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Wa0030.

The document outlines the basic design and components of a Central Processing Unit (CPU), including the Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers. It introduces the Von Neumann architecture, which emphasizes the storage of data and instructions in a single memory and the sequential execution of instructions. Additionally, it discusses the evolution from hardwired programming to software programming, highlighting the need for input and output modules and memory in a functioning computer system.

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10 views21 pages

Wa0030.

The document outlines the basic design and components of a Central Processing Unit (CPU), including the Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers. It introduces the Von Neumann architecture, which emphasizes the storage of data and instructions in a single memory and the sequential execution of instructions. Additionally, it discusses the evolution from hardwired programming to software programming, highlighting the need for input and output modules and memory in a functioning computer system.

Uploaded by

seyramcollins54
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Design of the Central

Processing Unit
Objectives
• Organization of the CPU
• Components and Functions of CPU
• Introduction of the Von Neumann Architecture
Components of the CPU
• CU: Control Unit
• Registers:
• ALU:
ALU
• The ALU is the part of a CPU that performs all
arithmetic computations including addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• The Arithmetic Logic Unit also performs all
logical operations. The ALU is a literally the
fundamental building block of the CPU, and even
the simplest processors contain an ALU.
• In some CPUs an individual ALU is further
divided into two units called an arithmetic unit
(AU) and a logic unit (LU).
• In a nutshell an ALU works by loading data
from what is called input registers (Data
Registers), then an external Control Unit tells
the ALU what operation to perform on that
data, and finally the ALU stores its result into
an output register (Accumulator)

• At this point the data is moved between the


registers and the memory via a data path called
a bus.
CU
• The control unit communicates with both the
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and memory, and literally
directs the entire computer system to carry out, or
execute, stored program instructions.

• In a nutshell here is how a control unit works.


Basically a control unit directs the fetch or retrievals an
instruction from memory and then analyzes the
instruction it fetched before deciding how it should be
processed.

• Depending on the action required, the control unit will


then send segments of the original instruction to the
appropriate section of the processor.
Registers
• Registers are the temporary storage areas for
instructions or data within the processor.

• Registers are tiny memories which hold what is


being processed.

• Registers are basically special storage locations


somewhat similar to a computer’s memory
though contained within the processor and
exceptionally faster.
RAM and CPU
ALU
Von Neumann Computer Architecture
Fetch – Decode – Execution Cycle

John Von Neumann’s Architecture


Concept of Von Neumann Architecture
The von Neumann architecture and is based
on three key concepts:
• Data and instructions are stored in a single read–
write memory.
• The contents of this memory are addressable by
location, without regard to the type of data
contained there.
• Execution occurs in a sequential fashion (unless
explicitly modified) from one instruction to the
next.
Early (customised) Operations of the
Architecture
Hardwired Program
• There is a small set of basic logic components that
can be combined in various ways to store binary
data and perform arithmetic and logical operations
on that data.

• Hence for every different computation that is to


be performed a specific configurations must be
done on the arithmetic and logic components to
suit the given operations

• The resulting “program” is in the form of hardware


and is termed a hardwired program.
• customized hardware, the system accepts data
and produces results.
General Purpose Operations
• With general-purpose hardware, the system
accepts data and control signals and produces
results.

• Thus, instead of rewiring the hardware for each


new program, the programmer merely needs to
supply a new set of control signal
Modernised (General purpose)
Operations
Software Program
• For the software all we need to do is provide a new
sequence of codes.

• Each code is, in effect, an instruction, and part of


the hardware interprets each instruction and
generates control signals.

• To distinguish this new method of programming, a


sequence of codes or instructions is called software
...which
• indicates two major components of the system:
– an instruction interpreter and
– a module of general-purpose arithmetic and
logic functions.
These two constitute the CPU.

Several other components are needed to yield a


functioning computer.
Other components which can support
CPU
• Data and instructions must be put into the system. For this
we need some sort of input module.

• This module contains basic components for accepting data


and instructions in some form and converting them into an
internal form of signals usable by the system.

• A means of reporting results is needed, and this is in the


form of an output module.

• Taken together, these are referred to as I/O components.


• There must be a place to store temporarily both
instructions and data.

• That module is called memory, or main


memory,

• Which could be referred to as the Main Memory


or the Registers in the CPU

• Instructions can also be stored in the memory

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