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Arduino Workshop A Hands On Introduction with 65
Projects 1st Edition John Boxall Digital Instant Download
Author(s): John Boxall
ISBN(s): 9781593274481, 1593274483
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 10.14 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
 ARDUINO
LEARN THE BASICS,
BUILD THE PROJECTS,
CREATE YOUR OWN

WORKSHOP

ARDUINO WORKSHOP
The Arduino is a cheap, flexible, open source micro- • A handy tester that lets you check the voltage of any A HANDS-ON INTRODUCTION
controller platform designed to make it easy for hobbyists single-cell battery
W I T H 65 PROJECTS
to use electronics in homemade projects. With an almost • A keypad-controlled lock that requires a secret code
unlimited range of input and output add-ons, sensors, indi- to open
cators, displays, motors, and more, the Arduino offers you
countless ways to create devices that interact with the You’ll also learn to build Arduino toys and games like: JOHN BOXALL
world around you. • An electronic version of the classic six-sided die
In Arduino Workshop, you’ll learn how these add-ons • A binary quiz game that challenges your number
work and how to integrate them into your own projects. conversion skills
You’ll start off with an overview of the Arduino system
but quickly move on to coverage of various electronic • A motorized remote control tank with collision detection
components and concepts. Hands-on projects throughout to keep it from crashing
the book reinforce what you’ve learned and show you Arduino Workshop will teach you the tricks and design
how to apply that knowledge. As your understanding grows, principles of a master craftsman. Whatever your skill level,
the projects increase in complexity and sophistication. you’ll have fun as you learn to harness the power of the
Among the book’s 65 projects are useful devices like: Arduino for your own DIY projects.

• A digital thermometer that charts temperature changes

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
on an LCD
John Boxall (http://www.tronixstuff.com/ ) has been
• A GPS logger that records data from your travels, which
writing Arduino tutorials, projects, and kit and accessory
can be displayed on Google Maps
reviews for years. Arduino Workshop is his first book.

T H E F I N E ST I N G E E K E N T E RTA I N M E N T ™
w w w.nostarch.com
BOXALL

“ I L I E F L AT .” $29.95 ($31.95 CDN)

This book uses RepKover — a durable binding that won’t snap shut.
HARDWARE/ELECTRONICS
SHELVE IN:
Arduino Workshop
 A r d ui n o
W or k s h o p
A Hands-On Introduction
with 65 Projects

by John Boxall

San Francisco
Arduino Workshop. Copyright © 2013 by John Boxall.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the
prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.

Printed in USA

First printing

17 16 15 14 13   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ISBN-10: 1-59327-448-3
ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-448-1

Publisher: William Pollock

Production Editor: Serena Yang
Cover Illustration: Charlie Wylie
Interior Design: Octopod Studios
Developmental Editor: William Pollock
Technical Reviewer: Marc Alexander
Copyeditor: Lisa Theobald
Compositor: Susan Glinert Stevens
Proofreader: Emelie Battaglia

Circuit diagrams made using Fritzing (http://fritzing.org/)

For information on distribution, translations, or bulk sales, please contact No Starch Press, Inc. directly:

No Starch Press, Inc.

38 Ringold Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
phone: 415.863.9900; fax: 415.863.9950; info@nostarch.com; www.nostarch.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress.

No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press, Inc. Other product and
company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a trademark
symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to
the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.

The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been
taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any liability to any
person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the infor-
mation contained in it.
For the two people who have always believed in me:
my mother and my dearest Kathleen
 Brief Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Chapter 1: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2: Exploring the Arduino Board and the IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 3: First Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 4: Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Chapter 5: Working with Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Chapter 6: Numbers, Variables, and Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Chapter 7: Liquid Crystal Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Chapter 8: Expanding Your Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Chapter 9: Numeric Keypads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Chapter 10: Accepting User Input with Touchscreens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Chapter 11: Meet the Arduino Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Chapter 12: Motors and Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Chapter 13: Using GPS with Your Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Chapter 14: Wireless Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Chapter 15: Infrared Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Chapter 16: Reading RFID Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Chapter 17: Data Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Chapter 18: Real-time Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Chapter 19: The Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Chapter 20: Cellular Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

viii   Brief Contents
 Conte nt s in De ta il

Acknowledgments xix

1
Getting Started 1
The Possibilities Are Endless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Strength in Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Parts and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Required Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Windows XP and Later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Ubuntu Linux 9.04 and Later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2
Exploring the Arduino Board and the IDE 19
The Arduino Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Taking a Look Around the IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Command Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Text Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
The Message Window Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Creating Your First Sketch in the IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Setup Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Controlling the Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
The Loop Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Verifying Your Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Uploading and Running Your Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Modifying Your Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3
First Steps 33
Planning Your Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
About Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Electronic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
The Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
The Light-Emitting Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The Solderless Breadboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Project #1: Creating a Blinking LED Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
The Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
 The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Running the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Using Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Project #2: Repeating with for Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Varying LED Brightness with Pulse-Width Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Project #3: Demonstrating PWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
More Electric Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
The Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Rectifier Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Higher-Voltage Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4
Building Blocks 55
Using Schematic Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Identifying Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Wires in Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Dissecting a Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
The Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Measuring the Capacity of a Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Reading Capacitor Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Types of Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Digital Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Project #4: Demonstrating a Digital Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Modifying Your Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Understanding the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Creating Constants with #define . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Reading Digital Input Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Making Decisions with if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Making More Decisions with if-then-else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Boolean Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Comparison Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Making Two or More Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Project #5: Controlling Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
The Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
The Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Running the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Analog vs. Digital Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Project #6: Creating a Single-Cell Battery Tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
The Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
The Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

x Contents in Detail
 The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Doing Arithmetic with an Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Float Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Comparison Operators for Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Improving Analog Measurement Precision with a Reference Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Using an External Reference Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Using the Internal Reference Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
The Variable Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Piezoelectric Buzzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Piezo Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Project #7: Trying Out a Piezo Buzzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Project #8: Creating a Quick-Read Thermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
The Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Hacking the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

5
Working with Functions 95
Project #9: Creating a Function to Repeat an Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Project #10: Creating a Function to Set the Number of Blinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Creating a Function to Return a Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Project #11: Creating a Quick-Read Thermometer That Blinks the Temperature . . . . . . . . . 98
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Displaying Data from the Arduino in the Serial Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
The Serial Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Project #12: Displaying the Temperature in the Serial Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Debugging with the Serial Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Making Decisions with while Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
do-while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Sending Data from the Serial Monitor to the Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Project #13: Multiplying a Number by Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
long Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Project #14: Using long Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

6
Numbers, Variables, and Arithmetic 111
Generating Random Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Using Ambient Current to Generate a Random Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Project #15: Creating an Electronic Die . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Modifying the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Contents in Detail xi
A Quick Course in Binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Byte Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Increasing Digital Outputs with Shift Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Project #16: Creating an LED Binary Number Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Connecting the 74HC595 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Project #17: Making a Binary Quiz Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Defining an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Referring to Values in an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Writing to and Reading from Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Seven-Segment LED Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Controlling the LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Project #18: Creating a Single-Digit Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Displaying Double Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Project #19: Controlling Two Seven-Segment LED Display Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Modulo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Project #20: Creating a Digital Thermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
LED Matrix Display Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
The LED Matrix Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Making the Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Bitwise Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
The Bitwise AND Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
The Bitwise OR Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
The Bitwise XOR Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
The Bitwise NOT Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Bitshift Left and Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Project #21: Creating an LED Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Project #22: Creating Images on an LED Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Project #23: Displaying an Image on an LED Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Project #24: Animating an LED Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

7
Liquid Crystal Displays 147
Character LCD Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Using a Character LCD in a Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Displaying Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Displaying Variables or Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

xii Contents in Detail

Project #25: Defining Custom Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Graphic LCD Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Connecting the Graphic LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Using the LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Controlling the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Project #26: Seeing the Text Functions in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Creating More Complex Display Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Project #27: Creating a Temperature History Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
The Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
The Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Modifying the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

8
Expanding Your Arduino 161
Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
ProtoShields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Project #28: Creating a Custom Shield with Eight LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
The Layout of the ProtoShield Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
The Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Soldering the Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Modifying the Custom Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Expanding Sketches with Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Importing a Shield’s Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
MicroSD Memory Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Testing Your MicroSD Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Project #29: Writing Data to the Memory Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Project #30: Creating a Temperature-Logging Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Timing Applications with millis() and micros() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Project #31: Creating a Stopwatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Interrupt Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Configuring Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Activating or Deactivating Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Project #32: Using Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Contents in Detail xiii

9
Numeric Keypads 187
Using a Numeric Keypad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Wiring a Keypad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Programming for the Keypad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Testing the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Making Decisions with switch-case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Project #33: Creating a Keypad-Controlled Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Testing the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

10
Accepting User Input with Touchscreens 195
Touchscreens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Connecting the Touchscreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Project #34: Addressing Areas on the Touchscreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Testing the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Mapping the Touchscreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Project #35: Creating a Two-Zone On/Off Touch Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Testing the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Project #36: Creating a Three-Zone Touch Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
The Touchscreen Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

11
Meet the Arduino Family 207
Project #37: Creating Your Own Breadboard Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Running a Test Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
The Many Arduino Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Arduino Uno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Freetronics Eleven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
The Freeduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
The Boarduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
The Arduino Nano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
The Arduino LilyPad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
The Arduino Mega 2560 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
The Freetronics EtherMega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
The Arduino Due . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

xiv Contents in Detail

12
Motors and Movement 225
Making Small Motions with Servos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Selecting a Servo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Connecting a Servo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Putting a Servo to Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Project #38: Building an Analog Thermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Using Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
The TIP120 Darlington Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Project #39: Controlling the Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Project #40: Building and Controlling a Tank Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Sensing Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Project #41: Detecting Tank Bot Collisions with a Microswitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Infrared Distance Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Wiring It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Testing the IR Distance Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Project #42: Detecting Tank Bot Collisions with IR Distance Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Ultrasonic Distance Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Connecting the Ultrasonic Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Using the Ultrasonic Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Testing the Ultrasonic Distance Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Project #43: Detecting Tank Bot Collisions with an Ultrasonic Distance Sensor . . . . . . . . 254
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

13
Using GPS with Your Arduino 257
What Is GPS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Testing the GPS Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Project #44: Creating a Simple GPS Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Displaying the Position on the LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Project #45: Creating an Accurate GPS-based Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Contents in Detail xv
Project #46: Recording the Position of a Moving Object over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Displaying Locations on a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

14
Wireless Data 271
Using Low-cost Wireless Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Project #47: Creating a Wireless Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
The Hardware for the Transmitter Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
The Transmitter Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
The Hardware for the Receiver Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
The Receiver Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
The Transmitter Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
The Receiver Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Using XBee Wireless Data Modules for Greater Range and Faster Speed . . . . . . . . . . 277
Project #48: Transmitting Data with an XBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Setting Up the Computer to Receive Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Project #49: Building a Remote Control Thermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
The Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

15
Infrared Remote Control 285
What Is Infrared? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Setting Up for Infrared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
The IR Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
The Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
A Test Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Testing the Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Project #50: Creating an IR Remote Control Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Expanding the Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Project #51: Creating an IR Remote Control Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

16
Reading RFID Tags 295
Inside RFID Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Testing the Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Testing the Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

xvi Contents in Detail

Project #52: Creating a Simple RFID Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Storing Data in the Arduino’s Built-in EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Reading and Writing to the EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Project #53: Creating an RFID Control with “Last Action” Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

17
Data Buses 307
2
The I C Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Project #54: Using an External EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
The Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Project #55: Using a Port Expander IC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
The SPI Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Pin Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Implementing the SPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Sending Data to an SPI Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Project #56: Using a Digital Rheostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

18
Real-time Clocks 321
Connecting the RTC Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Project #57: Adding and Displaying Time and Date with an RTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Project #58: Creating a Simple Digital Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
How It Works and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Project #59: Creating an RFID Time-Clock System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Contents in Detail xvii

19
The Internet 337
What You’ll Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Project #60: Building a Remote-Monitoring Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Project #61: Creating an Arduino Tweeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Controlling Your Arduino from the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Project #62: Setting Up a Remote Control for Your Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Controlling Your Arduino Remotely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

20
Cellular Communications 349
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Preparing the Power Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Hardware Configuration and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Changing the Operating Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Project #63: Building an Arduino Dialer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Project #64: Building an Arduino Texter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Project #65: Setting Up an SMS Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
The Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
The Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
The Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Index 365

xviii Contents in Detail

 Acknowledgments

First of all, a huge thank you to the Arduino team:

Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe,
Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis. Without your
vision, thought, and hard work, none of this would
have been possible.
Many thanks to my technical reviewer Marc Alexander for his contribu-
tions, expertise, suggestions, support, thoughts, and long conversations,
and for having the tenacity to follow through with such a large project.
I also want to thank the following organizations for their images and
encouragement: adafruit industries, Agilent Technologies, Gravitech,
Freetronics, Oomlout, Seeed Studio, Sharp Corporation, and SparkFun.
Furthermore, a big thanks to Freetronics for the use of their excellent
hardware products. And thank you to all those who have contributed their
time making Arduino libraries, which makes life much easier for everyone.
Kudos and thanks to the Fritzing team for their wonderful open source
circuit schematic design tool, which I’ve used throughout this book.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 39 A worral hole is a drain-pipe let in the wall immediately at
the back of the fire; this is to afford sufficient draught to burn the
sea coal which is daily gathered from the beach.
40 A sucking-pig.
41 A cant phrase of the time is used in the original.
42 The devil.
43 Hand in hand, both touch the floor together. This has
already been referred to.
44 Observe the lack of the possessive case.
45 The ground covered would be about twenty miles—not bad.
46 A woman was adjudged the same punishment at Bedale (for
a different offence) in the year 1779, also at Thirsk and
Northallerton.
47 For other interesting matter concerning Nan Hardwicke, vide
Henderson’s Folklore.
48 Observe rice is now being ousted by confetti, which is much
better—rice is so dangerous.
49 This statement has nothing to do with his private life, only
as that of a wise man. ‘De mortuis nil nisi bonum.’
50 This would be the father of the Mr. Scorer I knew, who for
many years lived at Basedale Abbey.
51 I know that Mr. G. Markham Tweddle holds quite contrary
views. His idea is that Wrightson was little better than a huge
swindler.
52 For other authentic stories of Wrightson, vide Henderson’s
Folklore.
53 A small four-legged stool.
54 A hedgehog.
55 I met a man in the train the other day who said he had
often seen them sucking.
56 Henry Wilson, of Broughton, was a wise man of some
repute after Wrightson’s time.
 57 Something like Sadler and Clarke’s method.
58 The usual time was midnight; this case, so far as I know, is
unique.
59 Accuse openly.
60 To prepare a ‘hand of glory,’ the hand of a man who had
been hanged had to be left for some days in a special kind of
pickle; afterwards it was dried in the sun, and then parched in the
smoke of certain herbs. A special kind of candle had to be made
from certain fats; with this candle lighted and stuck in the dead
man’s hand, a hypnotic sleep could be cast upon a whole
household. Henderson’s Folklore.
61 There was a marvellous hobman once lived near Ripon, but
his deeds some one writing of the West Riding must chronicle.
62 With slight variation the same story is known in other parts
of the riding, also in Lancashire, and is as old as the hills
throughout Scandinavia.
63 A similar story is told of Sir Francis Drake.
64 See Glossary.
65 ‘Ower,’ prep. over.
66 ‘Ower,’ adv. too; ‘ower’ nearly always takes the place of ‘too.’
‘Ower mich,’ ‘ower monny apples,’ ‘ower big a load,’ ‘ower larl,’
‘ower au’d,’ &c.
67 This peculiarity, even amongst many educated Yorkshire
people, of repeating the verb is further illustrated in the
concluding remarks at the end of the Glossary.
68 Thirsty.
69 Really the same simile, common where otters fish.
70 Snails.
71 The name by which the Grammar School boys were known.
72 I have heard children innocently repeating, as they counted
each other out:—
 Prest an, pop an,
Cock on t’ spire,
Holy Alice,
Dah mell fire.

Did their parents or teachers but know what the youngsters

were really saying, they would be no little shocked.
73 Staggerum buck, or Staggerer Staggera bobtail, is the name
of a boys’ game, very commonly played. ‘Philson,’ ‘Valson,’ and
‘Dickson’ are examples of the elision of the possessive case, i.e.
Phil’s son, Val’s son, and Dick’s son.
74 ‘Knave-a’ became general during the War of Independence
—we were a bit out of favour then.
75 Vide Grimm’s Household Tales.
76 As the children tell the story, they pronounce crooked,
‘crook-ed.’
77 The story in its original form was a prophetic hymn sung by
the Jews at the Passover, the animals and elements representing
their enemies and deliverers.
78 Henderson’s Folklore.
79 Knotted hair.
80 Both pronunciations are equally common.
81 Walk.
82 Brow.
83 Purse.
84 ‘Trigg’d his wame,’ filled his stomach.
85 ‘Lair,’ a barn.
86 ‘Streahy,’ strawy.
87 ‘Seeat,’ soot.
88 ‘Clais,’ clothes.
89 E is used in the original.
 90 Horse.
91 Should be ‘wae’s t’ me,’ lit. ‘woe is to me.’
92 Riding apparel.
93 Well dressed.
94 Designed.
95 Mind.
96 Determined.
97 False.
98 Scythe.
99 ‘Window’ is commonly pronounced winder, winner, and
windther.
100 At is often used instead of who, which, and that.
101 The th and dh sound, found in so many East Riding words,
is not nearly so marked in the speech of the North Riding.
102 ‘Ya ’evn’t’ and ‘tha ’evn’t’ are not so emphatic as ‘ya’ve nut’
or ‘tha’ve nut,’ &c.
103 Throughout, save in this example, ‘He’ has been so
printed, but without exception its utterance approaches nearer to
that of ‘a’ or ‘eh,’ e.g. ‘‘Ez he ta’en ’t fra tha?’ would certainly
appear as if the speaker had said ’‘Ez a (or eh) ta’en ’t fra tha?’
But to save the reader much needless confusion, he has been
retained, though it is rarely heard save at the commencement of
a sentence.
104 ‘Divn’t’ is quite a common form of ‘do not.’
105 ‘Uz,’ ‘us,’ is often used for ‘me.’
106 Written gi’en.
107 ‘On,’ prep. ‘of.’
108 Rod = red.
109 The old pronunciations of ‘trashing’ for ‘thrashing,’
‘trepence’ for ‘threepence,’ ‘trive’ for ‘thrive,’ &c., are frequently
heard in Cleveland.
 110 Along the borders touching the West Riding ‘Blathery’ is in
common use. ‘Bladdry’ it should be.
111 ‘Come’ is always pronounced ‘cum.’
112 The same pronunciation is often used in the sense of ‘to
lose.’ Ex.—‘Thoo’ll lowse thisel,’ or ‘Thoo’ll loss thisel;’ ‘It’s been a
lowsin’ gaame fra t’ fo’st ti t’ last,’ i.e. ‘It has been a losing game,’
&c.
113 In several instances this rule has been broken, but only to
give a correct rendering of the pronunciation as spoken in a
particular district to-day.
114 The term ‘dialect’ is used throughout this work for want of
a better word, and to avoid tautology. Our folk-speech is not a
dialect, it is a language.
115 The map issued with the North-Eastern 1d. Time-table
answers well for the purpose.
116 Our dialect word Fick, which is the Fik given, has three
distinct meanings: (1) to struggle under some form of restraint;
(2) to strive to obtain; (3) to succeed, to get.
Ex.—1. ‘T’ pig ficked that hard whahl Ah c’u’dn’t git it inti t’
cart,’ 2. ‘He made a poor fick on ’t,’ i.e. he made a feeble attempt.
‘He weean’t mak a fick for ’t,’ he won’t strive to do, obtain, or get.
3. ‘He ficked it at t’ finish,’ he got it in the end.
117 ‘Roke’ is the common dialectic word for mist or fog. ‘Reek’
is the North Riding word for smoke. ‘Rog’ is the Danish.
118 ‘The’ is always used before the name of the Deity, and
often in conversation of a grave and sorrowful nature.
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS
A.
Allison, Dr. T., 9 Picton Place, Newcastle.
Allison, F., Church Green, Guisborough.
Anderson, Tempest, M.D., J.P., St. Agnes-gate, York.
Anderson, Major F. H., Fulford, York.
Anderson, W., Rimswell, Thornaby-on-Tees.
Argles, C. G., St. Clement’s Vicarage, York.
Ashton, The Right Hon. Lord, Rylands, Lancaster.

B.
Backhouse, C. H., J.P., Darlington.
Barker, E., Cleveland House, West Hartlepool.
Barker, G., Tancred Grange, Scorton.
Barling, Dr. A. S., Dalton Square, Lancaster.
Barraclough, W., Swainby.
Baynes, Alderman Jno., J.P., Ripon.
Beatty, Dr. H. J., Van Mildert House, Stockton-on-Tees.
Beck, Mrs., Carthorpe House, Bedale.
Beckett, E. W., M.P., 17 Stratton St., Piccadilly, W.
Bell, Hugh, J.P., Red Barnes, Redcar.
Bell Bros., Ltd., Middlesbrough.
Beresford Pierse, Mrs., The Hall, Bedale.
Best, Mrs., 31 Lyddon Terrace, Leeds.
Bethell, Miss L., Newton Kyme, Tadcaster (2 copies).
Beverley, The Right Rev. Lord Bishop of, Bolton Percy.
Birch, Mrs., Middleham, R.S.O.
Bird, Col. C. H., Crookhey Hall, Garstang, Lancashire.
Blackett, Capt. C. M., Newsham Hall, Darlington.
Blair, Gen., V.C., C.B., Thorpe Hall, Wycliffe, Darlington.
Blandford, Dr. J. M., Norton, Stockton-on-Tees.
Bohr, Von, Mill Hill, Brandsby.
Bowes-Wilson, T., Enterpen Hutton, Rudby (2 copies).
Bowstead-Warwick, P., Settlebeck, Sedbergh.
Bramley, W., Church St., Guisborough.
Briggs, Rev. A. C., Moor Allerton.
Brooksbank, E. C., Helaugh Old Hall, Tadcaster.
Brown, F., J.P., Norton, Stockton-on-Tees (2 copies).
Brown, W. T., Yew Court, Scarborough.
Buchannan, G., Whitby, Yorkshire.
Burra, R., The Hall, Gate, Sedbergh.
Burrell, Miss, Fairthorn, Botley, Hants.
Burton, Rev. B. C., The Rectory, Cherry Burton, Beverley.
Burton, D. F., The Hall, Cherry Burton, Beverley (2 copies).
Butcher, J. S., M.P., 22 Collingham Place, S.W.

C.
Cadle, C. E., 5 North Bailey, Durham.
Carlisle, The Right Hon. Lady, Naworth Castle.
Carpenter, Admiral the Hon. W. C., Kipling Hall, Northallerton.
Carter, Rev. E. S., St. Michael’s-le-Belfry, York.
Carter, T., J.P., Richmond, Yorkshire.
Cayley, Digby, J.P., Brompton, R.S.O. (4 copies).
Chaloner, Mrs., Long Hull, Guisborough.
Chapman, Mrs., The Cliff, Leyburn.
Charlton, W., North Eastern Bank, Durham.
Clarke, A. F., The Ven. Archdeacon of Lancaster (2 copies).
Clegg, J., 1 Spring Bank, Preston.
Cobb, C., Clifton, York.
Collier, Rev. Carus, Great Ayton.
Collinson, S., Royal Hotel, Scorton.
Collison, W., 79 Fenchurch St., London.
Comerline, Rev. A. S., York.
Coning, T., 28 Bankment, York.
Coper, Rev. J. M. A., Robin Hood’s Bay.
Corney, Miss, Newton Hall, Great Ayton.
Craddock, C., J.P., Grove House, Wakefield.
Crusher, T., Forest Farm, Scorton.

D.
Dale, Sir David, Bart., West Lodge, Darlington.
Daltry, The Rev. Vernon G., The Rectory, Yarm.
Dawnay, Col., The Hon., Benningbrough Hall.
Dent, Miss I., Ribston Hall, Wetherby.
Derby, Right Hon. Earl, K.G., Knowsley, Prescot.
Dixon, David, Brotton Hall.
Dixon, D. D., Coquetdale House, Rothbury.
Dixon, Sir Raylton, Kt., Gunnegate Hall, Cleveland.
Durham, The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of.
E.
Eaves, Mrs., The Vicarage, Lyminge.
Eccles, E. E., Fenton House, Lancaster.
Edmundson, C. F. P., Nutwith House, Masham.
Ellerton, Dr. J., Grove Hill, Middlesborough.
Elliott, C., The Lodge, Scorton.
Emmerson, J. J., Easby Hall, Great Ayton (4 copies).

F.
Fallow, T. M., Coatham House, Redcar.
Fawcet, Miss, North Bailey, Durham.
Fife, Capt., Langton Hall, Northallerton.
Flintoff, C., The Grange, Scorton.
Forbes, C. M., 14 New St., York (2 copies).
Foster, Martin, Claremont, Norton.
Fowler, Rev. J. C., Whorlton, Northallerton.
Fry, J., Cleveland Lodge, Great Ayton.

G.
Gaddesden, Mrs., Hunmanby Hall, East Yorkshire (2 copies).
Gallimore, J. S., Escrick, York.
Gaussen, Rev., The Vicarage, Malton.
Gilpin Brown, Mrs., Sedbury Park, Richmond, Yorkshire
(6 copies).
Gisborne Fawcett, T., Yarm (2 copies).
Gravely, A. C., Hutton Grange, Guisborough.
Gray, The Right Hon. Lady Mayoress, York (2 copies).
Greenbank, Thos., Bank of Liverpool, Sedbergh.
Greenwood, Capt., Swartcliff Hall, Leeds.
Gregson, B. P., The Hall, Caton, Lancaster (2 copies).

H.
Hales, Rev., Aysgarth School, Jervaulx (2 copies).
Hamilton Russell, The Hon. Constance, Brancepeth Castle.
Harrison, W., North Road, Ripon.
Hartley, Mrs., The Rectory, Burneston.
Hawke, The Right Hon. Lady, Wighill Park, Tadcaster.
Hawkins, C., Sowerby, Thirsk.
Head, Mrs. J., Hartburn Hall (2 copies).
Heavisides, J., Stockton-on-Tees.
Hedlam, Rev. A. W., Gainford (2 copies).
Heppenstall, Rev. F. W., East Layton (2 copies).
Heslop, R. O., 12 Arkenside Hill, Newcastle.
Hill, Miss, Romanby.
Hill, J., Newport, Middlesborough.
Hincks, Capt. J. C., Terrace House, Richmond (2 copies).
Horsfall, E. F. Wilson, Potto Grange (2 copies).
Howard, Rev. R. G., Hovingham.
Huddart, Rev. G., Kirklington.
Hulton, ——, Bolton-le-Moors, Lancaster.
Hutton Darcy, Miss E., Aldborough Hall, Masham.
Hull, The Right Rev. Lord Bishop of.
Hunter, Rev. C., Seaton Carew.
Hunter, Rev. F. W., Wath.

I.
Ingleby, Sir H., Bart., Ripley Castle.
Irwin, Rev. J., Hurworth.
Irvin, Major, Ragworth, Norton.

J.
James, Rev. F. G., The Rectory, Marske.
Jefferson, J., Dunnington Priory, York.
Johnson, Dr., Dallas Road, Lancaster.
Johnstone, The Hon. Miss, Hackness Hall (8 copies).
Johnstone, The Rev., Hackness Hall.
Jones, Ed., Manor House, Scorton.

K.
Kearsley, Col. G., Prospect House, Ripon.
Kennedy, Mrs., Wetherby.
King, F. E., Edgley, Leyburn.
Kirk, W., Norton.
Kitchin, A. E., The Firs, Great Ayton.
Kitchin, H., The Grange, Great Ayton (2 copies).
Knight, Rev. J. G. P., Eastgate, Darlington.

L.
Langley, W. C., J.P., Stockton-on-Tees.
Lascelles, The Hon. G. E., Sion Hill, Thirsk (2 copies).
Leadman, Dr. Alex. D. H., Pocklington.
Lee, J. B., The Worshipful the Mayor, Ripon.
Legard, J. H., Welham, Malton.
Lesley, Mrs. A., The Hall, Little Habton.
Levett, Rev. T. P., Richmond, Yorkshire.
Lockwood, P. H., Sedbergh.
Lodge, Col., The Rookeries, Bishopdale.
Londesborough, The Right Hon. Lord, Londesborough Park.
Longbotham, Dr. G. F., Birtley.
Lovejoy, Rev. H. T., Hamsterley, Bishop Auckland.

M.
MacCartie, Rev. J., Wilton.
Mason, O. Matthews, The Hall, Crayke.
Matthews, F. W., The Bank, Leyburn.
Maule-Cole, Rev. E., Wetwang.
Maynard, A. C. Hutton, Pickhill House, Pickhill (2 copies).
McCririck, Rev. T. W., Stockton-on-Tees.
McKay, W., Haldthorpe House, Scarborough.
Melrose, J., Clifton Croft, York.
Metcalfe, R. M. D., Leyburn.
Mickle, Dr. G., Kirklington (2 copies).
Middleton, Lady, The Right Hon. Julia, Setterington House (4 copies).
Milner, Mrs., The Mount, York (2 copies).
Mitchell, Rev. A. P., The Rectory, Brotton (2 copies).
Mittan, Rev. H., Sherburn House, Durham.
Moorsom, M. Maude, Harewood, Leeds.
Morgan, Rev. F. H., The Rectory, Guisborough.
Morris, Rev. M. C. F., The Rectory, Nunburnholme.

N.
Nelson, Alderman Thos., J.P., Newstadt, Norton.

O.
Ord, Chas., Guisborough.
Ornsby, J. A., 5 North Bailey, Durham.
Orton, Mrs. E. S., Westgate, Guisborough.
Oxford, The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of.

P.
Page, J. W., J.P., Norton, Stockton-on-Tees (2 copies).
Pearson, H., Whitby.
Pease, A. E., M.P., Pinchingthorpe Hall (2 copies).
Pease, Mrs. G., Woodside, Darlington.
Pease, Howard, Arcott Hall, Dudley, Northumberland.
Pease, Sir Joseph W., Bart., M.P., Hutton Hall (2 copies).
Pease, Pike, Undercliff, Great Ayton.
Peckstone, J., Stockton-on-Tees.
Peel, The Right Hon. Lady, Potterton Hall, Barnoldswick.
Pegler, T. B., Sholebrook Avenue, Leeds.
Peirson, Rev. W. B., Rothwell, Leeds.
Platnauer, H. M., St. Olive’s Road, York (2 copies).
Plews, W. J., Southend End, Northallerton.
Pollexfen, Rev. H., Stanwick, Darlington.
Porter, Chas., Mill Vale, Great Ayton.
Prince, E., Woodhouse Moor, Leeds (2 copies).
Proud, J., The Hall, East Layton.
Purvis, R., 6 Westoe Crescent, South Shields.

R.
Raw, Rev. G., 250 Hawthorne Road, Bootle.
Reynard, Capt., Camp Hill, Bedale.
Richardson, W., Guisborough.
Richmond, The Right Rev. Lord Bishop of (4 copies).
Riddell, E. C., J.P., The Hall, Leyburn.
Riddell, Sir J., Bart., The Hall, Hepple, Rothbury.
Ripley, Rev. Thos., Kirklington.
Ripon, The Most Noble the Marchioness of.
Ripon, The Right Rev. Lord Bishop of.
Ripon, The Very Rev. the Dean of (2 copies).
Robinson, F. J. H., Easingwold.
Robinson, Rev. Stewart, The Rectory, Richmond, Yorkshire.
Robinson, Rev. W., The Rectory, Tadcaster.
Ropner, G., J.P., The Grove, Richmond, Yorkshire.
Ropner, Col. R., J.P., Preston Hall, Egglescliffe.
Rowcliffe, H. S., Guisborough.
Rowsell, Rev. Canon, Topcliffe.
Rudd, A. G., The Worshipful the Mayor, Stockton-on-Tees.

S.
Salman, Rev. J. S., The Vicarage, Lastingham.
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Somerson, J., Pocklington.
Sprent, Dr. W. S., Slingsby.
Stanbridge, T., The Hall, Harlsey.
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Starkie, Miss S., Scarthwaite, Lancashire.
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Stobart, ——, The Hall, Spellow Hill (2 copies).
Stobart, Col. W., Pepper Arden.
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Sudlow, Thos., Stockton-on-Tees.

T.
Tattersal, O., Green Royd, Ripon (2 copies).
Taylor, J., Brotton Grange, Brotton.
Temple, Miss M., Saltergill, Yarm.
Tettley, A., The Right Hon. Lady Mayoress, Leeds (2 copies).
Thomson, J. S., New Buildings, Thirsk (2 copies).
Tindal, Miss, Kirby Misperton Hall, Pickering.
Tomlinson, Miss, Heysham House, Lancaster.
Tomlinson, Rev. W., Vicarage, North Cave.
Trevor, W. C., Overbeck, Guisborough.

V.
Vie, E. J., Paradise Row, Stockton-on-Tees (2 copies).

W.
Wade, E. W., 5 Clyde Terrace, Hull.
Wade-Dalton, Col. Hamlet Coote, C.B., Hawxwell Hall.
Wakefield, The Right Rev. Lord Bishop of.
Waldy, Rev. A. G., Horsley Vicarage, Derby.
Walker, Capt. Gerald, Hill House, Richmond, Yorkshire.
Walker, Sir J., Bart., 41 Belgrave Square, S.W.
Ward, Rev. H., The Rectory, Amotherby.
Watson, Fred. Byers, Stockton-on-Tees.
Watson, Thomas, M.D., Argyle House, Stockton-on-Tees (2 copies).
West, Mrs., Stoneybrough, Thirsk.
White, Col. W. A., J.P., Clifton Green, York.
Willan, Rev. A., The Vicarage, Copmanthorpe.
Williamson, T., J.P., Fairfield, Ripon.
Wilson, Miss A., Hutton House, Hutton Rudby.
Wilson, Mrs. A., Rockhurst, York (2 copies).
Wilson, I., Nunthorpe Hall.
Wilson, Rev. J. Alder, Craythorne Rectory, Yarm.
Wilson, J. G., 12 South Bailey, Durham (2 copies).
Wilson, P., Bedale.
Wilton, R., The Rev. Canon, Londesborough.
Wimbush, Rev. S., The Rectory, Terrington.
Withington, Rev. R., Rectory, Great Ayton.
Wood, F. Maurice Dale, Swainby, Northallerton.
Wood, Rev. F., The Rectory, Nunthorpe.
Wright, Professor J., M.A., Langdale House, Oxford (2 copies).
Wyndham, Mrs., 31 Cambridge Street, Hyde Park, S.W.
Wynne Finch, Mrs., Manor House, Stokesley.

Y.
Yeoman, Miss C., Prior House, Richmond, Yorkshire.
York, His Grace the Archbishop of.

Z.
Zetland, The Right Hon. Lord, Aske Hall, Richmond, Yorkshire.
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