MATHEMATICS – 9

PTB - SYLLABUS
ARSHAD ALI
MUHAMMAD USMAN HAMID
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WRITTEN BY:

Muhammad Usman Hamid Arshad Ali

Lecturer Mathematics SST Science
Superior Group of Colleges GHSS, 104 NB, Sargodha
Sillanwali, Sargodha Residence:
Residence: 91 NB, Sargodha
105 NB, Godhewala, Sargodha

VERIFIED BY:

ZEESHAN QURESHI M.ZEESHAN AHMAD

Phd. Mathematics BS Mathematics
Islamia University Bahawalpur Govt. AMC Sargodha
Residence: Residence:
089 – 8/, Jalalpur Pirwala, Multan 105 NB, Godhewala, Sargodha
TAHIR MUSTAFA M. Khurram Shahzad
MPhil. Mathematics MSc Mathematics
University of Sargodha University of Sargodha
Residence: Residence:
105 NB, Godhewala, Sargodha VPO Kalra, Shahpur, Sargodha
MUHAMMAD NAJEEB UR REHMAN
BS Mathematics
Govt. AMC Sargodha
Residence:
Kundian, Tehsil Piplan, District Mianwali

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Solution

Solution

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̅ ̅̅̅̅

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

̅̅̅̅

( )

( ) ( )

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Solution

Of multiplication over +

Solution

Solution

i. . / . / and . / . /
Hence required rational are
ii. ( ) and . / . /
Hence required rational are
iii. . / . / and . / . /
Hence required rational are

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Solution

√ ( √ ) ( √ ) ( √ )
i.
√
√
√ √ ( ) (√ )

√ √ √ √ √ (√ √ )√ √ √ √ √ √ √
ii.
√ √ √ √ √

√ √ √ (√ )√ √ √ √ √ √
iii.
√ √ √ √ √

√ √ √ ( √ ) ( ) ( √ ) ( )( √ )
iv. ( )
√ √ √ ( ) ( √ )

√ √
√

√ √ √ √ √ √ (√ √ ) (√ ) (√ ) (√ )(√ )
v.
√ √ √ √ √ √ (√ ) (√ )

√
√

√ √ √ √ √ (√ √ ) √ (√ √ )
vi.
√ √ √ √ √ √ (√ ) (√ )

√ (√ √ )
√ (√ √ )

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Solution

i. . / . / . /

ii. . / . / . / . /

iii. ( ) . / . / . /

iv. √ . / ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
v. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
vi. ( )

( ) ( )

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 7

( ) ( ) ( )
vii. ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
viii. ( )

ix.

( )
( )

Solution
√ √ √
√ √
√ √ √ ( ) (√ )
Hence √ and √
i. ( √ ) ( √ )
ii. ( √ ) ( √ ) √
iii. . / ( )
iv. . /. / ( )( √ ) √
v. . / ( )

vi. . / ( √ )

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Solution

√
√
√

√ √
√
√ √

√ √
√
( ) ( √ )

√
√

√
√

√ √

Hence and

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Solution

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) ( )
ii. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ( )) . /

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
iii. √ ( ) ( ) 4 5 4 5
( ) . / . / ( ) ( )

. / . /

iv. . / . /

. / . /

. /

. /

. /

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Solution
Consider three consecutive integers are ( ) and ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

Hence the three consecutive integers are 13, 14, and 15.

Solution
Length of ̅̅̅̅ (√ √ ) cm
Area of ( √ ) cm2
Area of
( √ ) (√ √ ) ̅̅̅̅
( √ ) (√ √ ) ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ √ (√ ) (√ )
̅̅̅̅ √ √ √ √ √ √
( √ √ )

Solution
( √ ) . / √ √ . /
√ √ √

√ √ √ √ √
√
√ √ ( √ ) m2

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Solution
Let x equal the first number and y equal the second number. Then
According to condition: and –

–
adding both subtracting both

Solution
°F = 9/5°C + 32
°F = 9/5× 48°C + 32 = 118.4°F

Solution
Son’s current age = x year
Father’s current age = 72 x year
Six years ago, Son’s age = x 6 year
Six years ago, Father’s age = (72 – x) – 6 = 66 – x year
Six years ago, according to condition: ( )
Simplifying we get:
Six years ago, Son’s age = 26 6 = 20 year

Solution

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Solution
Taxable Income = Total Income Exempted Amount
Taxable Income =
Taxable Income =
Tax Rate =
Tax Amount = Taxable Income Tax Rate
Tax Amount =
Tax Amount =

Solution
Principal Amount (P) =
Rate of Interest (R) =
Time (T) = year
Compound Interest (CI) =
Compound Interest (CI) =
Compound Interest (CI) =

2nd Method
Principal Amount (P) =
Rate of Interest (R) =
Time (T) = year
Compound Interest (CI) = ( )
Compound Interest (CI) = ( )
Compound Interest (CI) =

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Solution
i. ( )
( ) . / . / . /
. / . /
Hence ( )
ii. ( )
( ) . / . / . /
. / . /
Hence ( )

Solution
We have to verify
( ) ( ) and ( ) ( )
i. ( ) ( )
( ) . / . /
( ) . / . /
Hence ( ) ( )
ii. ( ) ( )
( ) . /
( ) . /
Hence ( ) ( )

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Solution
Yes, zero is a rational number. A rational number is defined as a number that can
be expressed as the ratio of two integers, i.e., , where a and b are integers and b is
non-zero. Zero can be expressed as a ratio of two integers, such as: 0 = 0/1
In this case, both 0 and 1 are integers, and 1 is non-zero. Therefore, zero meets the
definition of a rational number.

Solution
For any two real numbers a and b, exactly one of the following is true:

1. a < b 2. a = b 3. a > b

Solution

( ) and . / . /

Hence required rational are

Solution

i. √ . /

ii. √( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
iii. ( ) ( )

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Solution

Let the three consecutive odd integers be x, x+2, and x+4.

x + (x+2) + (x+4) = 51

3x + 6 = 51

3x = 45

x = 15

Now that we know x, we can find the other two integers:

x+2 = 17

x+4 = 19

So, the three consecutive integers are 15, 17, and 19.

Solution
Let's say the number of balls in the smaller bucket is x. Since the other bucket has
28 more balls, the number of balls in the larger bucket is x + 28.
We know that the total number of balls is 96, so we can set up the equation:
x + (x + 28) = 96
2x + 28 = 96
2x = 68
x = 34
So, the smaller bucket has 34 balls.
The larger bucket has 34 + 28 = 62 balls.
Therefore, the two buckets have 34 and 62 balls, respectively.

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Solution

Initial Investment = Rs. 3,50,000

Rate of interest for the first 2 years = % = 7.25% per annum

Interest for the first 2 years = (3,50,000 7.25% 2) = Rs. 50,750

Rate of interest for the next 5 years = 8% per annum

Interest for the next 5 years = (3,50,000 8% 5) = Rs. 1,40,000

Amount after 7 years = 3,50,000 + 50,750+ 1,40,000 = Rs. 5,40,750

Therefore, Salma had Rs. 5,40,750 at the end of 7 years.

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Solution

Solution
(i) 804 (ii) 300000 (iii) 0.015 (iv) 17700000 (v) 0.0000055 (vi) 0.00004

Solution

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Solution: ( )

Solution: ( )

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Solution: ( )

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v. ( )

vi.

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Solution

Solution

i. Characteristic , Mantissa

ii. Characteristic , Mantissa

iii. Characteristic , Mantissa

iv. Characteristic , Mantissa

v. Characteristic , Mantissa

vi. Characteristic , Mantissa

Solution

i. Characteristic , Mantissa

ii. Characteristic , Mantissa

iii. Characteristic , Mantissa

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Solution

i. ( )

ii. ( )

iii. (̅ )

iv. (̅ )

v. ( )

vi. (̅ )

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Solution

i. ( )

ii. ( )

( ) ( )

iii. ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

iv. ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

v. ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

vi.

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Solution
i. ( ) ( ) ( )

ii. 4 5 ( )

iii. ( )
vi. ( )
vi.

Solution
i. . /
ii. √ ( ) . /
iii. . /

iv. . / . / , -
v. √ ( ) . /

vi. . / . / , ( ) -

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Solution
i.
ii.
iii. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
iv. . / ( )
v. ( ) ( ) ( )

vi. ( ) ( ) . /
. /

5(i). . /
Solution
Let
. / taking logarithm on both sides
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
. /

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5(ii). ( )
Solution
Let
( ) taking logarithm on both sides
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( )

( ) ( )
5(iii). 0 1
Solution
( ) ( )
Let
( ) ( )
0 1 taking logarithm on both sides
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

( )
( ) ( )
0 1

√ ( )
5(iv). [ ]
Solution
√ ( )
Let
√ ( )
[ ] taking logarithm on both sides
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

( )
√ ( )
[ ]

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Solution
0 1 0 1
0 1 , - , - ( )
0 1 0 1 rector scale

Solution
Initial investment = Rs. 100000
Interest rate = 5% per annum
Total value after t years = y
The equation modeling this situation is:
( )
We want to find years when the investment will be double, i.e., y = 2,00,000
( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Solution
First method Second method
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ( ) )
( ) ( )
°C ( )
°C

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Solution

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Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution
i. ( )
ii. . / . / ( )

iii. . / . / ( )

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Solution
i.
ii.
iii. ( ) , ( )-
, ( )- ( )

Solution
i. ( )
ii. √ ( ) , - , -
iii. √ ( ) ( ) ( ) , -

9(i). [√ ]
Solution
Let √ ( )
( ) taking logarithm on both sides
( ) ( )

( )
[√ ]

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9(ii). ( )
Solution
Let
( ) taking logarithm on both sides
( ) ( )

( )
( )

9(iii). . /
Solution
Let
. / taking logarithm on both sides
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
. /

Solution
() ( )
( ) when P(t) = 35
( ) dividing by 22
taking logarithm on both sides

Since t represents years after 2016, add 19 to 2016:

Year ≈ 2016 + 19 ≈ 2035

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Solution
(i) * + (ii) * +
(iii) * + (iv) * +
(v) * + (vi) * +
(vii) * + (viii) * +
(ix) * +

Solution

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Solution
i. The Proper subsets of {a, b, c} are {a}, {b}.
ii. The Proper subsets of {0,1} are { 0 }, { 1 }.
iii. The Proper subsets of N = {1,2,3,… } are {1}, {2}.
iv. The Proper subsets of Z = * + are {1}, {2}.
v. The Proper subsets of Q are {1}, {2}.
vi. The Proper subsets of R are {1}, {2}.
vii. The Proper subsets of * + are {1}, {2}.

Solution
Yes, * + or

Solution
{a,b} is a set containing two elements a and b while {{a,b}} is a set
containing one element {a,b}.

Solution
8

Solution
i. The Power set of {9,11} is { , {9}, {11},{9,11}}.
ii. The Power set of { } is
* * +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +* +
* +* +* +* ++
iii. The Power set of { } is { , { }}.
iv. The Power set of * * ++ is 2 * + {* +} { * +}3.

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Solution

Solution

Solution
(i) * + * + * +
(ii) * + * +
* +

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Solution
4.(i) also
* + * + * +
* + * + * +
Hence
* + * + * +
* + * + * +
Hence
4.(ii) also
* + * + * +
* + * + * +
Hence
* + * + * +
* + * + * +
Hence
4.(iii) also
* +
* +
Hence
* + * +
* + * +
Hence

Solution
We have to verify
( )
( )

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( ) ( )
A = {a, b, c, d, g, h} A = {a, b, c, d, g, h}
B = {c, d, e, f, j} B = {c, d, e, f, j}
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}
=U-A =U-A
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} - {a, b, c, d, g, h} = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} - {a, b, c, d, g, h}
= {e, f, i, j} = {e, f, i, j}
=U-B =U-B
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} - {c, d, e, f, j} = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} - {c, d, e, f, j}
= {a, b, g, h, i} = {a, b, g, h, i}
A B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, j} A ∩ B = {c, d}
( ) = U - (A B) ( ) = U - (A ∩ B)
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} - {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, j} = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} - {c, d}
= {i} = {a, b, e, f, g, h, i, j}
= {e, f, i, j} ∩ {a, b, g, h, i} = {e, f, i, j} {a, b, g, h, i}
= {i} = {a, b, e, f, g, h, i, j}

Solution
* + and * +
* + * + * +
(i) * + * + * +
(ii) * + * + * +
(iii) * + * +

Solution
n (C) = 34 ; n (H) = 30 ; n (U) = 55 ; n (C H) = 55
n(C H) = n(C) + n(H) – n(C ∩ H)
( ) ( )

( ) –
( ) .

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Solution
n(U E P) = 500 ; n (U) = 250 ; n (E) = 150 ; n (P) = 50
n (U ∩ E) = 40 ; n (E ∩ P) = 30 ; n (U ∩ P) = 10
n (U ∩ E ∩ P) = ???
n(U E P) = n(U) + n(E) + n(P) – n(U ∩ E) – n(E ∩ P) – n(U ∩ P) + n(U ∩ E ∩ P)
500 = 250 + 150 + 50 - 40 - 30 - 10 + n(U ∩ E ∩ P)
500 = 450 - 80 + n(U ∩ E ∩ P)
500 = 370 + n(U ∩ E ∩ P)
n(U ∩ E ∩ P) = 130

Solution
n (B) = 19 ; n (G) = 15 ; n (C) = ? ; n (B ∩ G) = 3 ; n (B ∩ C) = 4
n (G ∩ C) = 2 ; n(B G C) = 25
n(B G C) = n(B) + n(G) + n(C) – n(B ∩ G) – n(B ∩ C) – n(G ∩ C) + n(B ∩ G ∩ C)
25 = 19 + 15 + n(C) - 3 - 4 - 2 + n(B ∩ G ∩ C)
0 = n(C) + n(B ∩ G ∩ C)
As number of element in any set can be zero or positive,
which concludes that Sum of number of elements of two sets
can only be zero, if both sets are empty.
Hence, n(C) = 0 or number of players wearing only caps are zero.

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Solution
n (L) = 17 ; n (T) = 11 ; n (L ∩ T) = 9 ; n (L ∩ B) = 6 ; n (T ∩ B) = 4
n (L ∩ T ∩ B) = 8 ; n(L T B)= 35
n(L T B)= n(L) + n(T) + n(B) – n(L ∩ T) – n(L ∩ B) – n(T ∩ B) + n(L ∩ T ∩ B)
35 = 17 + 11 + n(B) - 9 - 6 - 4 + 8
35 = 17 + n(B)
n(B) = 18

Solution
* + ( )
* + ( )
* + ( )
* + ( )
* + * + * +
* + * + * +
* + * + * +
(i) ( )
* + * + * +
( ) * + * +
( ) * +

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(ii) * ( )+
* + * + * +
( ) * + * + * +
* ( )+

Solution
n(C F H) = 125 ; n (C) = 60 ; n (F) = 70 ; n (H) = 40

n (C ∩ F) = 25 ; n (F ∩ H) = 15 ; n (C ∩ H) = 10 ; n (C ∩ F ∩ H) = ???

n(C F H) = n(C) + n(F) + n(H) – n(C ∩ F) – n(F ∩ H) – n(C ∩ H) + n(C ∩ F ∩ H)

125 = 60 + 70 + 40 – 25 – 15 – 10 + n(C ∩ F ∩ H)

n(C ∩ F ∩ H) = 125 - 60 - 70 - 40 + 25 + 15 + 10

n(C ∩ F ∩ H) = 5

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Solution
n(N B K) = ??? ; n (N) = 40 ; n (B) = 65 ; n (K) = 50
n (N ∩ B) = 20 ; n (B ∩ K) = 35 ; n (N ∩ K) = 27 ; n (N ∩ B ∩ K) = 12
a) At least how many people like Nihari, Biryani or Korma:
n(N B K) = n(N) + n(B) + n(K) – n(N ∩ B) – n(B ∩ K) – n(N ∩ K) + n(N ∩ B ∩ K)
n(N B K) = 40 + 65 + 50 – 20 – 35 – 27 + 12
( )
b) How many people did not like Nihari, Biryani or Korma:
Total people = 130

People who like nihari, biryani, or korma = 85

People who did not like nihari, biryani, or korma = 130 – 85 = 45

c) How many people like only one of the Nihari, Biryani or Korma:
People who like only nihari = n(N) – n(N ∩ B) – n(N ∩ K) + n(N ∩ B ∩ K)

= 40 - 20 - 27 + 12 = 5

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People who like only biryani = n(B) – n(N ∩ B) – n(B ∩ K) + n(N ∩ B ∩ K)

= 65 - 20 - 35 + 12 = 22

People who like only korma = n(K) – n(N ∩ K) – n(B ∩ K) + n(N ∩ B ∩ K)

= 50 - 27 - 35 + 12 = 0

Total people who like only one food = 5 + 22 + 0 = 27

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Solution
* +
* + * +
*( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )+

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Solution

Solution
i. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ii. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
iii. ( ) . / . / . / . /
iv. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
v. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
vi. ( ) . / . / . / . /

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Solution
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

……(i) ……(ii)

2(i) - (ii) (ii) - (i)

Solution
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

……(i) ……(ii)

(i) - (ii) 2(i) + (ii)

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Solution
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

6 is wrong answer in book according to book

Solution
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
……(i) ……(ii)

(i) - (ii) 4(i) - (ii)

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Solution

Solution
i. * + * + * +
ii. * + * + * +
iii. * + * + * +
iv. * + * + * +
v. * + * +
vi. * + * + * +
vii. * + * + * +
viii. * + * +

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Solution
(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v)
It has no Venn diagram.

Solution
(i)

not equals to

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(i)

(ii) ( )

𝐴 𝐵

(𝐴 𝐵)

Then ( ) is

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Solution
(a) * + * + * +
i. Associativity of Union: ( ) ( )
( ) * + ,* + * +-
( ) * + * + * +
( ) ,* + * +- * +
( ) * + * + * +
Hence ( ) ( )
ii. Associativity of Intersection: ( ) ( )
( ) * + ,* + * +-
( ) * + * + * +
( ) ,* + * +- * +
( ) * + * + * +
Hence ( ) ( )
iii. Distributivity of Union over Intersection: ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) * + ,* + * +-
( ) * + * + * +
( ) ( ) ,* + * +- ,* + * +-
( ) ( ) * + * + * +
Hence ( ) ( ) ( )
iv. Distributivity of Intersection over Union: ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) * + ,* + * +-
( ) * + * + * +
( ) ( ) ,* + * +- ,* + * +-
( ) ( ) * + * + * +
Hence ( ) ( ) ( )

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(b) * + * +
i. Associativity of Union: ( ) ( )
( ) ,* + * +- * + * +
( ) , * +- * + * + * + * +
Hence ( ) ( )
ii. Associativity of Intersection: ( ) ( )
( ) ,* + * +- * +
( ) , * +- * + * +
Hence ( ) ( )
iii. Distributivity of Union over Intersection: ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ,* + * +- * + * +
( ) ( ) , * +- , * +- * + * + * +
Hence ( ) ( ) ( )
iv. Distributivity of Intersection over Union: ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ,* + * +- * +
( ) ( ) , * +- , * +-
Hence ( ) ( ) ( )
(c) * + * +
i. Associativity of Union: ( ) ( )
( ) , -
( ) , -
Hence ( ) ( )
ii. Associativity of Intersection: ( ) ( )
( ) , -
( ) , -
Hence ( ) ( )
iii. Distributivity of Union over Intersection: ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) , -
( ) ( ) , - , -
Hence ( ) ( ) ( )
iv. Distributivity of Intersection over Union: ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) , -
( ) ( ) , - , -
Hence ( ) ( ) ( )

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 52

Solution
( ) ( )
U = {1, 2, 3, ..., 20} U = {1, 2, 3, ..., 20}
A = {2, 4, 6, ..., 20} A = {2, 4, 6, ..., 20}
B = {1, 3, 5, ..., 19} B = {1, 3, 5, ..., 19}
=U-A =U-A
= {1, 2, 3, ..., 20} - {2, 4, 6, ..., 20} = {1, 2, 3, ..., 20} - {2, 4, 6, ..., 20}
= {1, 3, 5, ..., 19} = {1, 3, 5, ..., 19}
=U-B =U-B
= {1, 2, 3, ..., 20} - {1, 3, 5, ..., 19} = {1, 2, 3, ..., 20} - {1, 3, 5, ..., 19}
= {2, 4, 6, ..., 20} = {2, 4, 6, ..., 20}
A B = {1, 2, 3, ..., 20} A∩B={}
( ) = U - (A B) ( ) = U - (A ∩ B)
= {1, 2, 3, ..., 20} - {1, 2, 3, ..., 20} = {1, 2, 3, ..., 20} - { }
={} = {1, 2, 3, ..., 20}
= {1, 3, 5, ..., 19} ∩ {2, 4, 6, ..., 20} = {1, 3, 5, ..., 19} {2, 4, 6, ..., 20}
={} = {1, 2, 3, ..., 20}
Hence ( ) Hence ( )

Solution
P = {x | x = 5m, m N} = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...}

Q = {x | x = 2m, m N} = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...}

P ∩ Q = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...}

P ∩ Q = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, ...} = {x | x = 10m, m N}

Solution

(i) L.H.S. = A ∩ (A B) = (A ∩ A) (A ∩ B) = A (A ∩ B) = R.H.S.

(i) L.H.S. = A (A ∩ B) = (A A) ∩ (A B) = A ∩ (A B) = R.H.S.

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 53

Solution
i. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ii. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
iii. ( ) . / . / . / . /
iv. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
v. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
vi. ( ) . / . / . / . /

Solution
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
……(i) ……(ii)

(i) - (ii) 2(i) + (ii)

Solution
( )
Using ( )

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 54

Solution
( )
( ) ( )

Now ( ) ( )

Using

Solution
U = {1, 2, 3, ... , 100}

A = {1, 2, 3, ... , 30}

B = {31, 32, 33, ... , 55}

C = {76, 77, 78, ... , 100}

A B C = {1, 2, 3, ..., 30} {31, 32, ..., 55} {76, 77, ..., 100}

A B C = {1, 2, 3, ..., 30, 31, 32, ..., 55, 76, 77, ..., 100}

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 55

Solution
Total students = 180

Passed Math = 120, Passed Science = 90, Passed both Math and Science = 60

1. How many passed either the Math or Science test?

Passed either Math or Science = Passed Math + Passed Science - Passed both

= 120 + 90 – 60 = 150

2. How many did not pass either of the two tests?

Failed both Math and Science = Total students - Passed either Math or Science

= 180 – 150 = 30

3. How many passed the Science test but not the Math test?

Passed Science but not Math = Passed Science - Passed both

= 90 – 60 = 30

4. How many failed the Science test?

Failed Science = Total students - Passed Science

= 180 – 90 = 90

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 56

Solution
Total developers = 300

n(P) = 150, n(J) = 130, n(H) = 120, n(P ∩ J) = 70, n(P ∩ H) = 60, n(J ∩ H) = 50

n(P ∩ J ∩ H) = 40

1. How many developers use at least one of these languages?

n(P J H) = n(P) + n(J) + n(H) – n(P ∩ J) – n(P ∩ H) – n(J ∩ H) + n(P ∩ J ∩ H)

= 150 + 130 + 120 - 70 - 60 - 50 + 40 = 260

2. How many developers use only one of these languages?

Developers who use only P = n(P) – n(P ∩ J) – n(P ∩ H) + n(P ∩ J ∩ H)

= 150 - 70 - 60 + 40 = 60

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 57

Developers who use only J = n(J) – n(P ∩ J) – n(J ∩ H) + n(P ∩ J ∩ H)

= 130 - 70 - 50 + 40 = 50

Developers who use only H = n(H) – n(P ∩ H) – n(J ∩ H) + n(P ∩ J ∩ H)

= 120 - 60 - 50 + 40 = 50

Total developers who use only one language = 60 + 50 + 50 = 160

3. How many developers do not use any of these languages?

Developers who do not use any language = Total developers - Developers who use
at least one language

= 300 – 260 = 40

4. How many developers use only PHP?

Developers who use only PHP = n(H) = 50

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 58

Solution:

Solution

(ii) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(iii) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(iv) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

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 59

Solution
(i) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(ii) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(iii) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(iv) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(v) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(vi) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(vii) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(viii) ( ) ( ) ( )( )

Solution
(i) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(ii) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(iii) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(iv) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(v) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(vi) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(vii) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
(viii)
( ) ( ) ( )( )

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 60

-
Solution
1.(i)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( )( )

1.(ii)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( )( )

1.(iii)

( ) ( )

( )( )

1.(iv)

( ) ( )

( )( )

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 61

1.(v)

( ) ( )

( )( )

1.(vi)

( ) ( )

( )( )

Solution
2.(i) ( )( )( )( )

( )( )( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( ) ( )

2.(ii) ( )( )( )( )

( )( )( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )( )

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 62

2.(iii) ( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( ) ( )

2.(iv) ( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )( )

2.(v) ( )( )( )( )

( )( )( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )( )

2.(vi) ( )( )( )( ) wrong statement

( )( )( )( ) right statement
( )( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )

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 63

Solution
3.(i)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

( )

3.(ii)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

( )

3.(iii) wrong statement, i.e. use 18 instead 48

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

( )

3.(iv)

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Solution
4.(i)
( ) ( )
( ),( ) ( )( ) ( ) -
( )( )

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 64

4.(ii)
( ) ( )
( ),( ) ( )( ) ( ) -
( )( )
4.(iii)
( ) ( )
( ),( ) ( )( ) ( ) -
( )( )
4.(iv)
( ) ( )
( ),( ) ( )( ) ( ) -
( )( )
4.(v)
( ) ( )
( ),( ) ( )( ) ( ) -
( )( )
4.(vi)
( ) ( )
( ),( ) ( )( ) ( ) -
( )( )

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 65

Solution
1.(i)

1.(ii)

( ) ( ) ( )( )

( )

1.(iii)

( )( )

1.(iv)

( ) ( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )

( )

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 66

1.(v) wrong statement in book

( ) ( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )

( )( )

1.(vi)

( ) ( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )

( )

Solution
Replace with 9
2.(i)

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 67

Replace by 15
2.(ii)

we may write it ( )
Now

2.(iii)
or ( ) ( )

Now

( ) wrong answer in book

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 68

2.(iv)

we may write it ( )

Now multiply with and simplify

Now multiply with and simplify

Now

And

wrong answer in book

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 69

Solution
3.(i)

3.(ii)

( )

( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( )

3.(iii)

( ) ( )( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

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 70

3.(iv)

( )( ) ( )( )( )

( ) ( )( )

( )( )

( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )

3.(v)

( ) ( )( )

( )( ) ( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )( )

Solution

( )
( )
Using formula: ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )

( )

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 71

( )

Solution
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
Using formula: ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )

Solution
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
Using formula: ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) wrong answer in book

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 72

Solution
1.(i) √

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

√ √( )

√ ( )

1.(ii) √

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

√ √( )

√ ( )

1.(iii) √

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

√ √( )

√ ( )

1.(iv) √

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

√ √( )

√ ( )

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 73

1.(v) √

, -

,( ) ( )( ) ( ) - ( )

√ √ ( )

√ √ ( )

1.(vi) √

( ) ,( ) ( )( ) ( ) -

( )

√ √ ( )

√ √ ( )

Solution
1.(i) √

√ ( )

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 74

1.(ii) √

√ ( )

1.(iii) √

√ ( )

1.(iv) √

√ ( )

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 75

Solution
( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )( )

For zero return ( ) we have ( )( )

or

or

Investment levels that result in zero return will be and

Solution
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
Since profit is zero, using ( ) we have ( )
After taking cube root on both sides we have

Solution
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
For zero potential energy, using ( ) we have ( )( )
Then

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Solution

( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )( )

For zero potential deflection, using ( ) we have ( )( )

then or

Then

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 77

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 78

Solution
2.(i)

( )

2.(ii)

( ) ( )
( ),( ) ( )( ) ( ) -
( )( )
2.(iii)

( ) ( )
( ),( ) ( )( ) ( ) -
( )( )
2.(iv)

( ) , - , ( ) ( )-

( )( )

2.(v)

( ) ( )

( )( )

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 79

2.(vi)

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
2.(vii)

( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
2.(viii) ( )( )( )( )

( )( )( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( ) ( )( )

( )( )

2.(ix) ( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )

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 80

Solution
3.(i)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )

( )( ) ( )( )
3.(ii)
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )

( )( )( )( )

( )( )( )( ) wrong answer in book

3.(iii)
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

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 81

3.(iv)
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) wrong answer in book

Solution
Factorization:
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
√ √( )
√ ( )
Division Method:

√ ( )

Solution
( ) ( )( )
For optimal repayment, using ( ) we have ( )( )
We have . That is 3 years or 5 years.

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 82

Solution
(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv) ( )

. / . / . /

(v) (vi)
. / . / . / . / ( ) . /
( )

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 83

Solution
(i) (ii)

or

(iii) (iv) ( )

(v) (vi)
. / . / . / . / . / ( ) . /
( )

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 84

Solution
3 (i)

Associated equations:
To find Points:
Put then point is ( )
Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in given eq.
true, graph towards the origin

3 (ii)

Associated equations:
To find Points
Put then point is ( )
Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in given eq.
false, graph away from origin

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 85

3 (iii)

Associated equations:
To find Points:
Put then point is ( )
Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in given eq.
false, graph away from origin

3 (iv)

Associated equations:
To find Points
Put then point is ( )
Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in given eq.
true, graph towards the origin

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3 (v)

Associated equations:

Point:

Region: true, graph towards the origin

3 (vi)

Associated equations:

Point:

Region: true, graph towards the origin

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 87

Solution
4 (i)

………( )

………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() true, graph towards the origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

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 88

4 (ii)

………( )

………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() false, graph away from origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

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 89

4 (iii)

………( )

………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() false, graph away from origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

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 90

4 (iv)

………( )

………( )

Associated equations
………( )

………( )

To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )

( ) we have then point is . /

To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )

() true, graph towards the origin

( ) true, graph towards the origin

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 91

4 (v)

………( )

………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) we have then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() false, graph away from origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

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 92

4 (vi)

………( )

………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() true, graph towards the origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

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 93

Solution
………( )
………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() true, graph towards the origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

Solve ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) we have
Put in ( ) we have and ( )
Corner Points of Feasible Region: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
At A: ( ) ( ) ( )
At B: ( ) ( ) ( )
At C: ( ) ( ) ( )
At D: ( ) ( ) ( )
So is maximum at ( )

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 94

Solution
………( )
………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() true, graph towards the origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

Corner Points of Feasible Region: ( ) ( ) ( )

At A: ( ) ( ) ( )
At B: ( ) ( ) ( )
At C: ( ) ( ) ( )
So is maximum at ( )

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 95

Solution
………( )
………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() true, graph towards the origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

Solve ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) we have
Put in ( ) we have and the intersecting point is . /
Corner Points: ( ) ( ) ( ) . /
At A: ( ) ( ) ( )
At B: ( ) ( ) ( )
At C: ( ) ( ) ( )
At P: . / . / . /
So is maximum at ( )

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 96

Solution
………( )
………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() false, graph away from the origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

Corner Points: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
At A: ( ) ( ) ( )
At B: ( ) ( ) ( )
At C: ( ) ( ) ( )
At P: ( ) ( ) ( )
So is minimum at ( )

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 97

Solution
………( )
………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() true, graph towards the origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

Solve ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) we have
Put in ( ) we have and . /
Corner Points: ( ) ( ) . / ( )
At A: ( ) ( ) ( )
At B: ( ) ( ) ( )
At C: . / . / . /
At D: ( ) ( ) ( )
So is maximum at . /

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 98

Solution
………( )
………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is . /
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() false, graph away from the origin
( ) false, graph away from the origin

Solve ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) we have
Put in ( ) we have and . /
Corner Points: ( ) . / ( )
At A: ( ) ( )
At B: . / . /
At C: ( ) ( )
So is minimum at ( ) and maximum at ( )

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 99

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 100

Solution
(i) (ii)
. / . / ( ) . /
( ) ( )

(iii) (iv) ( ) ( )

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 101

Solution
3 (i)
………( )
………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is . /
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() true, graph towards the origin
( ) false, graph away from the origin

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 102

3 (ii)
………( )
………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() true, graph towards the origin
( ) true, graph towards the origin

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 103

Solution

Associated equations

To find Points
Put then point is ( )
Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
true, graph towards the origin

Corner Points: ( ) ( ) ( )
At A: ( ) ( ) ( )
At B: ( ) ( ) ( )
At C: ( ) ( ) ( )
So is maximum at ( )

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 104

Solution
………( )
………( )
Associated equations
………( )
………( )
To find Points
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
( ) Put then point is ( )
To check Region put ( ) in ( ) and ( )
() false, graph away from the origin
( ) false, graph away from the origin

Solve ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) we have
Put in ( ) we have and . /
Corner Points: ( ) ( ) . /
At A: ( ) ( ) ( )
At B: ( ) ( ) ( )
At P: . / . / . /
So is minimum at ( ) and maximum at ( )

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 105

Solution

Solution
2(i):
123
0.456 × 60 = 27.36
0.36 × 60 = 21.6

2(ii):
58
0.7891 × 60 = 47.346
0.346 × 60 = 20.76

2(iii):
90
0.5678 × 60 = 34.068
0.068 × 60 = 4.08

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 106

Solution
3(i):

3(ii):

3(iii):

Solution
4(i):
4(ii):
4(iii):

Solution
5(i):
5(ii):
5(iii):

Solution
6(i):
( )
6(ii):

. /

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 107

Solution

( )
( )

Solution

Solution

Now

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 108

Solution

Solution

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 109

Solution
3.(i)
3.(ii)
3.(iii)

𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛

𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛

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 110

Solution

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 111

Solution
1.(i)
By Pythagoras Formula
3 𝐻 𝑃 𝐵 𝐵
2
𝐵 𝐵 √
√

1.(ii)
By Pythagoras Formula
4 𝐻 𝑃 𝐵 𝑃
√
𝑃 𝑃 √

1.(iii)
By Pythagoras Formula

√ 𝐻 𝑃 𝐵 𝐻

𝐻 𝐻 √

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 112

1.(iv)
By Pythagoras Formula

𝐻 𝑃 𝐵 𝑃
√
𝑃 𝑃 √

√
1.(v) √ By Pythagoras Formula
√

√ 𝐻 𝑃 𝐵 𝐻 (√ ) (√ )
√
𝐻 𝐻 √

Prove the Following Trigonometric Identities

Solution
( )
( )

Solution

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 113

Solution

Solution
( )

Solution
( )

Solution
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )

Solution
( ) ( )( )
( ) . / . /
( )( )
( )
( )( )

Solution
( ) . / . / . /
( )

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 114

Solution

( )

( )( )

( ), ( )-

( ), -

Solution

( )( )
( )( )

Solution

( ) ( )
( ),( ) ( ) -
( ),( ) ( ) -
( ),( ) -
( )( )

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 115

Solution

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 116

Solution
√ √
2(i):
√ √
2(ii):
2(iii): √ √ √
√ √
√ √
2(iv):
√ √ √ √
2(v):
√ √
2(vi):
√ √ √ √ √ √
2(vii):
√
2(viii):
√

Solution
3(i): √ √
√ √
3(ii):
√ √ √
√ √
3(iii): √
√ √ √ √

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 117

1(i)
Solution

√
√

√ √ √

1(ii) √
Solution

√ √
√
√ √ √ √

1(iii)
Solution

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 118

1(iv)
Solution

√
√

2(i)
By Pythagoras Formula

(√ ) (√ )

( )

2(ii)
By Pythagoras Formula

( ) ( )

√ √

( )

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 119

Solution
A square's diagonal forms a right-angled triangle with two sides.
If 'a' and 'b' are the sides of the square and 'c' is the diagonal. Then
Using Pythagorean Theorem:
c² = a² + b²
In this case, a = b = 60m.
Therefore, c² = 60² + 60²
c² = 3600 + 3600 = 7200
c=√ √ √

Solution
√

√ √

√
√

Solution

√ √ √
√ √
√

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 120

Solution
By Pythagoras Formula

( ) ( )
√
√

√
( )

Solution

√
√

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 121

8. wrong statement in book

Solution

√
√

Solution
By Pythagoras Formula

( ) ( )

( )

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 122

Solution
By Pythagoras Formula

( ) ( )

( )

( )

Solution
Applying Pythagoras Formula Again applying Pythagoras Formula
For For

( ) ( ) ( √ ) ( )

√ √

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 123

Solution
By Pythagoras Formula

Solution
By Pythagoras Formula

( ) ( )

( )( )

or

Since x cannot be negative, therefore

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 124

Solution
By Pythagoras Formula

( ) ( )

Solution
Applying Pythagoras Formula Again applying Pythagoras Formula
For For

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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 125

Solution
( )
h
( )
√
h ≈ 40 × 1.732050807 40
h ≈ 69.28 meters
So, the height of the flag post is approximately 69.28 meters.

Solution

√
5 5

So, the length of the altitude is approximately 2.89 cm.

Solution
( )

( ) 72

. /

100
So, the angle of elevation of the top of the tree is approximately 35.99°.

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 126

Solution
( )

( ) 𝑙 10

So, the length of the ladder is approximately 11.55 meters.

Solution
( )

( )
150

( )

√ d

So, the distance between the ship and the tower is approximately 86.60 meters.

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 127

Solution
Initial distance from the pole (d1) = x + 100 meters
Initial angle of elevation (θ1) = 15°
Final distance from the pole (d2) = x meters (after walking 100 meters)
Final angle of elevation (θ2) = 30°
We can use the tangent function to relate the angles, distances, and height (h) of
the pole:
( )

( )
( )
h = (x + 100) × tan(15°)

( )

( )

h = x × tan(30°)
Equating the two expressions:
(x + 100) × tan(15°) = x × tan(30°)
(x + 100) × 0.2679 = x × 0.5773
0.2679x + 26.79 = 0.5773x
26.79 = 0.3094x
x ≈ 86.73 meters
Now that we have x, we can find the height (h) of the pole:
h = x × tan(30°) = 86.73 × 0.5773 ≈ 50 meters
So, the height of the pole is approximately 50 meters.

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 128

Solution
( ) 300

( )
. /
450

So, the measure of the angle of elevation of the sun is approximately 33.69°.

Solution
Initial distance from the cliff (d1) = x + 100 meters
Initial angle of elevation (θ1) = 25°
Final distance from the cliff (d2) = x meters
Final angle of elevation (θ2) = 45°
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

( )
( )
Equating the two expressions:
(x + 100) × tan(25°) = x × tan(45°)
(x + 100) × 0.4663 = x × 1
0.4663x + 46.63 = x
46.63 = 0.5337x
x ≈ 87.32 meters
Now that we have x, we can find the height (h) of the cliff:
h = x × tan(45°) = 87.32 × 1 ≈ 87.32 meters
So, the height of the cliff is approximately 87.32 meters.

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 129

Solution
Distance to the nearer shore:
tan(70°) = 300 / x
x = 300 / tan(70°) ≈ 300 / 2.748 ≈ 109.2 meters
Distance to the point across the river:
tan(50°) = 300 / (x + w)
where w is the width of the river.
1.192 = 300 / (x + w)
x + w ≈ 300 / 1.192
x + w ≈ 251.7 meters
109.2 + w ≈ 251.7
w ≈ 142.5 meters
So, the width of the river is approximately 142.5 meters.
The distance from the foot of the hill to the river is approximately 109.2 meters.

Solution
( )

( )

h = 120 × sin(50°)
h ≈ 120 × 0.766 ≈ 91.92 meters
So, the kite is approximately 91.92 meters above the hand holding it.

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 130

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 131

Solution
2(i):
2(ii): . /
2(iii):

Solution
2(i):
2(ii):
2(iii):

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 132

Solution
( ) ( )

Solution
( )

(above statement is wrong)

Solution
. /

. /

Solution

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 133

Solution

( ) ( )
( )( )

Solution
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
. / ( )( )

Solution
By Pythagoras Formula
√
3 𝐻 𝑃 𝐵 𝐻 (√ )

𝐻 𝐻 √
√
√ √
(i) (ii) (iii)
√ √
√ √
(iv) (v)
√

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 134

Solution
Let's denote the distance from the point to the base of the building as x.
We know the angle of elevation (θ) is 28 degrees, and the height of the building (h)
is 30 meters.

( )

( )

( )

x ≈ 56.42 meters
So, the point is approximately 56.42 meters away from the base of the building.

Solution
Let's denote the height the ladder reaches on the wall as h.
We know the angle between the ladder and the ground (θ) is 65 degrees, and the
length of the ladder ( ) is 10 meters.

( )

( )

( )

So, the ladder reaches approximately 9.06 meters high on the wall.

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 135

Solution

Solution
2 (i) ̅̅̅̅ √( ) ( ) √( ) ( )
√( ) ( ) √ √ √

2 (ii) ̅̅̅̅ √( ( )) ( ( ))
√( ) ( ) √ √ √

2 (iii) ̅̅̅̅ √( ) ( ( ))
√( ) ( ) √ √

2 (iv) ̅̅̅̅ √( ( )) ( ( ))
√( ) ( ) √ √

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 136

Solution
3(i) ( ) ( )

3(ii) ( ) ( )
̅̅̅̅ √( ( )) ( )
√( ) ( ) √ √ √

( )
. / . / ( )
3(iii) ( √ ) ( √ )

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 137

Solution

(i)

(ii)

(c)
(iii) ( ) √( ) ( )
√ √
( )

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 138

Solution

Solution

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 139

Solution

Solution

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 140

Solution

Solution

Solution
According to the given condition
……(i)
̅̅̅̅ √ ̅̅̅̅ √ ̅̅̅̅ √
Putting in (i) we have
( )( )
or

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 141

Solution

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 142

Solution

(iii)

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 143

Solution
(i) Let ( ) ( ) ( ) be given points
( )
Slope of AB ( )

Slope of BC
Slope of AB Slope of BC
Therefore A,B and C lie on the same line.

(ii) Let ( ) ( ) ( ) be given points

( )
Slope of PQ
Slope of QR
Slope of PQ Slope of QR
Therefore P,Q and R lie on the same line.

(iii) Let ( ) ( ) ( ) be given points

Slope of LM ( )

Slope of MN
Slope of LM Slope of MN
Therefore P,Q and R lie on the same line.

(iv) Let ( ) ( ) ( ) be given points

( )
Slope of XY
( )
Slope of YZ ( )
Slope of XY Slope of YZ
Therefore X,Y and Z lie on the same line.

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Solution

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 145

Solution

Solution

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 146

(b) Slope of line joining ( ) and ( )

( )

Slope of line joining ( ) and ( )

Since
Also . /( )
Lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular.

Solution

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 147

(c)

(d) Slope and Point ( ) ( )

Equation of line is ( )
( ) ( )

(e)

(f)

(g)

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 148

(h)

(i) Slope and Point ( ) ( )

Equation of line is ( ( ))
( )

Solution

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 149

Solution

Solution

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 150

Solution

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 151

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 153

Solution

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 154

Solution

Solution

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 155

Solution

√( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) √( ) ( ) √

Solution

. /

. / . /

( )

Solution

√( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) √( ) ( ) √

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 156

Solution

√( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) √( ) ( ) √

Solution

. /

. / . /

( )

Solution
. /
. / . /
( )

Solution
√( ) ( )
√( ) ( ) √( ) ( ) √
√ √ √

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 157

Solution (0 , 5) 4 (8 , 5)

Length of side 1
1 3
Length of side 2
Length of side 3
(0 , 0) 2 (8 , 0)
Length of side 4
Perimeter Side 1 + Side 2 + Side 3 + Side 4
Perimeter 5 + 8 + 5 + 8 = 26 units

Solution

√( ) ( )
√( ) ( ) √( ) ( ) √
√

Solution
Length of side 1
(3 , 6) 4 (8 , 6)
Length of side 2
Length of side 3
1 3
Length of side 4
Perimeter Side 1 + Side 2 + Side 3 + Side 4
(3 , 1) (8 , 1)
Perimeter 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 20 units 2

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 158

Solution
Solution
Length of side 1
(5 , 0) 4 (5 , 3)
Length of side 2
Length of side 3
1 3
Length of side 4
Perimeter Side 1 + Side 2 + Side 3 + Side 4
(0 , 0) (0 , 3)
Perimeter 5 + 3 + 5 + 3 = 16 units 2

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 159

Solution

√( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) √( ) ( ) √

√ √

Solution
. /
. / . /
. /

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 160

Solution
( )

Solution

Equation of line through ( ):

( )
( )

Solution
Slope of one line
For parallel lines
Slope of other line

Solution

√( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) √( ) ( ) √

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 161

Solution
. /
. / . /
( )

Solution

( )

√( ) ( )

√( ) ( ) √( ) ( ) √

√ √ √

Solution
Slope-Intercept Form

y = mx + b, where m = 3 and b = 2

y = 3x + 2

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 162

Point-Slope Form
( )
( )

Two-Point Form
Using points (1, 2) and (4, 7)

Intercept Form
y = 3x + 2
y + 3x = 2

Symmetric Form
y = 3x + 2
y + 3x = 2

Dividing √( ) ( ) √ on both sides

√ √ √

Normal Form
Slope =
( )

x cos α + y sin α = p where p =

√

x cos( ) + ysin( )=
√

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 163

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 164

Solution
Conditional Converse Inverse Contra Positive

Solution
3(i) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

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 165

3(ii) ( )
( ) ( )

3(iii) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Solution
A "mathematical statement" is simply a declarative sentence that may be either
true or false but not both, while a "mathematical proof" is a logical argument that
demonstrates the truth of a mathematical statement using established axioms and
theorems, effectively showing why a statement is true; essentially, a statement is
the claim itself, and a proof is the process of verifying that claim is true.
Examples of Mathematical Statement:

; these are true statements

; these are false statements

Examples of Mathematical Proof:

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 166

Solution
Theorem:

Example of Theorems:

Axiom:

Example Axioms:

Solution
Logical reasoning is absolutely critical in mathematical proof as it provides the
foundation for constructing a solid, convincing argument by ensuring that every
step taken in the proof is based on established axioms, rules of logic, and valid
inferences, ultimately guaranteeing the truth of the mathematical statement being
proven; without it, a proof could be flawed or unreliable.

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Example:
Theorem: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180 degrees.
Proof using logical reasoning:
 Premise 1: A straight line has 180 degrees.
 Premise 2: A transversal crossing two parallel lines creates corresponding angles
that are equal.
 Step 1: Draw a triangle ABC and extend line BC to form a straight line with point D.
 Step 2: Using Premise 2,
angle ABC is equal to angle ACD (corresponding angles).
 Step 3: Using the fact that a straight line has 180 degrees (Premise 1), we can write:
angle ABC + angle ACB + angle ACD = 180 degrees.
 Step 4: Substitute the equality from Step 2:
angle ABC + angle ACB + angle ABC = 180 degrees.
 Step 5: Simplify: 2 * angle ABC + angle ACB = 180 degrees.
 Conclusion: Therefore, the sum of the interior angles of a triangle
(angle ABC + angle ACB + angle BAC) is 180 degrees.
Explanation: This proof demonstrates how logical reasoning, by utilizing
established axioms and clear deductions, allows us to conclude the theorem about
the sum of angles in a triangle. Each step follows logically from the previous one,
making the proof reliable and convincing.

Solution
7(i) There is exactly one straight line through any two points.

This statement is a Euclidean Axiom. And it is believe to be true without any

evidence or requiring any proof.

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 168

7(ii) Every even number greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two
prime numbers.

This statement is a Conjecture, specifically known as Goldbach's Conjecture.

And it has not been formally proven or disproven.

7(iii) The sum of angles in a triangle is 180 .

This statement is a Theorem. And it has been formally proven using established
axioms and definitions of geometry.

Solution

8(i) ( )

8(ii) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

8(iii) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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 169

Solution

(i)

( )

( ) multiplicative identity

( ) distributive property

( ) multiplicative inverse
multiplicative identity

(ii)
( )
( )
left distributive property
( )
( )
multiplicative identity
( )
( )( )
Factorization

cancellation property

(iii)
( )( )
( )( )
Factorization

cancellation property

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 170

Solution
If x is odd, then 9x + 4 is odd

Let x be an odd integer. Then, x = 2k + 1 for some integer k.

9x + 4 = 9(2k + 1) + 4= 18k + 9 + 4= 18k + 13= 2(9k + 6) + 1

Since 9k + 6 is an integer, 2(9k + 6) + 1 is odd. Therefore, 9x + 4 is odd.

If 9x + 4 is odd, then x is odd

Let 9x + 4 be odd. Then, 9x + 4 = 2m + 1 for some integer m.

9x = 2m - 3

x = (2m - 3)/9

Since 2m - 3 is odd, (2m - 3)/9 is either an integer or a non-integer.

If x is a non-integer, then 9x + 4 is not an integer, which contradicts the

assumption. Therefore, x must be an integer.

x = (2m - 3)/9 = 2((m - 1)/9) - 1/3 (since m is odd, m - 1 is even)

Since (m - 1)/9 is an integer, x is odd.

Therefore, if x is an integer, then x is odd if and only if 9x + 4 is odd.

Solution
Let x be an odd integer. Then, x = 2k + 1 for some integer k.

7x + 5 = 7(2k + 1) + 5 = 14k + 7 + 5 = 14k + 12 = 2(7k + 6)

Since 7k + 6 is an integer, 2(7k + 6) is even.

Therefore, 7x + 5 is even.

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 171

Solution
12(a) Let x be an odd integer. Then, x = 2k + 1 for some integer k.

x2 - 4x + 6 = (2k + 1)2 - 4(2k + 1) + 6

= 4k2 + 4k + 1 - 8k - 4 + 6 = 4k² - 4k + 3 = 4k(k - 1) + 3 odd integer

Therefore, x2 - 4x + 6 is odd.

12(b) Let x be an even integer. Then, x = 2k for some integer k.

x² + 2x + 4 = (2k)² + 2(2k) + 4 = 4k² + 4k + 4 = 4(k² + k + 1)

Since k² + k + 1 is an integer, 4(k² + k + 1) is even. Therefore, x² + 2x + 4 is even.

Solution

Let x (A ∩ B)'

x ∉ (A ∩ B) x ∉ A or x ∉ B x A' or x B' x A' U B'

(A ∩ B)' A' U B'…………….. (i)

Again, let y A' U B'

y A' or y B' y ∉ A or y ∉ B y ∉ (A ∩ B) y (A ∩ B)'

A' U B' (A ∩ B)'…………….. (ii)

From (i) and (ii) we have

(A ∩ B)' = A' U B'

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Solution
Given: x² < y²
√ √
x<y
Therefore, if x² < y², then x < y.
Note: This proof relies on the fact that the square root function is monotonically
increasing for positive real numbers.

Solution
Consider a ∆ABC, as shown in the figure below. To prove the above property of
triangles, draw a line PQ parallel to the side BC of the given triangle.

Since PQ is a straight line, it can be concluded that:

PAB + BAC + QAC = 180° ………(1)
Since PQ||BC and AB, AC are transversals,
Therefore, QAC = ACB (a pair of alternate angle)
Also, PAB = CBA (a pair of alternate angle)
Substituting the value of QAC and PAB in equation (1),
ACB + BAC + CBA= 180°
Thus, the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

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Solution
(a)

left multiplication
associative property
identity

(b)

. / associative property
. / commutative property
associative property
multiplication property

(c)

( ) distributive property
multiplication property

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 174

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