Appendix B

COGNITIVE DOMAIN

TOPICS No. of TOTA

Hours % EASY AVERAGE DIFFICULT L
(30%) (40%) (30%)
R U AP AN E C ITEMS
(15%) (15%) (20%) (20%) (15%) (15%)

3 4 5 6 4 3
Mendelian 50% 25
Inheritance 30min
s 1,2,3 4,5,6,7 8,9,10, 13,14,15 19,20,21,2 23,24,2
11,12 , 2 5
16,17,
18
4 4 6 6 3 2
Mendel’s Law 30min 50% 25
of Inheritance s
26,27,28,2 30,31,32,3 34,35,36 40,41,42 46,47, 48 49,50
9 3 , ,
37,38,39 43,44,45
TOTAL 60min 100 7 8 11 12 7 5 50
s %

TABLE OF SPECIFICATION
 Appendix C

GENETICS – Mendelian Inheritance

Name: _______________________________________ Date:

_______
Year/Section: _________________________________ Score: _____

DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer before
the number and erasures are strictly prohibited. ERASURES are automatically
WRONG.

1. What is Mendelian inheritance?

a) The study of how genes are passed from parents to offspring, based on the principles
discovered by Gregor Mendel.
b) The process of DNA replication.
c) The random mutation of genes.
d) The study of the human genome.

2. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of offspring from a cross between two
heterozygous individuals for a single trait?

a) 1:2:1 (Homozygous dominant: Heterozygous: Homozygous recessive)

b) 3:1 (Dominant phenotype: Recessive phenotype)
c) 1:1 (Dominant phenotype: Recessive phenotype)
d) 4:0 (All Dominant phenotype).

3. What is the genotype of an individual who expresses the recessive phenotype?

a) Homozygous dominant
b) Heterozygous
c) Homozygous recessive
d) Any of the above
4. How does the Law of Segregation explain the variety observed in offspring from the
same parents?

a) By stating that alleles for different genes are inherited independently.

b) By demonstrating that each parent contributes only one allele for each gene to their
offspring.
c) By explaining that dominant alleles always mask recessive alleles.
d) By showing that environmental factors can influence gene expression.

5. If a plant with red flowers (RR) is crossed with a plant with white flowers (rr), what
color flowers will the offspring have?

a) Red
b) White
c) Pink
d) Red and White.

6. In a species of flower, red flower color (R) is dominant to white flower color (r). If a red-
flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant and all of the offspring are red, what
is the most likely genotype of the red-flowered parent?

a) Rr
b) Rr
c) RR
d) Cannot be determined from the information given.

7. What is the purpose of a Punnett Square?

a) To predict the sex of offspring.

b) To determine the possible offspring of a genetic cross.
c) To study the effects of the environment on genes.
d) To identify mutations in DNA.

8. Which of the following is NOT a principle of Mendelian inheritance?

a) Law of Segregation
b) Law of Independent Assortment
 c) Law of Dominance
d) Law of Spontaneous Generation

9. Which of the following is an example of a phenotype?

a) The alleles an individual carry for a particular gene.

b) The genetic makeup of an individual.
c) Blue eyes
d) The location of a gene on a chromosome.

10. When does the Law of Segregation occur?

a) During fertilization
b) During DNA replication
c) During gamete formation (meiosis)
d) During protein synthesis

11. When is the Law of Independent Assortment demonstrated?

a) During the replication of a single chromosome.

b) During the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
c) During the crossing over of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
d) During the fertilization of an egg by a sperm.

12. In pea plants, tall (T) is dominant over short (t). A plant with genotype Tt is crossed
with a plant that is homozygous recessive (tt). What is the probability that an offspring will
be tall?

a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 100%

13. In humans, the ability to roll the tongue (R) is dominant over the inability to roll the
tongue (r). A heterozygous individual (Rr) marries an individual who cannot roll their
tongue (rr). What is the probability that their child will be able to roll their tongue?
 a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 100%

14. Which of the following crosses would result in a 1:1 genotypic ratio for heterozygous
and homozygous dominant offspring?

a) AA × Aa
b) Aa × Aa
c) Aa × aa
d) AA × aa

15. In a certain species of rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b). A black-
furred rabbit with genotype Bb is crossed with a white-furred rabbit (bb). What is the
probability that the offspring will have white fur?

a) 0%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) 100%

16. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of offspring when a homozygous dominant pea
plant (TT) is crossed with a heterozygous pea plant (Tt)?

a) 1:1
b) 3:1
c) 1:2:1
d) 100% tall

17. Which of the following statements is correct for a dihybrid cross between two
heterozygous individuals (AaBb × AaBb) for two traits?

a) All offspring will have the same genotype.

b) The offspring will have a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
c) Only the dominant traits will be observed in the offspring.
d) The genotypic ratio will be 1:1:1:1.
18. In a plant species, flower color is determined by two alleles: red (R) for dominant and
white (r) for recessive. If a homozygous red-flowered plant (RR) is crossed with a
heterozygous red-flowered plant (Rr), what is the expected genotype ratio of the offspring?

a) 1 RR: 1 Rr
b) 1 RR: 2 Rr
c) 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr
d) 1 Rr: 1 rr

19. n a population of fruit flies, eye color is controlled by a sex-linked gene where red eyes
(X^R) are dominant over white eyes (X^r). If a male fruit fly with white eyes (X^rY) mates
with a female with red eyes who is heterozygous (X^RX^r), which of the following is the
most likely outcome for their male offspring?

a) 50% will have red eyes, and 50% will have white eyes.
b) All male offspring will have red eyes.
c) All male offspring will have white eyes.
d) 50% will have white eyes, and 50% will have red eyes, regardless of gender.

20. You are asked to evaluate the following cross: a homozygous dominant red-flowered
plant (RR) is crossed with a white-flowered plant (rr). What would you conclude if the
offspring all exhibited red flowers?

a) The red flower allele is recessive to the white flower allele.

b) The red flower allele is dominant over the white flower allele.
c) The offspring must be homozygous for red flowers.
d) The red flower allele exhibits incomplete dominance.

21. A plant breeder crosses a homozygous dominant tall plant (TT) with a homozygous
recessive short plant (tt). If the F1 offspring are then crossed to produce F2 progeny, and
the resulting F2 plants show a 1:1 phenotypic ratio for tall to short plants, what would you
conclude about the genotype of the F1 plants?

a) The F1 plants must be homozygous dominant.

b) The F1 plants must be heterozygous.
c) The F1 plants must be homozygous recessive.
d) The F1 plants must have incomplete dominance.
22. A geneticist conducts a cross between two heterozygous individuals (TtRr × TtRr)
where "T" is dominant for tall height, "t" is recessive for short height, "R" is dominant for
round seeds, and "r" is recessive for wrinkled seeds. Which of the following statements are
true about the possible offspring?

I. The phenotypic ratio of the offspring will be 9:3:3:1.

II. The expected genotypic ratio of the offspring will be 1 TTRR: 2 TTRr : 2 TtRR : 4 TtRr : 1
TTrr : 2 Ttrr : 1 ttRR : 2 ttRr : 1 ttrr.
III. All offspring will have round seeds.
IV. Some offspring will be tall and some will be short.

a) I, II, IV
b) I, III, IV
c) II, III, IV
d) I, III A

23. What combination of parental genotypes would you plan to predict a 9:3:3:1
phenotypic ratio in the offspring?

a) AaBb × AaBb
b) AABB × aabb
c) AaBb × aabb
d) AaBb × AABB

24. What experiment would you create to confirm the 3:1 phenotypic ratio observed in
monohybrid crosses?

a) Cross two homozygous organisms with opposite traits.

b) Cross a heterozygous organism with a homozygous recessive organism.
c) Cross two heterozygous organisms for the trait.
d) Cross a homozygous dominant organism with a homozygous recessive organism.

25. What genetic cross would you construct to identify carriers of a recessive allele in a
population?

a) Cross two homozygous dominant individuals.

b) Cross two individuals who are heterozygous for the recessive allele.
c) Cross a homozygous recessive individual with a homozygous dominant individual.
d) Cross a heterozygous individual with a homozygous recessive individual.
26. What type of genetic cross would you design to validate Mendel’s Law of Segregation,
and how would you analyze the results?

a) Cross two heterozygous individuals and analyze the offspring for a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
b) Cross a heterozygous individual with a homozygous recessive individual and analyze the
offspring for a 1:1 phenotypic ratio.
c) Cross two homozygous individuals with different traits and analyze for dominant
expression.
d) Cross a homozygous dominant individual with a homozygous recessive individual and
analyze the F2 generation.

27. What experiment would you create to confirm Mendel’s Law of Independent
Assortment using two traits?

a) Cross a heterozygous organism for both traits with a homozygous recessive organism and
analyze the offspring phenotypes.
b) Cross two homozygous organisms with opposing alleles for each trait and analyze the F1
generation.
c) Cross two heterozygous organisms for both traits and analyze the phenotypic ratios in the
F2 generation.
d) Cross a homozygous recessive organism for both traits with a homozygous dominant
organism and analyze all generations.

28. What genetic cross would you design to identify linkage between two genes instead of
independent assortment?

a) Cross two heterozygous organisms for the two traits and analyze for unexpected
phenotypic ratios.
b) Cross a homozygous dominant organism with a homozygous recessive organism and
analyze F1 offspring.
c) Cross a dihybrid heterozygous organism with a homozygous recessive organism and
analyze offspring phenotypes for linkage deviations.
 d) Cross two homozygous organisms with opposite alleles for both traits and analyze for
9:3:3:1 ratio.

29. What breeding strategy would you create to trace the inheritance of a recessive allele in
a large family pedigree?

a) Cross a homozygous dominant individual with a homozygous recessive individual and

observe the F1 generation.
b) Cross a heterozygous individual with a homozygous recessive individual to track carrier
and affected offspring.
c) Cross two heterozygous individuals to analyze the phenotypic and genotypic ratios.
d) Cross two homozygous recessive individuals to confirm the absence of dominant traits.

30. What does Mendel's Law of Segregation state about the separation of alleles during
gamete formation?

a) Each gamete receives only one allele for each gene because alleles separate during
meiosis.
b) Both alleles for a gene are passed on to each gamete.
c) Dominant alleles and recessive alleles are inherited together.
d) Genes for different traits are always inherited together.

31. Which principle of Mendel’s laws explains how traits are inherited independently of
each other?

a) The Law of Segregation

b) The Law of Independent Assortment
c) The Principle of Dominance
d) The Rule of Gamete Formation

32. How would you describe the phenotype of an organism that is heterozygous for a trait,
according to Mendel’s findings?
 a) It shows a blend of both alleles.
b) It displays the recessive trait.
c) It displays the dominant trait.
d) It exhibits traits from both alleles equally.

33. What phenotypic ratio would result from a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous
parents?

a) 1:2:1
b) 9:3:3:1
c) 3:1
d) 1:1

34. If a pea plant with a genotype Tt is crossed with a plant with genotype tt, what
proportion of the offspring will display the recessive trait?

a) 0%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) 100%

35. Which of the following statements align with Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

I. Each individual has two alleles for a trait.

II. Alleles separate during gamete formation.
III. Dominant alleles always pair with recessive alleles.

a) I, II, III
b) I and II only
c) II and III only
d) I and III only

36. Which of the following results would you expect from a monohybrid cross between two
heterozygous parents?
I. A phenotypic ratio of 3:1.
II. A genotypic ratio of 1:2:1.
III. All offspring showing the dominant phenotype.
 a) I, II, III
b) I and II only
c) II and III only
d) I and III only

37. What type of cross would you use to determine whether an organism showing a
dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous?

a) A self-cross
b) A dihybrid crosses
c) A test cross with a homozygous recessive individual
d) A cross with another dominant phenotype

38. Which of the following correctly describe the inheritance patterns observed in Mendel’s
pea plant experiments?

I. Traits are determined by discrete units of inheritance (genes).

II. Recessive traits are only expressed when two recessive alleles are present.
III. Traits are blended in offspring.

a) I and II only
b) II and III only
c) I, II, III
d) I and III only

39. A brown-eyed man (Bb) marries a blue-eyed woman (bb). Brown eyes (B) are dominant
over blue eyes (b). Using a Punnett square, determine the expected genotypic ratio of their
children.

a) 1 BB: 2 Bb: 1 bb
b) 1 Bb: 1 bb
c) 3 BB: 1 Bb
d) 1 BB: 1 bb

40. In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (RrYy x RrYy), what is the
expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

a) 9:3:3:1
 b) 3:1

c) 1:2:1

d) 1:1

41. In a monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant parent (AA) and a

homozygous recessive parent (aa), what is the probability that an offspring will be
heterozygous?

a) 0%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) 100%

42. If a person has the genotype Hh for a trait where "H" is dominant and "h" is recessive,
which of the following correctly explains the phenotype of the individual?

a) The trait will show a mixed expression of H and h.

b) The trait will express the dominant allele only.
c) The trait will express the recessive allele only.
d) The trait will not be expressed.

43. Analyze the results of a test cross between a pea plant with purple flowers (dominant
phenotype) and a white-flowered pea plant (recessive phenotype). The offspring are 50%
purple and 50% white. What is the genotype of the purple-flowered parent?

a) PP
b) Pp
c) Pp
d) Cannot be determined
44. A plant heterozygous for seed shape (Rr) is crossed with a plant homozygous recessive
for the same trait (rr). Which of the following offspring genotypic ratios will result?

a) 1:1
b) 3:1
c) 9:3:3:1
 d) 2:1

45. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). If two heterozygous
individuals (Bb) have children, what percentage of their offspring will likely have blue
eyes?

a) 0%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) 75%

46. A cross between two heterozygous tall pea plants (Tt) results in offspring with a
phenotypic ratio of 3:1 (tall to short). If a short offspring (tt) from this cross is bred with
another heterozygous tall plant (Tt), which phenotypic ratio would you expect in their
offspring?

a) 1 tall: 1 short
b) 3 tall: 1 short
c) 2 tall: 2 short
d) 4 tall: 0 short

47. A scientist is evaluating data from a dihybrid cross (AaBb x AaBb) and finds the
phenotypic ratio deviates significantly from the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio. Based on Mendelian
principles, which conclusion best evaluates the cause of this deviation?

a) Independent assortment did not occur.

b) There was an error in the data collection process.
c) The traits are linked and do not assort independently.
d) The sample size was too large to reflect Mendelian ratios.

48. A population of organisms shows incomplete dominance for flower color, where red
(RR) and white (rr) result in pink (Rr). A breeder is trying to evaluate whether crossing
two pink flowers will produce offspring with a higher percentage of pink flowers. Which
evaluation of the offspring ratios supports their goal?

a) 100% pink flowers

b) 50% pink flowers, 25% red, 25% white
c) 25% red, 50% pink, 25% white
 d) 75% pink flowers, 25% red

49. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the creation of a dihybrid cross
between two heterozygous pea plants for seed shape (round vs. wrinkled) and seed color
(yellow vs. green)?

a) Predicting the phenotypic ratio from a cross between a homozygous round, yellow plant
and a homozygous wrinkled, green plant.
b) Designing a cross between two heterozygous round, yellow pea plants and determining
the possible allele combinations in their offspring.
c) Estimating the genotype of an offspring from a homozygous round, green plant.
d) Analyzing the monohybrid inheritance pattern of a single trait, like seed color.

50. Given the inheritance of two traits, plant height (tall vs. dwarf) and flower color (purple
vs. white), which of the following experimental designs would best test the interaction of
these two traits in a population?

a) Cross two homozygous tall, purple plants and count the phenotypic ratios of the
offspring.
b) Cross two heterozygous tall, purple plants and examine how the inheritance of both traits’
correlates in the offspring.
c) Conduct a monohybrid cross for each trait separately to observe the inheritance pattern
for each.
d) Test the effect of environmental conditions on the expression of height and flower color.