PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

Course Course Title Lecture Tutorial Practical Credit

Code Periods Periods Periods
EC8004 Wireless Networks 3 0 0 3

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

To understand the concept about Wireless networks, protocol stack and standards

To understand and analyse the network layer solutions for Wireless networks

To study about fundamentals of 3G Services, its protocols and applications

To have in depth knowledge on internetworking of WLAN and WWAN

To learn about evolution of 4G Networks, its architecture and applications

On Completion of the course students will be able to

Identify and choose wireless transmission standard, physical layer protocol and MAC
C410.1
layer protocol on the basis of various network applications.

Understand and explain mobile IP and data routing using it. Classify ad hoc network
C410.2
protocols

Understand the TCP protocol for wireless networks and able to do congestion free
C410.3
transmission over wireless networks.

Understand the major concepts involved in wireless wide-area networks and its
C410.4
architecture.

Have knowledge of 4G technologies and analyze various smart antenna techniques,

C410.5
modulation and coding techniques used in 4G technology.

SYLLABUS:

UNIT I WIRELESS LAN 9

Introduction-WLAN technologies: - IEEE802.11: System architecture, protocol architecture,
802.11b, 802.11a – Hiper LAN: WATM, BRAN, HiperLAN2 – Bluetooth: Architecture, WPAN
– IEEE 802.15.4, Wireless USB, Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, WirelessHART
UNIT II MOBILE NETWORK LAYER 9
Introduction - Mobile IP: IP packet delivery, Agent discovery, tunneling and encapsulation,
IPV6-Network layer in the internet- Mobile IP session initiation protocol - mobile ad-hoc
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network: Routing: Destination Sequence distance vector, IoT: CoAP

UNIT III 3G OVERVIEW 9
Overview of UTMS Terrestrial Radio access network-UMTS Core network Architecture: 3GPP
Architecture, User equipment, CDMA2000 overview- Radio and Network components, Network
structure, Radio Network, TD-CDMA, TD – SCDMA.
UNIT IV INTERNETWORKING BETWEEN WLANS AND WWANS 9
Internetworking objectives and requirements, Schemes to connect WLANS and 3G Networks,
Session Mobility, Internetworking Architecture for WLAN and GPRS, System Description,
Local Multipoint Distribution Service, Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System.
UNIT V 4G & BEYOND 9
Introduction – 4G vision – 4G features and challenges - Applications of 4G – 4G Technologies:
Multicarrier Modulation, Smart antenna techniques, IMS Architecture, LTE, Advanced
Broadband Wireless Access and Services, MVNO.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

CO – PO MAPPING:

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
C410.1 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
C410.2 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
C410.3 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
C410.4 2 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
C410.5 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
C410 2.6 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Jochen Schiller, ”Mobile Communications”, Second Edition, Pearson Education 2012.(Unit I,II,III)
2. Vijay Garg, “Wireless Communications and networking”, First Edition, Elsevier 2007.(Unit IV,V)

REFERENCES:
1. Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold and Per Beming, "3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for
Mobile Broadband”, Second Edition, Academic Press, 2008.
2. Anurag Kumar, D.Manjunath, Joy kuri, “Wireless Networking”, First Edition, Elsevier 2011.
3. Simon Haykin , Michael Moher, David Koilpillai, “Modern Wireless Communications”, First
Edition, Pearson Education 2013

UNIT I - WIRELESS LAN

PART - A

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1. What are the goals of HIPERLAN?(Remember)

1. Quality Of Service
2. Strong Security.
3. Handoff when moving between local area and wide area.
4. Increased throughput.
5. Ease of use, deployment and maintenance.
6. Affordability.
7. Scalability.
2. What are the versions of HIPERLAN? (Remember)

• HIPERLAN-1
• HIPERLAN-2
• HIPER Access
• HIPERLINK

3. List the protocols used in HIPERLAN-2. (Remember)

• Radio Link Control protocol.
• DLC Connection Control
• Radio Resource Control
• Association Control Function.
4. What are the advantages of wireless LAN? (Remember)
• Flexibility
• Planning
• Robustness
• Design
• Cost
5. Define HIPERLAN-2. (Remember)(Nov 17)
It is a mobile short-range access network specified in the Broadband Radio
Access Networks (BRAN) project chartered by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). HIPERLAN-2, a competes
directly with IEEE 802.11g/n, aka Wi-Fi.

6. What is Bluetooth? (Remember)

It is an open specification for short range wireless voice and data
communications that was originally developed forcible replacement in PAN.

7. How is interference between Bluetooth and 802.11 handled? [AU

April/May 2012](Analyze)
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Bluetooth – CVSD Continuously Variable Slope Modulation.

IEEE 802.11 – CSMA/CA
8. List the logical channels provided by L2CAP.
L2CAP provides three types of logical Channels.
They are:
 Connectionless
 Connection oriented
 Signaling

9. Write some of the characteristics of Bluetooth. (May /June 2012)

(Remember)

Frequency band 2.5GHz

Technology Spread spectrum
Transmission method Hybrid direct sequence and
frequency hopping
Transmitting power 1 mill watt
Data speed Asymmetric- 721 +57.6 Kbps,
symmetric link – 432.6Kbps
Range 10ms
10. What are the layers in IEEE 802.11 architecture? (Analyze)

Physical Layer.
- Physical layer convergence procedure(PLCP)
- Physical Medium dependent Sublayer (PMD).
Data link layer
- Logical Link Control Layer.(LLC)
- Medium Access Control (MAC).

11. What are the functions of Physical Layer? (Analyze) (Nov 17)
On transmission, assemble data into a frame with address and error detection
fields.
On, reception, disassemble frame, and perform address and error detection.
Govern access to the LAN transmission medium.
Provide an interface to higher layers and perform flow and error control.

12. Draw the MAC frame format. (Apply)

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MAC Destination Source Data CRC

control MAC MAC
address address

Data:

DSAP SSAP LLC Information

control

DSAP:
I/G DSAP value
I/G – Individual / Group
DSAP – Destination Service Access Point
SSAP:
C/R SSAP value
C / R – Command / Response
SSAP --Source Service Access Point

13. Define MANET. (Remember)

A MANET consists of a number of mobile devices that come together to form
a network as needed, without any support from any existing Internet
infrastructure or any other kind of fixed stations.

14. What are the characteristics of MANET? (May /June 2012)(Analyze)

 Dynamic topologies.
 Bandwidth constrained and variable capacity links.
 Energy constrained operations.
 Limited physical security

15. What are the applications of MANET?(Understand)

 Defense applications
 Crisis management applications.
 Telemedicine applications.
 Tele geo processing applications.
 Virtual navigation.
 Education via the Internet.

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16. What are the building blocks of IEEE 802.11 architecture? (Understand)
 Basic Service SET. (BSS)
 Distribution System (DS)
 Access Point (AP).

17. What are the other IEEE.802.11 protocols?(Remember)

 802.11a High speed physical layer in 5 GHz band
 802.11b higher speed physical layer extension of wireless in 2.4 GHz
band
 802.11d Local and metropolitan area wireless 802.11g Broadband
wireless

18. List out the IEEE 802.11 Services.(Remember)

a. Distribution of Messages within a DS.
o Distribution
o Integration.
b. Association Related Services
 No Transition.
 BSS Transition.
 ESS transition.
c. Access and Privacy Services.
 Authentication.
 DE authentication.
 Privacy.

19. Define WIMAX(Remember)

 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless
industry coalition dedicated to the advancement of IEEE 802.16 standards
for broadband wireless access (BWA) networks. WiMax is a standardized
wireless version of Ethernet intended primarily as an alternative to wire
technologies (such as Cable Modems, DSL and T1/E1 links) to provide
broadband access to customer premises.

20. List Some of the salient features supported by WiMAX are: (Remember)
i. High data rates: - WiMAX can typically support data rates from 500 Kbps
to 2 Mbps. - The inclusion of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna
techniques along with flexible sub-channelization schemes, advanced coding
and modulation all enable mobile to support peak downlink data rates of 63

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Mbps per sector and peak uplink data rates of up to 28 Mbps per sector in a 10
MHz channel.
ii. Quality of service (QoS):

 WiMAX has clearly defined QoS classes for applications with different
requirements such as VoIP, real time video streaming, file transfer and web
traffic.

iii. Scalability:

 Mobile WiMAX is designed to able to work in different channelization from

1.25 to 20 MHz to comply with varied world-wide requirements.

iv. Security:

 There is support for diverse set of user credentials like SIM/USIM cards, smart
cards, digital certificates, username/password schemes.
 All this is based on relevant ‘extensible authentication protocol (EAP)’ methods
for credential type.

v. Mobility:
 Mobile WiMAX supports optimized handoff schemes with latencies less than
50ms to ensure that real time applications such as VoIP can be performed
without service degradation.
 Flexible key management schemes assume that security is maintained during
handoff.

21. Write the Spectrum Allocation for WiMAX? (Understand)

 i. The biggest spectrum segment for WiMAX is around 2.5GHz.
 ii. The other bands are around 3.5HZ, 2.3/2.5GHz, or 5GHz, with 2.3/2.5GHz.

22. Difference between Wi-Fi and WiMAX: (Remember)(May 17)

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Sr.No Wi-Fi WiMAX

1. Wi-Fi technology is based on IEEE WiMAX technology is based on

802.11 standards. IEEE 802.16 standards.

2. 802.11a-OFDM,maximum 802.16-OFDM, maximum

rate=54Mbps.,802.11b- rate=50Mbps.,802.16e-OFDM,
DSSS,maximum maximum rate~30Mbps.
rate=11Mbps.,802.11g-
OFDM,maximum rate=54Mbps.

3. The stations gain access to media There is time slot for each station
based on CSMA/CA and back off and there is scheduling algorithm
algorithm schemes. used by base station.

4. Range is less than 100 meters. A kilometer non-line-of-sight,

more with line-of-sight.

5. Indoor Environment. Outdoor Environment.

6. No Quality of Service. Five Quality of service enforced

by base station.

23. What are the differences between the 802.11a and HIPET LAN-2?
(Remember)
 The HIPER LAN-2 standard uses the same physical layer as 802.11a with a
MAC that supports the needs of the cellular telephone industry is supporting
mechanisms for tariff, integration with existing cellular systems and providing
QOS. IEEE 802.11camp is a connectionless WLAN camp that evolved from
data oriented computer communications. HIPER LAN-2 camp is connection
based WLANs addressing the needs of voice oriented cellular telephone.

24. State the relationship between HYPER LAN-2 and WATM. (Remember)
HIPER LAN-2 aims at higher data rates and intends to accommodate ATM as
well as IP type access.

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25. How many transport channels and logical channels are implemented in
the HIPERLAN-2 DLC layer? (Analyze)
HIPERLAN-2 DLC layer has four transport channels and five logical
channels.

26. What is meant by wireless ATM? (Remember)

Wireless ATM is sometimes called as mobile ATM or WATM. It does not
only describe a transmission technology, but specify a complete
communication system. It develops a set of specifications that extends the use
of ATM technology to wireless network.

27. Define MAC layer of WIMAX? (Remember) (May 17)

The IEEE 802.16 MAC was designed for point-to-multipoint broadband
wireless access applications. The primary task of the WiMAX MAC layer is
to provide an interface between the higher transport layers and the
physical layer.

28. Give any three differ3ences between HIPERLAN 1 and HIPERLAN

2?(Analyze) (May 2018)

Specifications HIPERLAN/1 HIPERLAN/2

Access technique TDMA, EY NPMA TDMA, TDD

Modulation GMSK, FSK BPSK-OFDM, QPSK-OFDM,

technique 16QAM-OFDM, 64QAM-OFDM

Data rate (Mbps) 23 (HBR), 1.4 (LBR) From 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 48, 54

Frequency of 5.1 GHz to 5.3 GHz 5.1 GHz to 5.3 GHz

operation

Data rate 23.2 Mbps Greater than 20 Mbps

Application WLAN Wireless ATM, Indoor Access

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Topology Infrastructure, De- cellular, centralized

centralised Ad-Hoc

Antenna type Omni-directional Omni-directional

Coverage Range 50 meters 50 to 100 meters

Interface LAN ATM networks

Mobility less than 10 m/s less than 10 m/s

29. What is IEEE 802.11? What are the functions of MAC layer in IEEE
802.11?(Remember) (May 2018)
IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY)
specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN)
computer communication in the 900 MHz and 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz
frequency bands.
30. List the features of Zigbee? (Understand)
Data rates of 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps.
Two addressing modes; 16-bit short and 64-bit IEEE addressing.
Support for critical latency devices, such as joysticks.
CSMA-CA channel access.
Automatic network establishment by the coordinator.
Fully handshake protocol for transfer reliability.

31. Define Zigbee Coordinator?(Remember)

ZC is the starting point of the network and allows other devices to connect to it.
This co-ordinator saves messages until they can be delivered, which is also called
as Full Functional Device.

32. Write the Zigbee Applications? (Remember)

Home Automation
a. Security Systems

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b. Meter Reading Systems

c. Light Control Systems
d. HVAC Systems
Consumer Electronics
e. Gaming Consoles
f. Wireless Mouse
g. Wireless Remote Controls
Industrial Automation
h. Asset Management
i. Personnel Tracking
j. Livestock Tracking
Healthcare
Hotel Room Access
Fire Extinguishers

33. Define 6LowPAN Network?(Remember)

6LoWPAN is a networking technology or adaptation layer that allows IPv6
packets to be carried efficiently within small link layer frames, such as those
defined by IEEE 802.15.4.

34. Draw the diagram of 6LowPAN Stack?(Apply)

35. Define Wireless HART?(Remember)

WirelessHART uses a flat mesh network where all radio stations (field devices)
form a network. Every participating station serves simultaneously as a signal
source and a repeater. The original transmitter sends a message to its nearest
neighbor, which passes the message on until the message reaches the base station
and the actual receiver.
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36. Write the specifications of PHY layer of WirelessHART?(Remember)

 Same 16 mutually orthogonal channels
 Operates in the 2.4GHz ISM band
 Data rate of up to 250 Kbps
37. What is Zigbee? (Remember)[APRIL/MAY 2021]
Zigbee is a standards-based wireless technology developed to enable low-cost,
low-power wireless machine-to-machine (M2M) and internet of things
(IoT) networks.
38. What are the benefits of Bluetooth over other wireless technologies?
(Remember)[APRIL/MAY 2021]
 Wireless. ...
 Affordable. ...
 Easy Automation. ...
 The Wireless Standard. ...
 Minimal Interference. ...
 Energy-efficient. ...
 Sharing of Data and Voice Communications. ...

PART-B

1. What are the basic differences between wireless WANs and WLANs, and
what are the common features? (Analyze)

2. What are the problems of WLANs? What level of security can WLANs
provide, what is needed additionally and how far do the standards
go?(Understand)

3. Explain in detail about the IEEE 802.11 protocol architecture and

bridgingwith other networks. (Apply) (Nov-17) (May-17)

4. Define HiperLan-2. Discuss about the various operation modes and

protocolstack in HiperLan-2. (Apply) (Nov-17)

5. Compare IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN2, and Bluetooth with regard to their ad-
hoc Capabilities. (Analyze) (May-17)

6. What are the reasons for the use of infra-red transmission for
WLANs?(Understand)
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7. Why is the PHY layer in IEEE 802.11 subdivided? What about HiperLAN2
and Bluetooth? (Analyze)

8. How do IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN2 and Bluetooth, respectively, solve the

hidden terminal problem?(Analyze)

9. What are advantages and problems of forwarding mechanisms in Bluetooth

networks regarding security, power saving, and network stability? (Analyze)

10. Why did WATM not succeed as stand-alone technology, what parts of
WATM succeeded? (Analyze)

11. Discuss the methods by which data services get integrated with voice
oriented networks. (Understand) [AU May / June 2012]

12. Explain in detail about security and privacy in wireless networks

(Understand) (Nov/Dec 2014)
13. Write a note on security issues in wireless networks (April/May 2015)

14. Distinguish between collisions on PHY and MAC layer. How do the three
wireless networks, try to solve the collisions or minimize the probability of
collisions? (Analyze)

15. Compare the power saving mechanisms in all three LANs. What are the
negative effects of the power saving mechanisms, what are the trade-offs
between power consumption and transmission QoS? (Analyze)

16. Compare the QoS offered in all three LANs in ad-hoc mode. What
advantages does an additional infrastructure offer? How is QoS provided in
Bluetooth? (Analyze)

17. With neat sketch describe the architecture of IEEE 802.11 and explain the
MAC management techniques(Apply)(May 2018)

18. Elucidate the advantages of WLAN techniques(Remember)(May 2018)

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19. Explain the architecture of Hiperlan II protocol(Understand)(May 2018)

20. Describe about protocol architecture for IEEE 802.11.
(Understand)[APRIL/MAY 2021]
21. Explain fully about WPAN. (Understand)[APRIL/MAY 2021]

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1. Discuss about reliable data delivery by the MAC layer? (PO1) (Remember)
2. Explain the overall architecture of HIPERLAN-1? (PO2) (Understand)
3. Explain the security services provided by IEEE 802.11?(PO4) (Analyze)
4. How do IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN2 and Bluetooth, respectively, solve the
hidden terminal problem? (PO4) (Analyze)
5. Compare IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN2, and Bluetooth with regard to their ad-hoc
capabilities. Where is the focus of these technologies? (PO4) (Analyze)
6. Name reasons for the development of wireless ATM. What is one of the main
differences to Internet technologies from this point of view? Why did WATM
not succeed as stand-alone technology, what parts of WATM succeeded? (PO2)
(Understand)
7. What is protocol stack of Bluetooth? Explain the core protocol element of
Bluetooth? (PO2) (Understand)
8. Explain the concept and silent features of IEEE802.11 MAC layer? (PO2)
(Understand)
9. Compare the various enhancements of IEEE 802.11? (PO4) (Analyze) (Nov 17)
10. Why is the PHY layer in IEEE 802.11 subdivided? What about HiperLAN2 and
Bluetooth? (PO4) (Analyze)

UNIT II MOBILE NETWORK LAYER

PART – A

11. What is Dynamic source Routing? (Remember)

Dynamic Source Routing eliminates all periodic routing updates. If a node
needs to discover a route, it broadcast a route request with a unique identifier
and the destination address as parameters. Any node that receivers a route
request gives a list of addresses representing a possible path on its way
toward the destination.

12. List the Mobile ad-hoc routing protocol? (Understand)

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Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) Routing protocol.  Ad-

hoc on demand distance vector routing protocol. Dynamic source routing
protocol.

13. What is mobile routing? (Remember)

Even if the location of a terminal is known to the system, it still has to route
the traffic through the network to the access point currently responsible for
the wireless terminal. Each time a user moves to a new access point, the
system must reroute traffic. This is known as mobile routing.

14. List the major goals when selecting a routing protocol. (Remember)
Possible reliability by selecting alternative routes if node connectivity fails.
minimizing the actual length between the source and destination through the
least number of intermediate nodes. Especially important for interactive
sessions between user applications.

15. What is a Mobile IP address? (Remember) (May-17)

Mobile IP (or MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard
communications protocol that is designed to allow mobile device users to
move from one network to another while maintaining a
permanent IP address.

16. Define IPv6? (Remember)

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is an Internet Protocol (IP) used for
carrying data in packets from a source to a destination over various
networks. IPv6 is the enhanced version of IPv4 and can support very large
numbers of nodes as compared to IPv4. It allows for 2128 possible node, or
address, combinations.

17. What is DHCP? (Remember)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that
enables a server to automatically assign an IP address to a computer from a
defined range of numbers (i.e., a scope) configured for a given network

18. Name the entities of DHCP? (Remember)

The entities acquired via DHCP are, e.g., DHCP relay, DHCP server etc.

19. How can DHCP be used for mobility and support of mobile IP?
(Analyze) (Nov 17)
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DHCP is a good candidate for support the acquisition of COA for mobile
nodes. The same holds for all other parameters needed, such as address of
the default router, DNS servers etc. A DHCP server should be located in the
subnet of the access point of the mobile node, or at least a DHCP relay
should provide forwarding of the messages.

20. What advantages does the use of IPv6 offer for mobility? (Understand)
Many mobility supporting function are already integrated in IPv6. An
explicit FA is not needed any more, all routers are capable of agent
advertisements, tunnelling, forwarding of data, setting up security
associations. Authentication is built-in as well as optimisation functions.

21. Name the main differences between multi-hop ad hoc networks?

(Remember)
Ad-hoc networks in general do not require an infrastructure to operate (they
can be connected to an infrastructure). Multi-hop ad-hoc networks
additionally do not require that all nodes can receive each other. Nodes may
forward transmissions for other nodes.

22. What are general problems of mobile IP regarding security?

(Remember)
Mobile IP does not increase security compared to IP, on the contrary. The
only additional security related function is the authentication of MN and HA.
However, if MN and HA, together, want to attack an FA, nothing can
prevent them.

23. What are the classifications of Table Driven routing protocols?

(Understand)
Destination sequenced distance vector Routing.
Cluster Head Gateway switch routing.
Wireless routing protocols

24. Define Adhoc Networks? (Remember)

Adhoc network is an autonomous system node connected with wireless link.
The node in the ad hoc network communicates with other node without any
physical representation. The nodes in the ad hoc organization instantly form
the network whenever the communication is established.

25. Write the advantages of Adhoc Networks? (Remember)

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 Ease of deployment
 Speed of deployment
 Decreased dependence on infrastructure
26. List the issues of MANET? (Remember)
 Lack of a centralized entity.
 Network topology changes frequently and unpredictably
 Channel access/bandwidth availability
 Hidden/exposed station problem

27. List the disadvantages of Dynamic source routing? (Remember)

 Packet header size grows with route length due to source routing.
 Flood of route requests may potentially reach all nodes in the network

28. What are the features of IPv6? (Understand)

 Larger Address Space
 Simplified Header
 End-to-end Connectivity
 Auto-configuration
 Faster Forwarding/Routing
 IP Security
 No Broadcast
 Any cast Support
 Mobility
 Enhanced Priority Support
 Smooth Transition
 Extensibility
19. What are the advantages of IPv6 over IPv4? (Analyze)
Advantages of IPv6 compared to IPv4:
 IPv6 in addition to offering a significantly larger address space, has
many other advantages over IPv4:
 The IPv6 protocol has built in support for multicast 1 transmission,
while with IPv4 this feature is optional.
 IPv6 devices allocate also an only locally accessible and valid IPv6
address for a client connected, which allows communication between
endpoints on the same sub-network regardless of the presence of a
router. 2

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 As for security features, the IPsec support (authentication and

encryption) is a mandatory component of the IPv6 protocol, while in
case of IPv4 this feature is optional.
 Contrary to the Mobile IPv4 protocol, the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) helps
avoid triangular routing experienced earlier, and makes it possible for
mobile (WiFi) clients to select a new router without renumbering,
which results in a more reliable and faster connection with less
network interruption.
 In case of IPv4, data packages have an upper size limit of 64 kB
(kilobytes), while with IPv6 this may be extended up
to 4GB (gigabytes), significantly increasing the transmission rate.

20. Write the differences between IPv4 and IPv6?(Understand) (Nov 17)

IPv4/IPv6 Differences

IPv4 IPv6

Address 32 bits (4 bytes) 128 bits (16 bytes)

12:34:56:78 1234:5678:9abc:def0:
1234:5678:9abc:def0
Packet size 576 bytes required, 1280 bytes required without fragmentation
fragmentation optional
Packet Routers and sending hosts Sending hosts only
fragmentation

Packet header Does not identify packet Contains Flow Label field that specifies
flow for QoS handling packet flow for QoS handling
Includes a checksum Does not include a checksum
Includes options Extension headers used for optional data
up to 40 bytes
DNS records Address (A) records, Address (AAAA) records,
maps host names maps host names
Pointer (PTR) records, Pointer (PTR) records,
IN-ADDR.ARPA DNS IP6.ARPA DNS domain
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domain
Address Manual or via DHCP Stateless address auto configuration
configuration (SLAAC) using Internet Control Message
Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) or DHCPv6
IP to MAC broadcast ARP Multicast Neighbour Solicitation
resolution

Local subnet Internet Group Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)

group Management Protocol
management (IGMP)

Broadcast Yes No

Multicast Yes Yes

IPSec optional, external required

21. What is Mobile IP? What are the entities of Mobile IP(Remember) (May
17) (May 2018)

Mobile IP is an enhancement of the Internet Protocol (IP) that adds

mechanisms for forwarding Internet traffic to mobile devices (known
as mobile nodes) when they areconnecting through other than their home
network.

1. Entities
2. Mobile Node (MN)
3. Correspondent node (CN)
4. Home network
5. Foreign network
6. Foreign agent (FA)
7. Care-of address (COA)
8. Home agent (HA)

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22. Differentiate an ad hoc network and a cellular network with respect to

(a) Bandwidth usage (b) Cost Effectiveness(Analyze)(May 2018)

Parameters Cellular network Ad Hoc network

Distributed, No centralized
Network Centralized, all the traffic goes system such as Base station
routing through the Base Station needed

Switching Type Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Number of
Hops single hop type Multiple hops

Topology Star Mesh

Designed and developed for Designed to meet best effort

Application voice traffic data traffic requirements

Cost and time Higher cost and takes more time Lower cost and does not take
for installation for deployment more time for deployment

Low call drops during mobility

due to seamless connectivity Higher breaks in the path
Call drops across region during mobility

Network requires periodic maintenance nodes are self organising and

maintenance and hence it is costly. hence it is less costly.

It utilizes same frequency Dynamic frequency re-use is

Frequency re- channels in the nearby cells with employed using carrier sense
use proper RF planning and antenna mechanism.

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

placement. This is known as

static frequency re-use.

The allocation of BW is
Bandwidth based on shared channel
(BW) The allocation of BW is using complex MAC
mechanism guaranteed and easy. algorithms.

IS-95, IS-136, GSM, Mobile

Technologies WiMAX, CDMA, LTE WLAN 802.11e

23. What is CoAP?(Remember)

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer
protocol for use with constrained nodes and constrained networks in
the Internet of Things.
The protocol is designed for machine-to-machine (M2M) applications such
as smart energy and building automation.

24. Write the features of CoAP?(Understand)

 Overhead and parsing complexity.

 URI and content-type support.
 Support for the discovery of resources provided by known CoAP services.
 Simple subscription for a resource, and resulting push notifications.
 Simple caching based on max-age.

25. Draw the Message format of CoAP?(Apply)

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

26. What are the differences between IPV6 and IPV4 ? (Understand)[APRIL/MAY
2021]

IPv6
IPv4

Address length IPv4 is a 32-bit address. IPv6 is a 128-bit address.

Fields IPv4 is a numeric address IPv6 is an alphanumeric address

that consists of 4 fields that consists of 8 fields, which are
which are separated by separated by colon.
dot (.).

Classes IPv4 has 5 different IPv6 does not contain classes of IP

classes of IP address that addresses.
includes Class A, Class B,
Class C, Class D, and Class
E.

Number of IP IPv4 has a limited number IPv6 has a large number of IP

address of IP addresses. addresses.

VLSM It supports VLSM (Virtual It does not support VLSM.

Length Subnet Mask).
Here, VLSM means that
Ipv4 converts IP
addresses into a subnet of
different sizes.

Address It supports manual and It supports manual, DHCP, auto-

configuration DHCP configuration. configuration, and renumbering.

Address space It generates 4 billion It generates 340 undecillion

unique addresses unique addresses.

End-to-end In IPv4, end-to-end In the case of IPv6, end-to-end

connection connection integrity is connection integrity is achievable.
integrity unachievable.

Security In IPv4, security depends In IPv6, IPSEC is developed for

features on the application. This IP security purposes.
address is not developed
in keeping the security
feature in mind.

Address In IPv4, the IP address is In IPv6, the representation of the

representation represented in decimal. IP address in hexadecimal.

Fragmentation Fragmentation is done by Fragmentation is done by the

the senders and the senders only.
forwarding routers.

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

Packet flow It does not provide any It uses flow label field in the
identification mechanism for packet header for the packet flow
flow identification. identification.

Checksum field The checksum field is The checksum field is not

available in IPv4. available in IPv6.

Transmission IPv4 is broadcasting. On the other hand, IPv6 is

scheme multicasting, which provides
efficient network operations.

Encryption and It does not provide It provides encryption and

Authentication encryption and authentication.
authentication.

Number of It consists of 4 octets. It consists of 8 fields, and each

octets field contains 2 octets. Therefore,
the total number of octets in IPv6
is 16.

27. What is IOT ?

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated, internet-connected
objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without
human intervention.

PART – B
1. Name the consequences and problems of using IP together with the standard
routing protocols for mobile communications. (Understand) (Nov-17)
2 How does dynamic source routing handle routing? What is the motivation behind
dynamic source routing compared to other routing algorithms for fixed networks?
(Apply)(Nov-17)
3 Name the requirements for a mobile IP and justify them. Does mobile IP fulfill
them all? (Understand)
4 List the entities of mobile IP and describe data transfer from a mobile node to a
fixed node and vice versa. Why and where is encapsulation needed? (May 17)
(Remember)
5 How does registration on layer 3 of a mobile node work? (Understand)
6 Show the steps required for a handover from one foreign agent to another foreign
agent including layer 2 and layer 3. (Apply)
7 Explain packet flow if two mobile nodes communicate and both are in foreign
networks. What additional routes do packets take if reverse tunneling is required?
(Understand)
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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

8 Explain how tunneling works in general and especially for mobile IP using IP-in-
IP, minimal, and generic routing encapsulation, respectively. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of these three methods. (Understand)(Nov-
17)(May -17)
9 Name the inefficiencies of mobile IP regarding data forwarding from a
correspondent node to a mobile node. What are optimizations and what additional
problems do they cause? (Analyze)
10 What advantages does the use of IPv6 offer for mobility? Where are the entities
of mobile IP now? (Understand)
11 What are general problems of mobile IP regarding security and support of
quality of service? (Remember)
12 What is the basic purpose of DHCP? Name the entities of DHCP. (Analyze)
13 How can DHCP be used for mobility and support of mobile IP? (Understand)
14 Name the main differences between multi-hop ad-hoc networks and other
networks. What advantages do these ad-hoc networks offer? (Analyze)
15 Why is routing in multi-hop ad-hoc networks complicated, what are the special
challenges? (Analyze)
16 Recall the distance vector and link state routing algorithms for fixed networks.
Why are both difficult to use in multi-hop ad-hoc networks? (Remember)
17 Explain the Mobile IP session initiation protocol for IP pocket delivery in
Mobile IP Networks?(Understand)(May 2018)
18. Explain with neat diagram and example the destination sequence distance
vector routing algorithm of Adhoc Networks? (Understand)(May 2018)
19. Describe about the Routing techniques used in Mobile Ad-Hoc network. .
(Understand)(April/May 2021)
20.Explain fully about the following : (i) IPpacket delivery (ii) agent discovery and
(iii) tunneling and encapsulation. (Understand)(April/May 2021)

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
29. What are the solutions that were proposed to support mobility apart from
mobile IP? What are the problems associated with these
solutions?(PO1)(Remember )
30. List and explain the requirements for mobile IP fulfill them all? Justify.(PO2)
(Understand)
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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

31. Draw and explain the various fields of agent advertisement packet of mobile
IP? (PO1)(Remember)
32. Describe the registration of visiting mobile node on handover in Mobile IP how
is the binding between home agent and foreign agent
created?(PO2)(Understand)
33. How can DHCP be used for mobility and support of mobile IP?(PO2)(Analyze)
34. Name the requirements for a mobile IP and justify them. Does mobile IP fulfill
them all?(PO1)(Remember)
35. What advantages does the use of IPv6 offer for mobility? Where are the entities
of mobile IP now?(PO2)(Understand)
36. How does dynamic source routing handle routing? What is the motivation
behind dynamic source routing compared to other routing algorithms from fixed
networks?(PO4)(Analyze) (May-17)
37. Explain packet flow if two mobile nodes communicate and both are in foreign
networks. What additional routes do packets take if reverse tunneling is
required?(PO2)(Understand)
38. What is the basic purpose of DHCP? Name the entities of
DHCP?(PO1)(Remember)

UNIT III 3G OVERVIEW

PART – A

1. Write about 3G system. (Apply)

It is to provide fairly high speed wireless communications to support
multimedia, data and video in addition to voice.

2. Write the applications of 3G?(Understand)

Applications of 3G
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to
applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the
applications are:

 Global Positioning System (GPS)

 Location-based services
 Mobile TV
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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

 Telemedicine
 Video Conferencing
 Video on demand

3. What is the speed of 3G network? (Apply)

The operators talk about 3G speeds of 3.6 mbps to 21 mbps on their network,
but the actual speed is much lower. Last year, telecom regulator TRAI
proposed to set a minimum of one mbps download speed for 3G networks. In
fact, the difference between the speeds of 2G and 3G is hardly visible.

4. How the destination correspondent host works?(Analyze) (May 2018)

Mobile node (MN) is a node that shows mobility without changing its IP i.e. it
can change its point of attachment from one link to another but will be
reachable through its home address. Correspondent node (CN) is a node that is
intended to communicate with a MN.
5. What is CDMA2000?(Remember)
CDMA2000, also known as IMT-CDMA Multi-Carrier or 1xRTT, is a code-
division multiple access (CDMA) version of the IMT-2000 standard developed
by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The CDMA2000
standard is third-generation (3-G) mobile wireless technology.
6. Write the features of CDMA2000?(Understand)
 CDMA2000 is a family of technology for 3G mobile cellular communications
for transmission of voice, data and signals.
 It supports mobile communications at speeds between 144Kbps and 2Mbps.
 It has packet core network (PCN) for high speed secured delivery of data
packets.
 It applies multicarrier modulation techniques to 3G networks. This gives higher
data rate, greater bandwidth and better voice quality. It is also backward
compatible with older CDMA versions.
 It has multi-mode, multi-band roaming features.
7. What is TD-CDMA?(Remember)
Time Division- Code Division Multiple Access is part of the UMTS standard for the
3rd generation of mobile communications (3G). TD-CDMA is also referred to as
UMTS UTRA TDD High Chip Rate.
8. What is TD-SCDMA?(Remember)

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

TD-SCDMA is a time division duplex, TDD version of UMTS that was developed
in China and offered some key advantages as a TDD version. TD-SCDMA
standards for Time Division - Synchronous CDMA.
9. List the types of UMTS handover?(Understand)
 Hard handover: This form of handover is essentially the same as that used
for 2G networks where one link is broken and another established.
 Soft handover: This form of handover is a more gradual and the UE
communicates simultaneously with more than one Node B or base station during
the handover process.
 Softer handover: Not a full form of UMTS handover, but the UE
communicates with more than one sector managed by the same NodeB.
10. What is UMTS?(Remember)
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third
generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard.
Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project),
UMTS is a component of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-
2000 standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard set for
networks based on the competing cdma One technology. UMTS uses
wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology
to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators.
11. What are the features of UMTS? (Remember)
UMTS supports maximum theoretical data transfer rates of
42 Mbit/s when Evolved HSPA (HSPA+) is implemented in the network. Users
in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for Release
'99 (R99) handsets (the original UMTS release), and 7.2 Mbit/s for High-Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) handsets in the downlink connection.
These speeds are significantly faster than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-
corrected circuit switched data channel, multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in High-

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Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) and 14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne

channels.
12. What is meant by UMTS network? (Remember)
UMTS, short for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, is a
3G networking standard used throughout much of the world as an upgrade to
existing GSM mobile networks. UMTS makes use of WCDMA, a technology
that shares much with CDMA networks used throughout the world, though it is
not compatible with them.
13. What are the QoS classes in the UMTS? (Remember)
Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video gaming)
Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast)
Interactive class (web browsing, network gaming, database access)
Background class (email, SMS, downloading)
14. Write about the UMTS architecture?(Understand)
A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains; Core Network (CN),
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and User Equipment (UE).
The main function of the core network is to provide switching, routing and
transit for user traffic. Core network also contains the databases and network
management functions.
15. Define radio access network? (Remember) (May 17)
Wide band CDMA technology was selected to for UTRAN air interface.
UMTS WCDMA is a Direct Sequence CDMA system where user data is
multiplied with quasi-random bits derived from WCDMA Spreading codes. In
UMTS, in addition to channelization, Codes are used for synchronization and
scrambling. WCDMA has two basic modes of operation: Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).
16. What is the purpose of firewalls in UMTS Network? (Understand)
(May 17)
The primary purpose of a firewall is packet filtering. When a computer sends a
request across the Internet, it takes the form of small packets of data, which
travel through the network to their destination. The target server responds with
its own packets of data, which return along the same route.
17. What are the benefits of 3Gover 2G? (Understand)(April/May 2021)
 Faster data transfer rate.
 Availability of fixed.
 Multimedia services are available.
 Anywhere access to the internet.

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

 Cheap call rate in worldwide.

 Security and reliability are more.
 Always online devices.
 Provide interoperability among service providers.

18. What are the limits of 3G technology ? (Understand)(April/May 2021)

 Needs different handsets.
 Insufficient bandwidth.
 Power consumption is high.
 Require closer base station and are expensive.
 Spectrum license cost.
 High expenses of 3G phones.
 3G compatible handset.
 Connection rate.

PART – B

1. Discuss two evolution paths for the GSM to offer 3G services.(Understand)

(Nov-17)
2. What is the high-speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) in the
GSM?(Analyze)
3.What is the role of the general packet radio service (GPRS) in the
GSM?(Understand)
4. What are the QoS classes in the UMTS? (Remember)
5. Define roles of two new network entities in the GPRS. (Remember)
6. How are higher data rates achieved in the enhanced data rates for GSM
enhancement (EDGE)? Discuss.(Understand) (May 17)

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

7. Describe the basic concepts of congestion control. What are the

implicationson mobility in traditional TCP ? (Apply)(Nov-17)
8. What are the modulation and coding schemes that are used for the packet
mode in the EDGE? (Analyze)
9. Discuss the roles of 3G systems. (Understand)
10. What is the UMTS? List important features of the UMTS air interface.
(Remember)
11. What are three channel types that are used in the UMTS? Discuss the role of
each channel type. (Remember)
11. What are the three main entities of the UMTS network? Discuss their
functions.(Analyze)
12. Discuss the responsibilities of the RNC in the UMTS network.
(Remember)
13. What are the responsibilities of Node B in the UMTS network? (Analyze)
14. Discuss the role of the access link control application part (ALCAP) in the
UMTS.(Understand)
15. Discuss Iu, Iur, and Iub interfaces in the UMTS. (Analyze) (May 17)
16. The core network of the UMTS is divided into three different functional
areas. Name these areas and discuss their roles. (Apply)
17. What is adaptive multi-rate (AMR) codec? (Remember)
18. Discuss the UMTS bearer service layered architecture. (Understand)
19. How is isolation between users in the downlink accomplished in a
WCDMA system?(Analyze)
20. What are some of the point-to-point (PTP) and point-to-multipoint (PTM)
applications of the GPRS?(Understand)

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21. Name the physical channels of the GPRS and discuss their functions.
(Remember)
22. Explain in detail about LTE Wireless Systems?(Understand) (May 18)
23. Explain the techniques about UMTS Network Reference
Architecture?(Understand) (May 18)
24. Describe the Channel Structure in UMTS Terrestrial Radio?(Understand)
(May 18)
25. Explain fully about the UMTScore network architecture.
(Understand)(April/May 2021)
26. Explain about (i) TD-CDMAand (ii) TD-SCDMA.
(Understand)(April/May 2021)

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

i. Explain the working of snooping TCP?(PO2)(Understand )

ii. What are the mechanisms of TCP that are designed and suitable for wired
network environment but not mobile environment?(PO3)(Remember)
iii. Explain in Indirect TCP Access point is seen as the mobile host for the fixed
host and as fixed host for mobile host? (PO2)(Understand)
iv. How handover takes place in Indirect TCP?(PO4)(Analyze)
v. Show the interaction of mobile IP with standard TCP. Draw the packet flow
from a fixed host to a mobile host via a foreign agent. Then a handover takes
place. What are the following actions of mobile IP and how does TCP
react?(PO4)(Analyze)
vi. How and why does I-TCP isolate problems on the wireless link? What are the
main drawbacks of this solution?(PO4)(Analyze)
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 PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

vii. Compare the different types of transmission errors that can occur in wireless and
wired networks. What additional role does mobility play? (PO4) (Analyze)
viii. Name further optimizations of TCP regarding the protocol overhead which are
important especially for narrow band connections. Which problems may
occur?(PO1)(Remember)

UNIT – IV INTERNETWORKING BETWEEN WLANS AND

WWANS
PART – A
1. What are different services offered by GPRS? (Remember)
i. Point to multi point, ii. Point to point
2. Name the connectionless and connection oriented services provided by the
GPRS? (Remember)
In GPRS Point to point communication, there are two types, i. IP – connection
less service, and ii. CLNP Connection oriented on X.25.
3. What is GPRS-136? How does it differ from GPRS? (Remember)
The adaptation of GPRS to the IS –136 TDMA cellular standard is called
GPRS-136.It uses 30kHz physical channel instead of 200 KHz.
4. Is the EDGE network 2G or 3G? (Analyze)
Letter E stands for EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution). It is
also called Enhanced GPRS. This technology lies somewhere in
between 2G and 3Gtechnology. So, some people refer to it as 2.5G.
5. Give the significance about link adaption scheme? (Understand) (May 18)
The principle of link adaptation is to match the modulation, coding and other
signal and protocol parameters to the condition of radio link. Link
adaptation is an essential technology which can improve the system
capacity.
6. List some applications of WLAN (Understand)
 Public Coffee Shop Airport Convention Center
 Semi-Public University Hospital
 Private Government Enterprise Manufacturing Facility Home
7. List the features of WLAN (Understand)

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

 WLANs are flexible data communications systems using radio frequency

(RF) technology, WLANs transmit and receive data over the air, thus it
combine data connectivity with user mobility
 WLANs provide high-speed, reliable data communications in a building or
campus environment as well as coverage in rural areas. WLANs are simple to
install.
 The range of a WLAN depends on the actual usage and environment of the
system. It may vary from 100 feet inside a solid walled building to several
thousand feet in an outdoor environment with direct line-of sight.
 An important feature of WLANs is that they can be used independently of
wired networks
 The network communications take place in a part of the radio spectrum that
is designed as license free.
 Standard WLANs are capable of operating at speeds in the range of 1–2
Mbps depending on the actual system. The fastest WLANs use 802.11b high-
rate standard to move data through air at a maximum speed of 11 Mbps.
8. What are the Design Goals of Wireless LAN?(Remember)
Global Operation, Low Power, License-free Operation, Robust  Transmission
technology, simplified spontaneous co-operation, Easy to use, protection of
investment, Safety and Security, Transparency for application.
9. What are the limitations of GPRS? (Remember)
The limitations of GPRS are
i) There is only a limited cell capacity for all users.
ii) Speed is lower
iii) When MS is not available there are no storage and forward services.
10. What is Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service? (Remember)
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) is a broadcasting and
communications service that operates in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF)
portion of the radio spectrum between 2.1 and 2.7 GHz. MMDS is also known
as wireless cable.
11. What is Local Multipoint Distribution Service?(Remember)
Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), is a broadband wireless point to
multipoint communication system that provides reliable digital two-way voice,
data and Internet services.
12. List the difference between MMDS and LMDS?(Understand)

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

13. What are the requirements for internetworking? (Remember)[April/May

2021]
(1.) Provide a link between networks. At minimum, a physical and link
control connection is needed. (2) Provide for the routing and delivery of
data between processes on different networks. (3) Provide an accounting
service that keeps track of the use of the various networks and routers and
maintains status information. (4) Provide the services just listed in such a
way as not to require modifications to the networking architecture of any
of the constituent networks.
14. What is session mobility? (Remember)[April/May 2021]
Transfer and Retrieval Session mobility involves both transfer and retrieval of
an active session. A transfer means to move the session on the current device
to one or more other devices. A retrieval causes a session currently on another
device to be transferred to the local device.

PART – B

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

1. Explain about the architecture of GPRS in detail? (Understand)

2. Explain about the architecture of WLAN in detail? (Understand)
3. Explain about the architecture of WWAN in detail? (Understand)
4. Explain in detail about the design goals of WLAN? (Understand)
5. List and explain the various schemes to connect WLAN
networks?(Remember)
6. Explain about Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System in detail?
(Understand)
7. Explain about Local Multipoint Distribution Service in detail?
(Understand)
8. Elaborate on the ‘Internetworking architecture’ used for connecting
WLAN with GPRSsystem. (Understand)[April/May 2021]
9. Explain about the following : (i) Session mobility (ii) Local Multipoint
distribution service and (iii) Multichannel multipoint distribution
system. (Understand)[April/May 2021]
ASSIGNEMENT QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the roles of 3G systems.(PO2)(Understand) (May-17)
2. Discuss the UMTS bearer service layered architecture. (PO2)(Understand)
(May-17)
3. What are the responsibilities of Node B in the UMTS network?
(PO4)(Analyze)
4. What are the new interfaces required for the UMTS R4 network? Mention their
functions?(PO1)(Remember)
5. How are higher data rates achieved in the enhanced data rates for GSM
enhancement (EDGE)? Discuss.(PO4)(Analyze)

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

6. What are the main functions of UMTS radio access bearer services?
(PO1)(Remember)
7. How many types of handoff are possible in UMTS networks? Describe the
basic handoff procedures when mobile terminals move within the RNC?
(PO4)(Analyze)
8. How is isolation between users in the downlink accomplished in a WCDMA
system?(PO4)(Analyze)
UNIT – V 4G NETWORKS
PART – A
1. What is 4 g? (Remember)
4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone technology and follows on from
2G and 3G. 2G technologies was suitable for making calls and sending text
messages while 3G makes it possible to access the internet more effectively
through your mobile phone.

2. What is the difference between 4G and 4GLTE? (Remember)

While the difference between slower 3G networks and
new 4G or LTE networks is certainly noticeably faster, most of the 4G and
“true 4G” networks have upload and download speeds that are almost identical.
For now, LTE is the fastest connection available for wireless networks.

3. What is the difference between 3G and 4G? (Remember) (Nov 17)

On the surface, the difference between 3G and 4G is pretty simple. The “G” is
short for generation, so 3G and 4G represent the third and fourth generations of
mobile broadband Internet. As a rule, provided that you're on the same carrier,
a 4Gconnection will be faster than a 3G one.

4. How fast is the 3g network?(Analyze)

The average mobile broadband download speed on 4G (15.1Mbit/s) was more
than twice as fast as 3G (6.1Mbit/s) across all the networks. The research found
that performance varied by operator. EE and O2 offered faster than average 4G
download speeds at 18.4 Mbit/s and 15.6Mbit/s respectively.

5. What is the data transmission speed of 4g network? (Remember)

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), also known as CDMA2000 EV-DO, is an

expected path to 4G for legacy CDMA network providers. It's an IP-based
technology that is said to support 100Mbps through 1Gbps data-transmission
speeds.

6. Compare 4G with 3G?(Analyze) (May 17)

Parameter 3G 4G
Major Require Voice driven data Converged data and
Driving Voice over IP.
Archtechure
Data Type Predecessor network to 4G The successor to 3G
with a higher data transfer network with much
rates to access audio and higher speed and access
internet data. to audio and video files
without any buffers.
Type data It is termed as Broadband It is termed as ‘MAGIC’
transmission Mobile Technology and Mobile multimedia,
uses packet data Anytime anywhere,
transmission Global mobility support
and Customized
Personal service.
Technology Major 3G technologies are Major 4G technologies
EDGE,CDMA2000, are HSPA+,
UMTS, etc LTE,Wimax2, etc
Data transfer speed 3G permits a minimum The data transfer rates
speed of 2Mpbs for measured in ‘mega’ and
stationary mobile and 384 the range is 20 to 1Gbps
Kbps for moving
Switching Switching Technique – Switching Technique –
Technique Packet Switching Packet Switching and
Message Switching
frequency band The frequency band is only The frequency band is 2-
1.5-2.8 GHZ 8 GHz

7. Write the advantages of 4G?(Understand)

The need for 4G Technology

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

 For wider bandwidth for Seamless access to the multimedia, tele-

conferencing & full motion video
 For uninterrupted global roaming and easy access to all the services with
integrated standard networks
 For high end mobile ultra-broadband internet accessibility with low cost per
bit
The Benefits of 3G
 Faster access to the internet to download high quality movies, audios, games
etc.
 Video calls/conferencing facilities
 Access to weather reports, news or any other information and also provides
highlights of the popular shows and sports
 Multiplayer’s gaming option

The Benefits of 4G
 Higher bandwidth so a very quick access to the internet
 Can easily watch TV, streaming videos, albums, and also get access to social
media, information, entertainment and online stores
 Location services, games, chat etc.
 Video conferencing

8. List the challenges of 4G?(Understand)

 High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology
 Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost
 Personalization
 Integrated services

9. Write the applications of 4G? (Remember) (May 17)

 Virtual presence — 4G will provide user services at all times, even if the
user is off-site.
 Virtual navigation — 4G will provide users with virtual navigation
through which a user can access a database of streets, buildings, etc., of a
large city.
 This requires high speed transmission.
 Tele-medicine — 4G will support the remote health monitoring of
patients via video conference assistance for a doctor at anytime and
anywhere.

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

 Tele-geo-processing applications — 4G will combine geographical

information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) in
which a user will get location querying.

10. What is multi carrier modulation? (Remember) (Nov 17)

Multicarrier modulation (MCM) is a derivative of frequency-division
multiplexing. Forms of multicarrier systems are currently used in DSL modems
and digital audio/video broadcast (DAB/DVB). MCM is a baseband process that
uses parallel equal bandwidth sub channels to transmit information and is
normally implemented with fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques.

11. Define OFDM? (Remember)

OFDM is possibly the most widely used form of multicarrier modulation. It uses
multiple closely spaced carriers and as a result of their orthogonality, mutual
interference between them is avoided.

12. What is the number of subcarrier in OFDM? (Remember)

An 802.11a OFDM carrier signal (burst type) is the sum of one or more OFDM
symbols each comprised of 52 orthogonal subcarriers, with baseband data on each
subcarrier being independently modulated using quadrature amplitude modulation
(available formats: BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM).

13. List the OFDM advantages(Understand)

 OFDM has been used in many high data rate wireless systems because of the
many advantages it provides.
 Immunity to selective fading
 Resilience to interference
 Spectrum efficiency
 Resilient to ISI
 Resilient to narrow-band effects
 Simpler channel equalization

14. Write the OFDM disadvantages(Remember)

 High peak to average power ratio
 Sensitive to carrier offset and drift

15. What is MIMO technology? (Remember)

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless

communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source
(transmitter) and the destination (receiver). The antennas at each end of the
communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed.

16. What is MIMO support? (Remember)

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is a wireless technology that
uses multiple transmitters and receivers to transfer more data at the same time. All
wireless products with 802.11n support MIMO, which is part of the technology
that allows 802.11n to reach much higher speeds than products without 802.11n.

17. Define cognitive radio? (Remember)

Cognitive radio (CR) is a form of wireless communication in which a
transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in use
and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding
occupied ones.

18. What is the meaning of cognitive network?(Understand)

In communication networks, cognitive network (CN) is a new type of
data network that makes use of cutting edge technology from several research
areas (i.e. machine learning, knowledge representation,
computer network, network management) to solve some problems
current networks are faced with.

19. What is meant by dynamic spectrum access? (Understand)

Dynamic spectrum access is a new spectrum sharing paradigm that allows
secondary users to access the abundant spectrum holes or white spaces in the
licensed spectrum bands. DSA is a promising technology to alleviate
the spectrum scarcity problem and increase spectrum utilization.

20. What do you mean by adaptive modulation or coding? (Understand)

Link adaptation, or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), is a term used
in wireless communications to denote the matching of
the modulation, coding and other signal and protocol parameters to the
conditions on the radio link. For example, WiMAX uses a rate adaptation
algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) according to
the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data
transmission.
21. What are 4Gfeatures? (Remember)[April/May 2021]
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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

22.
 The features of 4G are :
 Better download speed
 Extremely high voice quality.
 Easy access to Internet, IM, social networks, streaming media, video calling.
 Higher bandwidth.
 Much faster than 3G
23. What are the challenges that designers have to confront while designing
4Gsystems? (Remember)[April/May 2021]
Speed, range, product design, efficiency and reliability from mobile phones to Wi-
Fi and the Internet of Things are key challenges designers face for wireless
applications and devices
PART – B
1. Discuss the role of the Access Link Control Application Part (ALCAP) in the
UMTS.
2. Define the role of the 4G system.(Remember)
3. Compare the 3G and 4G systems.(Analyze) (May 17)
4. Discuss multicarrier modulation (MCM).(Understand) (Nov 17)
5. What is a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system? Explain. (Understand)
(Nov 17)
6. How are higher spectral efficiency and increased throughput achieved in the
OFDM-MIMO system?(Analyze) (May 17)
7. What is the BLAST system? Explain. (Understand)
8. What is the software-defined radio system? (Remember)
9. What is cognitive radio? (Remember)
10. List some of the new technologies that will be used in the 4G system.
(Understand)
11. Define 4G and compare the key parameters of 4G with 3G?
(Understand)(May 18)
12. Write a note on Cognitive Radio?(Understand)(May 18)
13. What is a multi-input multi-output(MIMO) System? Explain and compare?
(Understand)(May 18)
14. Explain fully about (i) Multi carrier modulation and (ii) smart antenna
techniques. (Understand)[April/May 2021]
15. Explain fully about (i) IMSarchitecture and (ii) MVNO.
(Understand)[April/May 2021]

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PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1. How are higher spectral efficiency and increased throughput achieved in the
OFDM-MIMO system?(PO4 )(Analyze)
2. What is a Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) system? Explain in detail.
(Apply)(Nov-17)
3. Describe the basic concepts of Adaptive Modulation and Coding Time-Slot
Scheduler, along with cognitive radio concept. (Apply)(Nov-17)(May-17)
4. What is the driving force for 4G technologies? What basic changes are required
for implementing 4G from 3G networks?(PO1)(Remember )
5. Depending on the coverage areas, how many different wireless networks are
defined? Discuss the main features of each network?(PO2)(Analyze)
6. Explain about the Multicarrier modulation techniques?(PO2)(Understand)
7. What is cognitive radio?(PO1) (Remember)
8. List some of the new technologies that will be used in the 4G system.
(PO2)(Understand)
9. Write your understanding on behavior of smart antenna
techniques.(Understand)( Nov-17)

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