University of Engineering and

Technology Lahore
SEPARATION PROCESSES
ChE-306
Instructor: Aamir Abbas

TERNARY LLE SYSTEM EQUILIBRIUM

(Partially Miscible Solvents)
Outlines
❖To study the ternary LLE system at equilibrium
involving partially miscible solvents

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 From last lecture
Equilibrium Data
❖Let’s consider a simplest case of LLE with ternary mixtures
❖ components A(solvent in feed) and C (new solvent) are mutually insoluble;

❖ components A and C are partially soluble in the single equilibrium stage.

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Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram
❖A and C are partially soluble in each other, and component B
distributes between the extract and raffinate phases. This is
the most commonly encountered case.

❖ Different types of phase diagrams, constructed from experimental LLE

phase equilibrium data.

❖ Consider the ternary system water (A, Carrier)–ethylene glycol (B,

Solute)–furfural (C, Solvent) at 25 ∘C and 101 kPa, which is well above
the bubble-point pressure. Bubble-point pressure is defined as the pressure at which
Furfural (C5H4O2) is a aldehyde the first bubble of vapor appears at a specific temperature
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Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram

❖Water–ethylene glycol and furfural–ethylene glycol are

completely miscible binary pairs, while furfural–water is a
partially miscible binary pair.

❖ The solute is ethylene glycol, and furfural is the solvent that removes
ethylene glycol from a binary mixture with water.

❖ The furfural-rich phase is the extract, and the water-rich phase is the
raffinate.

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Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram

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Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram

You can download ternary system graph papers from

https://www.waterproofpaper.com/graph-paper/ternary-diagram-triangular-graph-paper.shtml 7
Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram

Each apex or vertex of a triangle is a pure

component.

Each edge is a mixture of the two

pure components at the terminal
apexes of the side

Any point located within the triangle

is a ternary mixture.

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Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram

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Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram
Each edge is a mixture of the two pure components at the terminal apexes of the side

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 Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram
Acetone = 46% Any point located within the triangle
Water = 32% is a ternary mixture.
Trichloroethane = 22%

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 Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram
Composition at point M??

Furfural
rich

Water
rich

Miscibility data is represented by the bold miscibility boundary curve, also called the binodal curve.
Above binodal curve, only a single liquid phase exists; below the curve, two liquid phases exist 12
 Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram
Composition at point M??

Furfural
rich

Water
rich

Miscibility data is represented by the bold miscibility boundary curve, also called the binodal curve.
Above binodal curve, only a single liquid phase exists; below the curve, two liquid phases exist 13
 Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram
Composition at point M??

Furfural
rich

Water
rich

Miscibility data is represented by the bold miscibility boundary curve, also called the binodal curve.
Above binodal curve, only a single liquid phase exists; below the curve, two liquid phases exist 14
 Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram

Tie lines connect points on the miscibility boundary curve.

Each pair of points represents compositions of equilibrium phases.

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 Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram
Acetone = 46%
Water = 32%
Trichloroethane = 22%

Plait point, where the two phases

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become one.
Equilibrium Calculations with a Triangular Diagram
❖ If a mixture of 20 wt% ethylene glycol,
19 wt% water, and 61 wt% furfural,
shown as point M, is brought to
equilibrium and the resulting
compositions of the equilibrium extract
and raffinate phases are measured.
❖ The extract, point E, is found to be 10
wt% ethylene glycol, 4 wt% water, and
86 wt% furfural.
❖ The raffinate, point R, is 40 wt%
ethylene glycol, 49 wt% water, and 11
wt% furfural. 17
EXAMPLE 4.7 Single Equilibrium-Stage Extraction of Ethylene Glycol.

Determine (a) equilibrium compositions and (b) amounts of

extract, E, and raffinate, R, when a feed, F, of 100 g of 45 wt%
ethylene glycol (B)–55 wt% water (A) is contacted with 200 g of
solvent, S, of pure furfural (C) at 25 ∘C and 101 kPa, using data in
Figure 4.13.

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 EXAMPLE 4.7 Single Equilibrium-Stage Extraction of Ethylene Glycol.

Data provided is
Amount of feed (F) = 100 g, Composition of feed is 55% Water (A), 45% Ethylene glycol (B)
Amount of solvent (S) = 200g, Composition of solvent is 100% Furfural (C)
Required???
Amount (g) and composition (%) of Extract (E)= ? Amount (g) and composition (%) of Raffinate (R)= ?
Solution:
1-Find the amount of mixture (M)
M =F+S = 100+200 =300 g
2- Calculate the composition of mixture,
Mixture is formed when we mix feed and solvent and it will have 55 g of A, 45 g of B, and 200 g of C,
Therefore, Fraction of A in mixture = Amount of A / Total amount of mixture = 55 / 300 = 0.183 or 18.3 %
Fraction of B in mixture = Amount of B / Total amount of mixture = 45 / 300 = 0.15 or 15%
Fraction of C in mixture = Amount of C / Total amount of mixture = 200 / 300 = 0.667 or 66.7%
3- Locate these feed, solvent and mixture points in the diagram.

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EXAMPLE 4.7 Single Equilibrium-Stage Extraction of Ethylene Glycol.

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 EXAMPLE 4.7 Single Equilibrium-Stage Extraction of Ethylene Glycol.
Data provided is
Amount of feed (F) = 100 g, Composition of feed is 55% Water (A), 45% Ethylene glycol (B)
Amount of solvent (S) = 200g, Composition of solvent is 100% Furfural (C)
Required???
Amount (g) and composition (%) of Extract (E)= ? Amount (g) and composition (%) of Raffinate (R)= ?
Solution:
1-Find the amount of mixture (M)
M =F+S = 100+200 =300 g
2- Calculate the composition of mixture,
Mixture is formed when we mix feed and solvent and it will have 55 g of A, 45 g of B, and 200 g of C,
Therefore, Fraction of A in mixture = Amount of A / Total amount of mixture = 55 / 300 = 0.183 or 18.3 %
Fraction of B in mixture = Amount of B / Total amount of mixture = 45 / 300 = 0.15 or 15%
Fraction of C in mixture = Amount of C / Total amount of mixture = 200 / 300 = 0.667 or 66.7%
3- Locate these feed, solvent and mixture points in the diagram.
4- Next from point M, draw a tie line towards binodal curve to locate termination points E and R.
5- Read the composition of Extract and Raffinate from graph

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EXAMPLE 4.7 Single Equilibrium-Stage Extraction of Ethylene Glycol.

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 EXAMPLE 4.7 Single Equilibrium-Stage Extraction of Ethylene Glycol.
Data provided is
Amount of feed (F) = 100 g, Composition of feed is 55% Water (A), 45% Ethylene glycol (B)
Amount of solvent (S) = 200g, Composition of solvent is 100% Furfural (C)
Required???
Amount (g) and composition (%) of Extract (E)= ? Amount (g) and composition (%) of Raffinate (R)= ?
Solution:
1-Find the amount of mixture (M)
M =F+S = 100+200 =300 g
2- Calculate the composition of mixture,
Mixture is formed when we mix feed and solvent and it will have 55 g of A, 45 g of B, and 200 g of C,
Therefore, Fraction of A in mixture = Amount of A / Total amount of mixture = 55 / 300 = 0.183 or 18.3 %
Fraction of B in mixture = Amount of B / Total amount of mixture = 45 / 300 = 0.15 or 15%
Fraction of C in mixture = Amount of C / Total amount of mixture = 200 / 300 = 0.667 or 66.7%
3- Locate these feed, solvent and mixture points in the diagram.
4- Next from point M, draw a tie line towards binodal curve to locate termination points E and R.
5- Read the composition of Extract and Raffinate from graph
For E, it is 4.5 wt% A, 8.5 wt% B, and 87.0 wt% C; and at R, at , 56.0 wt% A, 34.0 wt% B and 10.0 wt% C.
5- For finding the amount of E and R, apply the component balance of A and C
For C: 200 = (0.87)E+(0.1)R For A: 55=(0.045)E+(0.56)R
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Multiply equation of C with 5.6 and solve both simultaneously to get E= 220.6 g and now R= 79.4 g
Summary/Conclusion
❖Partially miscible solvents
❖Solution of system using triangular diagrams
❖Detail of triangular diagram
❖Solution of a problem

Special thanks to Tumisang Seodigeng for providing self-explanatory triangular images

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