address bus is used to carry the memory address from the processor to the
memory unit to specify the location where data is to be read from or written to.
17. What is the role of control bus in memory interfacing?
o The control bus carries control signals that determine the operations to be
performed, such as read, write, or enable signals during memory or I/O
operations.
18. What is the function of the data bus in I/O operations?
o The data bus carries the actual data to be read or written during memory or I/O
operations, allowing data to move between the processor and memory or I/O
devices.
19. Explain the concept of interrupt vector table.
o An interrupt vector table is a memory structure that stores the addresses of the
ISRs for various interrupts. When an interrupt occurs, the processor refers to the
table to jump to the appropriate ISR.
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20. What is the difference between hardware and software interrupts?
o Hardware interrupts are generated by external devices (like I/O devices), while
software interrupts are triggered by program instructions. Hardware interrupts are
generally higher priority and occur asynchronously.

Part B (13 Mark Questions)

1. Explain the concept of memory interfacing in microprocessor systems. Discuss

different memory types (RAM, ROM) and how they are interfaced with the
processor, including addressing, data, and control signals.
2. Describe the various data transfer methods in microprocessor systems. Explain
serial, parallel, and DMA data transfer methods, their advantages, and when each is
used.
3. Discuss the concept of I/O ports in microprocessor systems. Explain different types
of I/O port interfacing, including memory-mapped I/O and port-mapped I/O, with
examples.
4. Explain the working of a timing diagram in a microprocessor system. Provide an
example of a timing diagram for a read and write operation, showing all relevant
signals.
5. Explain the interrupt structure in a microprocessor system. Discuss the types of
interrupts (hardware, software, maskable, non-maskable), their priorities, and how
they are handled by the processor.
6. What is Direct Memory Access (DMA)? Explain the working principle of DMA, its
advantages over regular data transfer methods, and its use in microprocessor
systems.
7. Describe the steps involved in handling an interrupt. Explain the role of interrupt
vectors and how the processor services different types of interrupts.
8. Discuss the working of the address bus, data bus, and control bus in memory and
I/O interfacing. Explain how these buses are used during a memory read and write
cycle.
9. Describe the concept of synchronous and asynchronous data transfer. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of speed and reliability.
10. Explain the interrupt structure and the handling process in microprocessor systems.
Discuss interrupt prioritization, interrupt vectors, and how interrupt nesting is
handled.
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(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINNERING
Part C (15 Mark Question)

1. Discuss in detail the memory interfacing techniques in microprocessor systems.

2. Explain how different types of memory (RAM, ROM, EEPROM) are interfaced
with the processor, the role of buses in memory interfacing, and the timing diagram
for read/write operations.
3. Explain the different data transfer methods (synchronous, asynchronous, and
DMA) and their advantages and disadvantages.
4. Explain the interrupt structure in microprocessors, focusing on hardware and
software interrupts, their priorities, and how they are managed during operation.
Provide examples of each method in real-world applications.

UNIT II 8085 INSTRUCTION SET AND PROGRAMMING

Part A (2 Mark Questions with Answers)

1. What is an instruction format?

o An instruction format defines the structure of a machine language instruction,
specifying how the opcode, operands, and addressing modes are organized.
2. What is an opcode in an instruction format?
o The opcode (operation code) is a part of the instruction that specifies the
operation or task to be performed, such as addition, subtraction, or data transfer.
3. What are operands in an instruction format?
o Operands are the values or addresses that the operation will be performed on.
They can be data values or memory addresses.
4. What is addressing mode?
o Addressing mode specifies how the operand of an instruction is accessed or
computed. It defines the way the address of the operand is determined.
5. What are the types of addressing modes?
o Common addressing modes include immediate, direct, indirect, indexed, and
register addressing modes.
6. What is immediate addressing mode?
o In immediate addressing mode, the operand is specified directly in the instruction
itself, and no memory lookup is required.
7. What is direct addressing mode?
o In direct addressing mode, the instruction contains the memory address of the
operand, and the operand is directly accessed from that address.
8. What is indirect addressing mode?
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o In indirect addressing mode, the instruction contains the address of a memory
location, and the operand is stored at the address contained in this memory
location.
9. What is indexed addressing mode?
o In indexed addressing mode, the effective address of the operand is calculated by
adding a constant (index) to a base address, allowing access to a series of related
data.
10. What is the role of assembly language?
o Assembly language is a low-level programming language that provides a
symbolic representation of machine instructions, making it easier for humans to
write programs that can be executed by a computer.
11. What is a data transfer instruction in assembly language?
o A data transfer instruction is used to move data between registers, memory
locations, or between the I/O ports and the processor (e.g., MOV, LOAD,
STORE).
12. What is a data manipulation instruction?
o Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data, such as arithmetic
operations (ADD, SUB), logical operations (AND, OR), or shifting operations
(SHL, SHR).
13. What is a control instruction in assembly language?
o Control instructions alter the flow of program execution, such as jump
instructions (JMP, CALL), conditional branches (JZ, JNZ), and halting
instructions (HLT).
14. What is a loop structure with counting in assembly language?
o A loop structure with counting repeatedly executes a block of code a specified
number of times. It typically involves a counter variable that is incremented or
decremented in each iteration.
15. What is an indexing loop structure in assembly language?
o An indexing loop uses an index register to access a series of data. The loop
iterates through each element of an array or table by incrementing or
decrementing the index.
16. What is a lookup table in assembly language programming?
o A lookup table is a data structure that stores precomputed results for quick access.
The index into the table is used to retrieve values efficiently, avoiding repetitive
computations.
17. What is a subroutine in assembly language?
o A subroutine is a block of code that performs a specific task. It can be called from
different parts of the program and can return a result, improving code reusability
and organization.
18. What is the stack used for in assembly language programming?
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o The stack is a data structure used for storing temporary data, such as function
parameters, return addresses, and local variables. It operates in a Last In First Out
(LIFO) manner.
19. What are the stack operations in assembly language?
o Stack operations include pushing data onto the stack (PUSH), popping data off
the stack (POP), and checking or modifying the stack pointer (SP).
20. What is a return address in subroutine calls?
o The return address is the address where the program should resume execution
after a subroutine call. This address is typically stored on the stack.

Part B (13 Mark Questions)

1. Explain the different instruction formats used in assembly language. Discuss the
structure of an instruction, including the opcode, operand, and addressing modes.
Provide examples of each.
2. Describe the various addressing modes used in assembly language programming.
Explain the operation of immediate, direct, indirect, and indexed addressing modes
with examples.
3. Discuss the role and importance of data transfer instructions in assembly language
programming. Provide examples of data transfer instructions and explain their
usage in moving data between registers and memory.
4. Explain the concept of data manipulation instructions in assembly language.
Provide examples of arithmetic, logical, and shift operations. Discuss how these
instructions are used to modify data.
5. What are control instructions in assembly language? Explain how jump, branch,
and halt instructions work. Provide examples of their usage in controlling the flow
of a program.
6. Explain the loop structure with counting in assembly language. Provide an example
of how a loop is implemented using counting techniques to repeat a task a specific
number of times.
7. Describe the concept of indexing in loops. Provide an example of an indexed loop
and explain its use in accessing elements of an array or table in assembly language
programming.
8. What is a lookup table, and how is it used in assembly language programming?
Explain with an example how a lookup table can be used to store precomputed
values and speed up data retrieval.
9. Describe the concept of subroutines in assembly language programming. Explain
how subroutines are called, how parameters are passed, and how return values are
handled.
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(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINNERING
10. Explain the stack and its use in assembly language programming. Discuss the
operations of pushing and popping data from the stack, and explain the significance
of the stack pointer in managing function calls and local variables.

Part C (15 Mark Question)

1. Discuss in detail the instruction formats used in assembly language, focusing on the
different addressing modes (immediate, direct, indirect, and indexed).
2. Explain how data transfer, data manipulation, and control instructions work in
assembly language. Provide examples of each and describe their use in real-world
applications.
3. Explain the concepts of loops, indexing, lookup tables, subroutines, and stack
operations, and demonstrate how these features enhance the efficiency and
organization of assembly language programs. Provide a comprehensive example
that integrates all these features.

UNIT III INTERFACING BASICS AND ICS

Part A (2 Mark Questions with Answers)

1. What is the function of the 8255 PPI (Programmable Peripheral Interface)?

o The 8255 PPI is used to interface peripheral devices with the microprocessor. It
provides parallel input and output lines that can be configured for different modes
of operation, allowing communication between the 8085 and external devices.
2. What are the main modes of operation in the 8255 PPI?
o The 8255 PPI has three modes of operation: Mode 0 (Basic Input/Output), Mode
1 (Strobed Input/Output), and Mode 2 (Bidirectional Bus).
3. What is the function of the 8259 PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller)?
o The 8259 PIC manages interrupts by controlling the prioritization and handling of
multiple interrupt sources. It is used to interface multiple interrupt lines to the
microprocessor and allow efficient interrupt handling.
4. What is the purpose of the 8251 USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter)?
o The 8251 USART is used for serial communication. It allows for both
synchronous and asynchronous data transfer between the microprocessor and
external devices, such as modems or serial peripherals.
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5. Explain the working of the 8279 Keyboard Display Controller.
o The 8279 Keyboard Display Controller is used to interface a keyboard and a
display with the microprocessor. It scans the keyboard and provides input to the
microprocessor and drives the display to show output data.
6. What is the function of the 8254 Timer/Counter?
o The 8254 Timer/Counter provides timing and counting functions. It can be used
for generating time delays, frequency generation, event counting, and generating
square waves.
7. How does the 8255 PPI interface with the 8085 microprocessor?
o The 8255 PPI interfaces with the 8085 through address, data, and control lines.
The 8085 provides the necessary control signals to configure and use the 8255's
I/O ports for data transfer.
8. What is the role of the 8259 PIC in the interrupt system of the 8085?
o The 8259 PIC helps manage the interrupt system by prioritizing interrupt requests
and sending appropriate interrupt signals to the 8085. It allows for efficient
interrupt handling in systems with multiple interrupt sources.
9. What are the basic features of the 8251 USART?
o The 8251 USART supports both synchronous and asynchronous communication,
error detection, and control of data flow between the microprocessor and serial
peripherals. It includes features like baud rate generation, parity, and framing
error detection.
10. How does the 8279 Keyboard Display Controller work?
o The 8279 scans the rows of a keyboard and detects key presses. It also drives the
display, sending data to the display and controlling the cursor position. It can be
configured for different types of displays, such as 7-segment or alphanumeric.
11. What is the mode of operation in 8254 Timer/Counter?
o The 8254 Timer/Counter can operate in several modes, including the Interrupt on
Terminal Count (Mode 0), Hardware Retriggerable One-Shot (Mode 1), Rate
Generator (Mode 2), Square Wave Generator (Mode 3), and Programmable
Interval Timer (Mode 4).
12. What is the function of an A/D converter?
o An A/D (Analog to Digital) converter converts continuous analog signals (e.g.,
from sensors) into discrete digital values that can be processed by a
microprocessor.
13. What is the function of a D/A converter?
o A D/A (Digital to Analog) converter converts discrete digital values into
continuous analog signals, which can be used to control devices like motors or
audio systems.
14. How do you interface an A/D converter with the 8085?
o The A/D converter is connected to the 8085 through the address, data, and control
lines. The 8085 provides the clock signal to control the conversion process and
retrieves the digital data from the A/D converter.
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15. How do you interface a D/A converter with the 8085?
o The D/A converter interfaces with the 8085 through its data bus. The 8085 sends
the digital data to the D/A converter, which then outputs the corresponding analog
signal.
16. What is the significance of the control word in the 8255 PPI?
o The control word in the 8255 PPI configures the direction (input or output) and
the mode (strobed or bidirectional) of each I/O port. It is sent by the
microprocessor to set up the operation of the 8255.
17. How is the interrupt vector table used in conjunction with the 8259 PIC?
o The interrupt vector table holds addresses of interrupt service routines (ISRs).
When an interrupt occurs, the 8259 PIC sends an interrupt request to the 8085,
which then jumps to the appropriate ISR using the interrupt vector table.
18. What is the significance of the baud rate in the 8251 USART?
o The baud rate determines the speed of data transmission. In the 8251 USART, the
baud rate is set by a divisor value and dictates how fast the microprocessor
communicates with external serial devices.
19. What is the function of the status register in the 8251 USART?
o The status register in the 8251 USART holds the status of the transmitter and
receiver, including flags for error conditions like framing errors, overrun errors, or
parity errors.
20. What are the typical applications of the 8279 Keyboard Display Controller?
o The 8279 Keyboard Display Controller is commonly used in applications
requiring user input through a keyboard and output via a display, such as in
embedded systems, calculators, or point-of-sale systems.

Part B (13 Mark Questions)

1. Discuss the architecture and working of the 8255 PPI. Explain its modes of
operation (Mode 0, Mode 1, Mode 2) and how it interfaces with the 8085
microprocessor.
2. Explain the architecture and operation of the 8259 PIC. Describe its role in handling
interrupts in a microprocessor system, including interrupt priority and cascading of
multiple 8259s.
3. Describe the architecture and working of the 8251 USART. Explain how it supports
both synchronous and asynchronous communication and how it interfaces with the
8085.
4. Explain the architecture and operation of the 8279 Keyboard Display Controller.
Discuss how it is used to interface keyboards and displays, including the methods
for scanning keys and displaying output.
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5. Describe the architecture and operation of the 8254 Timer/Counter. Discuss the
various modes of operation and how the timer can be used for tasks such as
generating delays and event counting.
6. Explain the interfacing of an A/D converter with the 8085 microprocessor. Discuss
the types of A/D converters and the steps involved in interfacing and retrieving
digital data from an analog signal.
7. Discuss the interfacing of a D/A converter with the 8085 microprocessor. Describe
the types of D/A converters and how the 8085 sends digital data to generate analog
signals for controlling external devices.
8. Explain the programming techniques for using the 8255 PPI. Provide an example of
a program that configures the 8255 for both input and output operations in
different modes.
9. Describe the software and hardware steps involved in interfacing the 8251 USART
with the 8085 microprocessor. Discuss its role in serial communication and the
configuration of baud rate and data format.
10. Discuss the significance of the 8259 PIC in interrupt handling. Explain the role of
the priority resolver, interrupt masks, and the cascading mechanism when multiple
8259s are used.

Part C (15 Mark Question)

1. Discuss in detail the architecture and programming of the 8255 PPI, 8259 PIC, 8251
USART, 8279 Keyboard Display Controller, and 8254 Timer/Counter.
2. Explain how each of these ICs interfaces with the 8085 microprocessor, highlighting
the functions of their registers and control signals. Provide examples of applications
for each peripheral IC and explain the data transfer mechanisms.
3. Explain the interfacing of A/D and D/A converters with the 8085, discussing their
use in real-world applications like sensor interfacing and control systems.

UNIT IV INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Part-A (2 Mark Questions)

1. What are the main components of the 8051 microcontroller functional block
diagram?
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o The 8051 microcontroller includes the CPU, RAM, ROM, timers, I/O ports, serial
communication control, and interrupt control, along with the accumulator,
registers, and control unit.
2. Explain the instruction format of 8051 microcontroller.
o The instruction format typically consists of an opcode (operation code) and
operands (data or address). It can be classified into one-byte, two-byte, and three-
byte instructions depending on the size.
3. What are the addressing modes of the 8051 microcontroller?
o The 8051 supports several addressing modes: Immediate, Register, Direct,
Indirect, and External addressing.
4. Explain the Immediate addressing mode with an example.
o In immediate addressing mode, the operand is directly specified in the instruction
itself. For example, MOV A, #25H moves the immediate value 25H into the
accumulator A.
5. What is the purpose of the 8051 Timer?
o The 8051 timers are used for generating time delays, event counting, and creating
pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals.
6. Explain the I/O ports of the 8051 microcontroller.
o The 8051 has four parallel I/O ports (P0, P1, P2, P3) which can be used for input
and output operations. These ports can be configured as input or output by setting
or clearing the corresponding bits in the control registers.
7. What is the serial communication feature in the 8051 microcontroller?
o The 8051 supports serial communication through UART (Universal
Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter). It allows data transmission and reception
via TXD and RXD pins, with support for both 8-bit and 9-bit data formats.
8. What is the role of the accumulator (A) in the 8051 microcontroller?
o The accumulator (A) is used for arithmetic, logical operations, and storing
intermediate results during execution.
9. How many bits are in the Program Counter (PC) of the 8051 microcontroller?
o The Program Counter (PC) in the 8051 is 16 bits long, allowing the
microcontroller to address up to 64KB of program memory.
10. What is the function of the stack in the 8051 microcontroller?
o The stack is used to store return addresses, data, and interrupt-related information.
The 8051 uses a software stack for function calls and interrupt handling.
11. What are the types of interrupts in the 8051 microcontroller?
o The 8051 supports external interrupts (INT0, INT1), timer interrupts (T0, T1),
and serial communication interrupts (RI and TI).
12. Explain the Interrupt Structure in the 8051 microcontroller.
o The 8051 has five interrupt sources: External interrupts (INT0, INT1), Timer
interrupts (T0, T1), and Serial Communication interrupts (RI, TI). Interrupts are
prioritized with specific control bits to enable/disable them.
13. How are interrupts prioritized in the 8051?
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o Interrupts in the 8051 are prioritized in the order of external interrupts (highest
priority), timer interrupts, and serial communication interrupts (lowest priority).
14. What are the different timer modes in the 8051?
o The 8051 timers support modes such as 13-bit, 16-bit, and auto-reload modes.
Timer 0 and Timer 1 can be configured for various modes using control bits.
15. Explain how to interface a 16x2 LCD to the 8051 microcontroller.
o To interface a 16x2 LCD, connect its data pins (D0-D7) and control pins (RS,
RW, EN) to the microcontroller. Commands are sent to control the display (clear
screen, move cursor, etc.) and data to display characters.
16. What is the role of the MOV instruction in 8051?
o The MOV instruction is used to move data between registers, memory, or
immediate data. For example, MOV A, R0 moves the contents of register R0 into
the accumulator A.
17. How does the 8051 handle serial data transmission and reception?
o The 8051 uses its serial control registers (SCON) to configure serial transmission.
The TI (Transmit Interrupt) and RI (Receive Interrupt) flags are used to detect
when the transmission or reception is complete.
18. What is the function of the SETB and CLR instructions in 8051?
o SETB is used to set a specified bit to 1, and CLR is used to clear a specified bit
(set to 0) in a register or memory location.
19. What is the function of the TCON register in the 8051 microcontroller?
o The TCON register controls the timer and external interrupt operations. It
contains bits to enable/disable interrupts, control timer operation, and manage
external interrupt flags.
20. What is a Stepper Motor, and how can it be controlled by the 8051?
o A stepper motor moves in discrete steps. The 8051 can control a stepper motor by
sending pulses to the motor's driver circuit to rotate the motor in precise steps.

Part-B (13 Mark Questions)

1. Explain the 8051 microcontroller architecture, detailing its main components and
how they interact.
o Answer should cover the CPU, program memory, data memory, timers, I/O ports,
serial communication module, and interrupt control.
2. Discuss the instruction set of the 8051 microcontroller with examples of the types of
instructions (Data transfer, Arithmetic, Logical, Control, Branching).
o Answer should explain each type of instruction with examples and their
respective usage in 8051 programming.
3. Explain the different addressing modes in 8051, with examples of each addressing
mode.
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o Answer should cover the Immediate, Register, Direct, Indirect, and External
addressing modes, with examples of how each one is used.
4. Write an assembly program to interface a 4x4 matrix keypad with the 8051
microcontroller.
o Answer should cover the steps for keypad scanning, detecting the key press, and
returning the corresponding value to the 8051 microcontroller.
5. Discuss the Timer modes in 8051 and explain how to configure a timer for
generating a time delay.
o Answer should explain the different timer modes (Mode 0, Mode 1, Mode 2) and
how to use them to generate a specific delay.
6. Write a program to generate a 1Hz square wave using Timer 0 in the 8051.
o Answer should explain how to set the timer for a 1Hz frequency, along with the
calculation and necessary code.
7. Explain how to use serial communication in the 8051 to send and receive data.
Include a program for sending a string of characters.
o Answer should describe the configuration of the serial communication (SCON
register), enabling the transmitter and receiver, and provide an example code.
8. Discuss the 8051 interrupt structure in detail, including how to handle external
interrupts and configure interrupt priority.
o Answer should explain the interrupt vector table, priority levels,
enabling/disabling interrupts, and writing interrupt service routines (ISRs).
9. Explain the interfacing of a 16x2 LCD display with the 8051 and write a program to
display "Hello World" on it.
o Answer should describe the steps to interface the LCD, control the data and
command pins, and provide the code for displaying text.
10. Discuss the control of a stepper motor using the 8051 microcontroller. Write an
assembly program to rotate the motor in both directions.
o Answer should explain the stepper motor control logic and the required pin
connections, followed by the assembly program to rotate the motor.

Part-C (15 Mark Questions)

1. Describe the complete architecture of the 8051 microcontroller. Discuss its CPU,
memory organization, and various peripheral components.
o Answer should provide a detailed explanation of the internal architecture,
including the CPU, program memory, data memory (RAM), special function
registers (SFRs), timers, I/O ports, and serial communication modules.
2. Write a detailed program for the 8051 microcontroller to implement a temperature
control system. Use a temperature sensor (like LM35) and display the temperature
on an LCD.
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o Answer should describe how to interface the temperature sensor, ADC, and LCD
to the 8051, along with the code to read the sensor, convert the temperature, and
display it.
3. Explain how to interface a 7-segment display with the 8051 microcontroller. Write a
program to display a decimal number on the 7-segment display.
o Answer should describe the wiring of the 7-segment display to the
microcontroller and the program to display the digits.
4. Explain the 8051 microcontroller's Timer and Interrupt structure in detail. Write a
program that uses Timer interrupts to toggle an LED at a specific interval.
o Answer should cover the Timer modes, interrupt priorities, and the setup of Timer
interrupts, followed by the program to toggle an LED using Timer interrupt.

UNIT V INTRODUCTION TO RISC BASED ARCHITECTURE

Part-A (2 Mark Questions)

1. What is the architecture of PIC16 microcontroller?

o The architecture of PIC16 consists of a 14-bit instruction set, a single accumulator
(WREG), and 8-bit registers. It follows a Harvard architecture with separate
program and data memory.
2. Explain the memory organization in PIC16.
o PIC16 has three main memory sections: program memory (Flash), data memory
(RAM), and special function registers (SFRs). Program memory is used to store
code, while data memory stores data and variables during execution.
3. What are the addressing modes in PIC16?
o PIC16 has several addressing modes: Immediate, Direct, Indirect, and Register
addressing modes.
4. What is an immediate addressing mode in PIC16?
o Immediate addressing mode allows the operand to be part of the instruction itself.
For example, MOVLW 0x10 moves the immediate value 0x10 into the WREG
register.
5. What is the difference between PIC16 and PIC18 microcontrollers?
o PIC18 has a wider instruction set, a larger program memory space (up to 128KB),
more advanced peripherals, and extended data memory compared to PIC16.
6. Explain the function of WREG in PIC16 architecture.
o WREG is the working register, used to hold temporary data during instruction
execution. It is the primary register for operations.
7. What is a memory-mapped I/O in PIC16?
o In memory-mapped I/O, the I/O registers are treated as normal memory locations,
meaning I/O devices are controlled by reading/writing to specific memory
addresses.
8. What is the function of the STATUS register in PIC16?
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o The STATUS register contains flags used to indicate the results of operations,
such as the Carry flag, Zero flag, and Negative flag.
9. Explain the role of the TMR0 register in PIC16.
o TMR0 is an 8-bit timer used for generating time delays or event counting. It can
be used for generating interrupts after a certain time period.
10. What is the purpose of the INTERRUPT Enable Register in PIC16?
o The INTCON register is used to enable/disable various interrupts in the PIC16. It
also contains flags for global and peripheral interrupts.
11. What are the different types of interrupts in PIC16?
o PIC16 supports several interrupts such as external interrupts, timer interrupts, and
peripheral interrupts like ADC, CCP, etc.
12. How does the PIC16 handle timer interrupts?
o Timer interrupts are generated when the timer register (e.g., TMR0) overflows.
The interrupt service routine is executed when this interrupt occurs.
13. What is the role of the PORT registers in PIC16?
o The PORT registers (e.g., PORTA, PORTB) are used to read/write values to the
I/O pins, controlling input and output for the microcontroller.
14. How does the PIC16 handle serial communication?
o PIC16 uses USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter) for serial communication, with registers like TXREG and RXREG.
15. What is the purpose of the ADC in PIC16?
o The ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) converts analog signals to digital form. It
uses a 10-bit resolution in PIC16 devices.
16. What is the function of the TMR1 module in PIC16?
o TMR1 is a 16-bit timer module that can be used for generating time delays,
counting events, and triggering interrupts.
17. Explain the concept of bit manipulation in PIC16.
o Bit manipulation involves setting, clearing, or toggling specific bits in a register
using instructions like BSF (bit set), BCF (bit clear), or BTFSC (bit test and skip).
18. What is the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?
o A microcontroller includes a CPU, memory, and peripheral devices on a single
chip, while a microprocessor is typically just the CPU and requires external
components for memory and I/O.
19. What is the role of the Watchdog Timer (WDT) in PIC16?
o The Watchdog Timer (WDT) resets the microcontroller if it fails to reset within a
predefined time period, ensuring the system doesn't hang.
20. Explain how to configure a timer in PIC16.
o To configure a timer, select the timer (e.g., TMR0), set its prescaler, enable the
timer, and optionally enable its interrupt.
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(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)
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ENGINNERING
Part-B (13 Mark Questions)

1. Explain the instruction set of PIC16 with examples of each type of instruction..
2. Describe the various types of addressing modes used in PIC16 with examples..
3. Discuss the role of Interrupts in PIC16, including how to configure and handle
external and internal interrupts.
4. Explain the programming techniques in PIC16, including delay generation, bit
manipulation, and setting up I/O ports.
5. Explain the working and configuration of Timers in PIC16 with examples..
6. Describe the features and operation of the ADC in PIC16. How would you configure
and use it in a program?
7. Discuss the different I/O port configurations in PIC16. How would you configure a
pin as input or output?
8. Explain the process of serial communication in PIC16 using the USART module.
9. What are the steps to configure and use the Watchdog Timer (WDT) in PIC16?.
10. Explain the use of the special function registers (SFRs) in PIC16. Provide examples.

Part-C (15 Mark Questions)

1. Describe the PIC16 microcontroller architecture in detail, including its data

memory organization, control registers, and peripherals.
2. Explain the concept of interrupt-driven programming in PIC16. Discuss how to
configure and handle interrupts, including priority levels.
3. Write a program for PIC16 that reads an analog input through the ADC and
outputs the digital value to an LED display.
4. Discuss the different timer modules available in PIC16 (TMR0, TMR1, etc.) and
how to use them for time-sensitive applications like generating delays or event
counting.
5. Write a program to toggle an LED on a PIC16 microcontroller every 1 second using
the timer interrupt..
6. Explain how to configure a PIC16 for serial communication (USART) and write a
simple program to send and receive data serially.
7. Explain the bit manipulation techniques in PIC16 with examples. How can these
techniques be used to control hardware interfaces?.
8. Discuss the memory model of the PIC16, detailing the program memory, data
memory, and SFRs, and how the microcontroller accesses these memories.
9. Explain the difference between the PIC16 and PIC18 in terms of peripherals,
memory, and instruction set. Which applications would you use each for?