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Lecture 01 - Brick

The document provides an introduction to building materials, focusing on bricks, their manufacturing process, and quality factors. It details the chemical properties of brick clay, the steps involved in brick production, and the characteristics of good bricks. Additionally, it outlines various types of bricks and field tests to determine their quality.

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isfaqmahadi22
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10 views46 pages

Lecture 01 - Brick

The document provides an introduction to building materials, focusing on bricks, their manufacturing process, and quality factors. It details the chemical properties of brick clay, the steps involved in brick production, and the characteristics of good bricks. Additionally, it outlines various types of bricks and field tests to determine their quality.

Uploaded by

isfaqmahadi22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Building and Finish

Material

Lecture 01
(Introduction)

Amit Imtiaz
What is Building
Material?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XsFeVuVQE-E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_A7_tfvt0UY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFo-KeX_AAk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UokY_YFS3JM
SOME BUILDING
MATERIALS

Steel Mud block Stone Mortar


Building and Finish
Material

Lecture 02, 03
(Brick)
BRICK
CEMENT
PLASTER
CONCRETE
SAND
STONE
BRICK

A brick is an artificial kind of stone made of


clay whose chief characteristics are
plasticity when wet and stone like hardness
after being heated to high temperature.
National Parliament Building , Louis I kahn
National Parliament Building , Louis I kahn
IIM Ahmedabad, Louis I kahn
Maisons Jaoul, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, 1951-1955, Le Corbusier
CEPT, B.V. Doshi
Kamala house, B.V. Doshi
Fine Arts Institute, Dhaka, 1954, Muzharul Islam
Chittagong University, Muzharul Islam
Residential apartment, Rafiq Azam
AGA Khan Academy, Dhaka, Rafiq Azam
AGA Khan Academy, Dhaka, Rafiq Azam
Paharpur Bihar
Nalanda Bihar
Roman Structures
Laurie Baker Brick Works
Laurie Baker Brick Works
USES OF BRICK
• Construction of foundation.

9” load bearing wall foundation.


• Construction of wall and floor.
• Construction of arches and
cornices.
• Construction of retaining
wall.
• Manufacturing surki (powdered brick) and khoa (broken brick)
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY OF BRICKS

1. Chemical properties of the clay used.


2. Preparation of the clay.
3. Process of drying.
4. Different degrees of burning.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BRICK-CLAY

1. Silica (55%):
• Prevents cracking, shrinkage and warping.
• Excessive use makes brick brittle & weak.

2. Alumina (30%):
• Imparts plasticity, density.
• Excessive use causes cracking & warping.

3. Iron-Oxide (8%):
• Enhances impermeable and durable qualities.
• Helps to fuse lime.
• Colour of brick depends on it. Silica

4. Magnesia (5%):
Alumina
• Imparts yellow tints, decrease shrinkage.
• Excess use leads to decay of brick.
Iron-oxide
5. Lime (1%):
• Prevents shrinkage during drying. Magnesia
• Should be finely powdered because lumps of lime
give volume expansion.
Lime

6. Organic Matters (1%):


• Small quantity of it will assist burning brick. Organic
• Excess use make the brick porous. matters
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICK

❑ Selection of brick-clay
❑ Preparation of brick-clay
❑ Moldings of bricks
❑ Drying of bricks
❑ Burning of brick

❑ Selection of brick-clay

• Should be free from harmful ingredients.


• Necessary to judge the suitability of the clay by making few sample brick.
❑ Preparation of brick-clay

• Removal of loose soil:


The top layer of loose soil about 30 cm depth , contains a lot of impurities
like vegetation, pebbles and organic matter.

• Digging, spreading and cleaning:


The earth is then dug out from the ground about 50 cm to 150 cm

• Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening. Which is important
for plasticity and strength of the clay.

• Blending and tempering:


Blending is a process in which the clay is mixed with suitable ingredients like
sand, lime, alumina, magnesia.
The clay is then cut slashed and well worked with spade and is trodden
which makes it soft. This process is known as tempering.
Water is gradually added and the clay is well tempered in this process.
Digging Cleaning

Weathering Blending Tempering


❑ Molding of brick

Hand molding : a) Ground molding, b) Table molding


A wooden or metal rectangular mold, made in the shape of a brick is
normally used for this purpose.

Hand molding
Machine molding : a) Plastic Clay Machine, b) Dry Clay Machine
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening
under pressure. It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.

MACHINE MOLDIN
❑ Drying of bricks

• Wet brick contains 7% to 30%moisture, depending upon the forming


method.

• Before the firing process begins, most of this water is evaporated in dryer
chambers at temperatures ranging from about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to
204 ºC).

• The extent of drying time varies with different clay type & local climatic
condition. usually is between 24 to 48 hours.

• Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the


brick.
❑ Burning of bricks

• Dry bricks are compiled in kiln for firing


process.

• At 1200ºF(temperature), organic matter


present in bricks is oxidized and disappears.

• When temperature is raised to about 2100ºF ,


certain chemical changes takes places and
increases density and strength.

• Bricks are burnt in clamps or in kilns.


BRICK KILN
Kilns are permanent structures, designed scientifically to burn the bricks on
large quantity. It consists of a regular walled structure with proper
arrangements for healing.

1) Hoffman’s kiln ,
2) Trench kiln or Tunnel kiln.
Hoffman’s kiln :

An annular chamber by brick partitions


with small opening into 12 or more
compartment each of which is
connected by a flue to a central
chimney.
Each compartment is also provided with
a door-opening outward for loading
unloading.
Holes are provided on top of each
compartment to drop fuel.
Each compartment of the kiln has
specific function.

Brick manufacturing process video:


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnu7qZPuuh8
Related images of Hoffman’s kiln

Fuel hole over the brick compartment

Inside a brick kiln, before firing Fuel over the brick compartment
TYPES OF BRICKS

First class brick


• Uniform Size & Color
• Evenly burnt
• Accurate shape
• Gives metallic sound when hit

Second class brick


• Slightly irregular in shape or rough
on the surface

Third class brick


• Not sufficiently well burnet
• No uniformity in shape and size

Special brick
Perforated brick, Hollow brick,
Checkered brick, Stable brick, Plinth
brick, Jamb brick, Klinker Brick, Holed
brick etc
CHARECTERISTICS OF GOOD BRICK

• Uniform in color, size & shape.


• Should be sound and compact.
Uniform in color, size, shape (outside)
• Free from any cracks and other flaws
• Should not absorb more than 1/5 of their own
weight of water.
• Compressive strength 5000~8000 psi.
• Percentage of soluble salt should not exceed Not Uniform in color (inside)

2.5% in burnt bricks.


• Neither over nor under burnt.
• The weight 6lbs per brick and weight per cu ft
Under burnt
should not be less than 125lbs.
• Should have low thermal conductivity.
• Should be Non-flammable & incombustible.
• Should not change in volume when wetted
Over burnt
SIZE OF BRICK
According to PWD
specifications each brick
should measure
9¼ in× 4½in× 2¾ in

This size is most economical.


Because when bricks are put
in any construction with
mortar the size becomes
10inX5inX3in (approx.) The
size of walls which are
constructed in our country
are 3in, 5in, 15in, 20in, 25in
and 30in . So this specified
size of brick can be used
safely without any breakage.
FIELD TEST

Generally performed in the field to determine the quality of good brick.


1. Hardness Test: Trying to mark on the surface by nil. On good brick, it
cannot be done.
2. Impact Test: In this test some bricks are dropped from a height of 1
meter and their impact value is checked. A good quality brick never
breaks by falling, this is what is found in this test
3. Soundness test: It shows the nature of bricks against sudden impact. In
this test, 2 bricks are chosen randomly and struck with one another. Then
sound produced should be clear bell ringing sound and brick should not
break. Then it is said to be good brick.
4. Structure test: In the, the brick is broken and it is seen that there are no
cracks or holes inside it, if holes or cracks are found inside the brick, then
our brick is considered to be of poor quality.
5. Shape and Size Test: The shape of bricks should be truly rectangle and
should have standard sizes per relative code of regulation
Thank You

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