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1 - Introduction To Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines computer science and biological science to solve biological problems using data related to DNA and proteins. Its applications include protein structure prediction, genome annotation, and advancements in molecular medicine, agriculture, and microbial studies. However, bioinformatics has limitations, such as reliance on experimental data and potential inaccuracies in predictions due to data quality and algorithm sophistication.

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19 views8 pages

1 - Introduction To Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines computer science and biological science to solve biological problems using data related to DNA and proteins. Its applications include protein structure prediction, genome annotation, and advancements in molecular medicine, agriculture, and microbial studies. However, bioinformatics has limitations, such as reliance on experimental data and potential inaccuracies in predictions due to data quality and algorithm sophistication.

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ha1780329
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Introduction to Bioinformatics

Dr. Muhammad Hassaan Khan, Ph.D. Biotechnology (NIBGE-PIEAS),


Assistant Professor,
Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, GCUF, Pakistan
What is Bioinformatics?
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary research area at the interface between
computer science and biological science.
The mathematical, statistical and computing methods that aim to solve biological
problems using DNA, amino acid sequences and related information.

It involves the technology that uses computers for;

• Data Collection,
• Data Storage,
• Data Retrieval,
• Data Manipulation,
• Data Analysis, and
• Results Distribution;
Goal of Bioinformatics
• Address all the hallmarks in central dogma of life.
• Identify, Store and made Relationships between;
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Sequence 3D structure Protein functions

• Properties and evolution of genes, genomes, proteins, metabolic pathways in cells.

• Use of this knowledge for prediction, modelling, and design.


Scope of Bioinformatics
• The development of computational tools and databases Genomics
• The application of these tools and databases in generating • Genomic feature prediction
biological knowledge to better understand living systems. • Sequencing data analysis

Proteomics
• Protein 3D structure modeling
• Drug design

Systems Biology
• Phylogenetics
• Pathway analysis

Phenotype
• Image analysis
• Integration
Application of Bioinformatics
The science of bioinformatics has many beneficial uses in the modern day world.

➢These include the following:


• Prediction of Protein Structure: It is easy to determine the primary structure of proteins in the form of amino
acids which are present on the DNA molecule but it is difficult to determine the secondary, tertiary or quaternary
structures of proteins. Tools of bioinformatics can be used to determine the complex protein structures.

• Genome Annotation: In genome annotation, genomes are marked to know the regulatory sequences and protein
coding sequences. It is a very important part of the human genome project as it determines the regulatory sequences.

• Molecular Medicine: Human genome will have profound effects on the fields of biomedical research and clinical
medicine. Every disease has a genetic component and inherited to body's response to an environmental stress which
causes alterations in the genome (e.g. cancers, heart disease, and diabetes). The completion of the human genome has
enabled the scientists to make medicines and drugs which can target more than 500 genes. The tools of bioinformatics
are also helpful in drug discovery, diagnosis and disease management. It includes; more drug targets, personalized
medicine, preventative medicine, gene therapy, etc.
Application of Bioinformatics
The science of bioinformatics has many beneficial uses in the modern day world.

➢These include the following:


• Microbial Genome Applications: Microorganisms are ubiquitous, that is they are found everywhere. They
have been found surviving and thriving in extremes of heat, cold, radiation, salt, acidity and pressure. By studying the
genetic material of these organisms, scientists can begin to understand these microbes at a very fundamental level and
isolate the genes that give them their unique abilities to survive under extreme conditions. Following areas can be
exploited with bioinformatics: waste clean-up, climate change studies, biotechnology, evolutionary studies, etc.

• Agriculture: The sequencing of the genomes of plants and animals should have enormous benefits for the
agricultural community and can be used to search for the genes within these genomes and their functions, making
them healthier, more disease resistant and more productive. It includes the following: crops improvement, insect
resistance, improve nutritional quality, grow in poorer soils and drought resistant, etc.
Application of Bioinformatics
The science of bioinformatics has many beneficial uses in the modern day world.

➢These include the following:


• Animals: Sequencing projects of many farm animals including cows, pigs and sheep are now well under way in
the hope that a better understanding of the biology of these organisms will have huge impacts for improving the
production and health of livestock and ultimately have benefits for human nutrition.

• Comparative studies: Analyzing and comparing the genetic material of different species is an important
method for studying functions of genes, mechanisms of inherited diseases and species evolution. Bioinformatics
tools can be used to make comparisons between the numbers, locations and biochemical functions of genes in
different organisms.
Limitation of Bioinformatics

• Despite the numerous benefits of Bioinformatics, there are some of the


possible limitations, listed below;

• Bioinformatics depends on experimental science to produce raw data for analysis.


• Bioinformatics predictions are not formal proofs of any concepts. They do not replace the
traditional experimental research methods of actually testing hypotheses.
• The quality of bioinformatics predictions depends on the quality of data and the
sophistication of the algorithms being used. Sequence data from high throughput analysis
often contain errors. If the sequences are wrong or annotations incorrect, the results from
the downstream analysis are misleading as well.
• Caution should always be exercised when interpreting prediction results.

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